Physics

2nd Paper
Chapter-03
Current Electricity
➢ Important Topics of this Chapter for Creative Question of (c) & (d):
Times Questions Board & Year the Questions Have
Importance Topic Appeared Appeared
c d CQ
T-01: Resistance &
 Combination of 5 - Ctg.B’23; RB’21; MB’21; SB’19; JB’19
Resistance
DB’23, 22, 21; Ctg.B’23, 22, 21; BB’23,
T-02: Application of Ohm’s
 19 11 22; CB’23, 21, 19; Din.B’23, 22, 21, 19;
Law in Circuit
RB’22, 21; JB’22, 21, 19; SB’21; MB’21
T-03: Combination of SB’23, 21, 18; BB’23; JB’22, 21; MB’22,
 5 6
Electric Cell 21; DB’19, 18; Din.B’19, 18
MB’22, 21; SB’21, 18; Ctg.B’19; DB’18;
 T-04: Kirchhoff’s Law 3 4
Din.B’18
T-05: Wheatstone Bridge DB’23; RB’23; CB’22; SB’21; Din.B’21;
 4 5
Principle BB’19
T-06: Increasing the Range of
 3 4 JB’23; Ctg.B’21; BB’21; Din.B’21
Ammeter
RB’23, 22, 21; Ctg.B’23; Din.B’23, 22;
T-07: Joule’s Laws for
 4 12 DB’21, 19; BB’22, 21; JB’21; CB’19;
Generating of Heat
SB’19
T-08: Electrical Energy &
 2 2 SB’22; CB’21
Power

T-01: Resistance & Combination of Resistance

01. A wire of resistance of 12.5 ohms is extended to twice its length and then used to build a coil for a kettle.
When connected to a 220 V power supply, the coil is immersed in water at 30°C, and it then operates for
305 seconds. It is assumed that the entire electrical energy has been converted into thermal energy.
[Ctg.B’23]
2
(c) If the length of the wire is 12.5 cm and its cross-sectional area is 0.1 cm , then what is the specific
resistance of the material? 3
Solution
(c) Resistance of the wire, R = 12.5 Ω
Length of the wire, 𝑙 = 12.5 cm = 12.5 × 10−2 m
Area of cross-section of the wire, A = 0.1 cm2 = 0.1 × 10−4 m2
∴ Specific resistance, ρ =?
𝑙 AR 0.1×10−4 ×12.5
We know, R = ρ A ∴ ρ = 𝑙
= 12.5×10−2
= 1 × 10−3 Ωm

1
02. In order to determine the flow of current in the following figure ammeter was read. Then a conducting of 5
Ω was resistance was added in between B and C point and the ammeter was read again. [RB’21]

(c) Find the equivalent resistance of the figure in the first case. 3
Solution
1 1 −1
(c) Here, R1 ∥ R 2 ∴ R P = (R + R ) = 6.67Ω
1 2
Again, R 3 and R P are connected in series.
∴ R S = R 3 + R P = 36.67Ω ∴ Equivalent resistance of the circuit is 36.67Ω

03. 5 electric cells of 2V electromotive force and 1Ω resistance are arranged in series and connected to a
conducting wire of 60Ω resistance at 25°C. The coefficient of resistance of conducting wire is
4.2 × 10−3 /°C. [MB’21]
(c) Determine the resistance of the conducting wire at 100°C. 3
Solution
Given that,
(c) R 25 = R 0 (1 + α × 25) ⇒ R 0 = 54.3Ω
α = 4.2 × 10−3 /°C
Again, R100 = R 0 (1 + α × 100) = 77.106Ω (Ans.)
R 25 = 60Ω ; θ = 25 ; R 0 = ? ; R100 = ?
04. At normal temperature (25°C), the resistance of Tungsten wire be 65 Ω. Using this wire, two different coils
of electric heater were made and connected in parallel to source (220V). As a result, the temperature of the
wire raises to 250°C.The length and diameter of the first wire coil is double of the second one. The
temperature coefficient of Tungsten wire α = 4.5 × 10−3 °C−1 . [SB’19]
(c) At 250°C, what will be the resistance of the Tungsten wire? 3
Solution
(c) R 250 = R 0 [1 + α × (250 − 0)] = R 0 [1 + 250α]
R250 1+250α
R 25 = R 0 [1 + 25α] ; =
R25 1+25α
1+250α
∴ R 250 = 1+25α
× R 25 = 124.16Ω (Ans.)

05. [JB’19]

(c) Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit. 3

Solution
(c) 8Ω, 6Ω and 12Ω are connected in parallel and 2Ω and 1.2Ω are connected with them in series.
∴ Equivalent resistance, R eq = {(8−1 + 6−1 + 12−1 )−1 + 2 + 1.2}Ω = 5.867Ω

2
 T-02: Application of Ohm’s Law in Circuit

01. [Ctg.B’23]

(c) What is the total current in the circuit when the switch S is open? 3
Solution
(c) When the switch S of the stem is open, the circuit will be as follows:

E 9 1
Total current, I = R = 40+4+1 = 5 = 0.2 A
1 +R2 +r

02. [BB’23]

(d) What will be the change in the circuit current if we complete the circuit after removing the resistance
R 5 ? Analyze mathematically. 4
Solution
(d) From ‘c’ we get, before the removal of R 5 , equivalent resistance, R eq = 25 Ω and potential difference, V =
6V
V 6
∴ Current, I1 = R = 25 A = 0.24 A
After removal of R 5 , equivalent resistance, R′eq = 15 Ω and potential difference, V = 6 V
V 6
∴ Current, I2 = R = 15 A = 0.4 A ∴ Change of current, ∆I = I2 − I1 = (0.4 − 0.24) A = 0.16 A

3
03. [CB’23]

(c) Determine I1 of the circuit. 3

(d) In the stimulus, how should the two cells be connected so that the heat generated in the external
resistance is greater? Analyze mathematically. 4
Solution
(c) According to Kirchhoff’s 1st law, total current flowing through B, I = I1 + I2
According to Kirchhoff’s 2nd law,
In ABCDA loop,
12 − I1 r1 + IR = 0 ⇒ 12 = I1 r1 + (I1 + I2 )R
⇒ 12 = I1 × 4 + (I1 + I2 ) × 15 ⇒ 12 = 19I1 + 15I2 … … … (i)
In OBCDO loop,
14 − I2 r2 + IR = 0 ⇒ 14 = I2 r2 + (I1 + I2 )R
⇒ 14 = I2 × 4 + (I1 + I2 ) × 15 ⇒ 14 = 15I1 + 19I2 … … … (ii)
By solving (i) and (ii) we get, I1 = 0.1323 A and I2 = 0.6323 A
∴ For the circuit of the stem, I1 = 0.1323 A
(d) Here, Current flowing through external resistance R, I = I1 + I2 = (0.1323 + 0.6323) A = 0.7646 A
When the two cells are connected in series, the resistance will
be as shown in the figure below.
In this case, total emf, E1 + E2 = 12 + 14 = 26 V
Equivalent resistance, r1 + r2 + R = 4 + 4 + 15 = 23 Ω
E1 +E2 26
∴ Current flow of the circuit, I = r = 23 = 1.13 A
1 +r2 +R

Heat produced at external resistance, E ∝ I 2

That is, the more current flows through the external resistance, the more heat will be generated.
Therefore, it can be said that when the two cells are connected in series, the current will be higher than
before and the heat generated will also be higher.
04. Look at the following stem: [Din.B’23]

(c) Determine the current flow of the circuit when the galvanometer is disconnected. 3

4
 Solution
(c) If the galvanometer is disconnected, the circuit will be as follows:

Here, P, Q and R, S are connected in series.

Their equivalent resistance, R PQ = 8 + 16 = 24 Ω and R RS = 24 + 32 = 56 Ω
PQ and RS are connected in parallel.
Their equivalent resistance, R eq = R PQ ∥ R RS = (24−1 + 56−1 )−1 = 16.8 Ω

E Here,
∴ Current flow of the circuit, I =
Req +r
12
Potential of the battery, E = 12 V
= Internal resistance of battery, r = 0.5Ω
16.8+0.5
= 0.6936 A Equivalent resistance of circuit, R eq = 16.8 Ω
05. [Din.B’23]

(c) Determine the potential difference between the two ends of the 3 Ω resistor when the key K is open. 3
Solution
V 12
(c) While switch is open, R s = 3 Ω + 4 Ω = 7 Ω; I = R = 7
= 1.71 A
s
∴ V = IR = 1.71 × 3 = 5.13 V (Ans.)
06. The internal resistance of connected ammeter is 0.5 Ω. [DB’22]

(c) Determine the voltage difference between points A and B in the circuit. 3
(d) If the 2 Ω resistor in the circuit is removed, what change in the ammeter reading will be observed?
Mathematically verify. 4

5
 Solution
(c) Equivalent resistance between A and B,
1 1 1 −1
R P = (R + R + R )
1 2 3

1 1 1 −1
= (1 + 2
+ 1
) = 0.4 Ω
R s = R P + R 4 = 0.4 + 2 = 2.4 Ω
Current flowing through the circuit,
E 10
I = r+R = 0.5+2.4 = 3.448 A
s

∴ Potential difference between points A and B,

VAB = I × R AB
= I × R P = (3.448 × 0.4) = 1.37V = 1.3792 V (Ans.)
(d) Equivalent resistance of the circuit after removing 2 Ω,
1 1 1 −1
Equivalent resistance, R = ( + + ) = 0.4 Ω
1 2 1
E
∴ Current flowing through the circuit, I ′ =
R+r
10
= = 11.111 A
0.4+0.5 A
The current flow of the ammeter is (0 − 5A).
So, to increase the range, a very small resistance should be
added in parallel with the ammeter.
r 0.5 I′ 11.11
We know, s = n−1 = 2.2222−1 = 0.41 Ω We know, n = Imax = = 2.2222
max 5

r = 0.5 Ω
∴ Current can be measured by connecting 0.41 Ω resistance to the ammeter in parallel.
[Note: In the question it is mentioned to remove 2Ω resistance. But in the question, there is 2 resistances of
2Ω. So we will remove both the resistances of 2Ω connected in series.]

07. Observe the circuit: [RB’22]

(d) If a ‘40 W-100 V’ bulb is placed between the points A and B, will it light up with full brightness? Verify
mathematically. 4

6
 Solution
(d) Given that,
Power of bulb, P = 40 W
Potential difference, V = 100 V
V2 1002
∴ R4 = P
= 40
= 250 Ω
The bulb is connected to the supply chain in series. So, R 4
is connected with R1 in series.
∴ Equivalent resistance, R eq = (R1 + R 4 + R 2 ||R 3 )
1 1 −1
= 2 + 250 + (6 + 4) Ω = 254.4 Ω
E 105
∴ Current flow, I ′ = Req
= 254.4 A = 0.413 A
2
∴ Effective power of the bulb, P′ = I ′ R 4 = 0.4132 × 250 = 42.64 W
Since it can be said that the effective power of the bulb is P′ > P, ∴ It will light up with full brightness.
08. [Ctg.B’22]

(c) Determine the current in the circuit. 3

(d) Resistance of what value should be added to R3 in what of connection in order to obtain current equal
to R1 through it? Give your opinion mathematically. 4
Solution
(c) R1 and R 2 are situated in parallel,
1 1 −1 1 1 −1
RP = ( + ) =( + ) = 3.75 Ω
R1 R2 10 6
R P & R 3 are situated in series,
∴ R eq = R P + R 3 = (3.75 + 10)Ω = 13.75 Ω
Here, E = 6 V
R eq = 13.75 Ω
We know,
E 6
Current, I = = = 0.436 A (Ans.)
Req 13.75
(d) R 3 is connected with R P in series connection inside the circuit. So, it can be said that the current in the circuit
will flow through R 3 .
That is I = 0.436 A
On the other hand,
R1 and R 2 are situated in parallel.
So, current flowing through R1 ,
R2
I1 = R ×I [Current divider law]
1 +R2
6
= 6+10 × 0.436
= 0.1635 A

7
 Since, I1 < I; so it can be said that R 3 has to be connected in parallel and the value of the resistance will
be R 4 .
∴ I3 = 0.1635 A, I = 0.436 A, R 3 = 10 Ω
R4
We know, I3 = R ×I
3 +R4
R4
⇒ 0.1635 A = 10+R4
× 0.436
⇒ 0.375(10 + R 4 ) = R 4
⇒ 3.75 + 0.375R 4 = R 4
∴ R4 = 6 Ω
That is, adding 6 Ω in parallel with R 3 causes the
current passing through R 3 to be equal to that of R1 .
09. [BB’22]

(c) Determine the main current flow in the given circuit. 3

Solution
(c) R1 and R 2 are situated in parallel,
1 1 −1 1 1 −1
R p = (R + R ) = (6 + 3) =2Ω
1 2
R p and R 3 are in series circuit.
∴ R eq = R p + R 3 = 2 + 1 = 3 Ω
∴ Electromotive force, E = 12 V
E
Main current flow in the given circuit, I = R
12
= 3
= 4 A (Ans.)

10. A circuit is shown in the stem below: [JB’22]

(c) Determine the total current in the circuit. 3

Solution
(c) R1 and R 2 are in parallel connection,
1 1 1 1 1 1
If the equivalent resistance is R p , R = R + R = 6 + 12 = 4 ∴ R p = 4 Ω
p 1 2

R p , R 3 and r are in series connection,

If the equivalent resistance is R s , R s = R p + R 3 + r = 23 Ω
E 12
∴ Total current, I = R = 23 A = 0.52A (Ans.)
s

8
11. [Din.B’22]

(c) Determine the value of current I from the above circuit. 3

Solution
1 1 1 1 1
(c) If the parallel equivalent resistance of R2 and R3 is RP , then R = R + R = 16 + 12
P 2 3

R P = 6.85 Ω
If the series equivalent resistance of R P and R1 is R S , then R S = R P + R1 = (6.85 + 12)Ω
= 18.85Ω
E 20
Current, I = = A = 1.06 A
RS 18.85

12. Two resistors rated at 15Ω and 20Ω are connected in parallel with a source of 9 V electromotive force.
Hence, 1A of current is flowing through the circuit. [DB’21]
(c) What is the internal resistance of the source? 3
(d) Can the amount of current flowing through each resistor be equal to the main flow of current? Check
mathematically. 4
Solution
15×20 60 E 9 60 3
(c) R P = 15+20 = 7
Ω;I =R ⇒ 1 = 60 ⇒ 𝑟 = (9 − )Ω = 7 Ω = 0.429Ω
p +r +r 7
7

(d)
20 20
I15 = 15+20 × 1A = 35 A = 7 A
4 I15 15
15 3 4 3
I20 = 15+20 × 1A = 7 A ∴ I15 + I20 = 7 + 7 = 1A = I 20
I = 1A I20
So, it will be equal. I
So, the resistance will be equal. r 9V
13. [DB’21]

Figure-1 Figure-2
(c) What is the maximum value of the flow of the current in the figure 2? 3
Solution
(c) Resistance can be changed. So, the current will be minimum when resistance is max and it will be maximum
when resistance will be minimum.
20V
∴ R min = 20 Ω ; Imax = 20Ω = 1 A

9
14. In order to determine the flow of current in the following figure ammeter was read. Then a conducting of 5
Ω was resistance was added in between B and C point and the ammeter was read again. [RB’21]

(d) In which case the reading of the ammeter will be higher? Explain mathematically. 4
Solution
1 1 −1
(d) Now, R 3 and 5Ω are connected in parallel ∴ R P = (30 + 5) Ω = 4.29Ω
Again, Equivalent resistance of R1 and R 2 , R P1 = 6.67Ω
∴ The equivalent resistance if BC is connected, R = 10.96Ω
Here, E1 + E2 = 5V Again, E3 + E4 = 5V
So, the voltage difference of the circuit will be, V = 5V
E 5
Flow of current if BC is not connected, I = R = 36.67 = 0.136A
5
Flow of current if BC is connected, ammeter flow, I × 10.96 = 0.56A
5
∴ Total current Flow = I = 10.96 = 0.456A
∴ We will get higher reading if BC is connected.
15. [Ctg.B’21]

(c) Find the current through R 3 resistor of the circuit. 3

(d) Will the potential difference between points A and B be the same the electromotive force of the cell?
Explain mathematically. 4
Solution
(c) The equivalent resistance = 150 + (100−1 + 200−1 )−1 Ω = 216.67 Ω
E 12
The main current flow the circuit, I = = = 0.055 A
R 216.67
The main current will flow through R 3 .
∴ So, current through R 3 , I = 0.055A
(d) From ‘c’ we get the current flow, I = 0.055 A
The equivalent resistance between A and B, R = (100−1 + 200−1 )−1 Ω = 66.67Ω
∴ VAB = IR = 0.055 × 66.67V = 3.67V ; VAB < E
∴ The potential difference between A and B is less than the electromotive force.
So, the potential different.

10
16. An electric circuit is shown in the figure. [SB’21]
R2=150
R1=40

R3=100
i i

E=10V
(c) Find the current flow (i). 3
(d) Which resistance should be removed to get maximum current? Explain mathematically. 4
Solution
1 1 −1
(c) Here, R 2 ∥ R 3 ∴ R P = (R + R ) = 60Ω
2 3

Again, RP and R1 in series ∴ R S = R P + R1 = 100Ω

V 1
∴ Flow of current through the circuit, I = = A (Ans.)
RS 10
1 1 −1
(d) If R1 is removed, Equivalent resistance of the circuit, R P = (R + R ) = 60Ω
2 3
10 1
∴ Flow of current, I1 = = A
60 6
If R 2 is removed, Equivalent resistance of the circuit, R S = R1 + R 3 = 140Ω
10 1
∴ Flow of current, I2 = = A
140 14
If R 3 is removed, The equivalent resistance, R S = R1 + R 2 = 190Ω
10 1
∴ Flow of current, I3 = 190 Ω = 19 A
Meaning that, if R 3 is removed then the current will be maximum.
17. [JB’21]
6
6 6
6

12V 12V
r = 0.5 r = 0.5
eZ© bx-1
Circuit-1 eZ©bx-2
Circuit-2
(c) How much current will flow through the resistor in circuit-1? 3
Solution
(c)
Here, R S = (6 + 6)Ω = 12Ω Electromotive force, E = 12V
V 12 Equivalent resistance, R S =?
We know, I = R = 12+0.5 = 0.96 A
s +r
Electric current, I =?
Internal resistance, r = 0.5Ω

11
18. [CB’21]
30
10 20
V
30
A
S

E=15V
(c) Determine the reading of the voltmeter (V) in the circuit when the key S is open. 3
(d) What is the change in ammeter reading when switch S is closed – Give mathematical analysis. 4

Solution
(c) Equivalent resistance, Req = 10 + 20 +
30×30
= 45Ω 30
60 10 20
1 30×30 V
Reading of voltmeter = (3 × 60
)V = 5V
A 30
I
E=15V
(d) 15 1
I = 30 = 2 A 30
10 I 20 A
The ammeter reading will be 0.5 A because, when the switch is V
closed, current will flow through the AP segment. On the other A I 30
hand, the ammeter reading will be 1/3 A when the switch 'S' is
open.
E=15V P

19. In the figure, the electromotive force of the electric cell is E = 16 V and a maximum current of 2.25 A is
measured by the ammeter. Later 150V battery was used instead of 16 V and the ammeter range of the circuit
was increased by 4 times. [Din.B’21]

(c) Find the current flowing through the 20Ω resistor. 3

Solution
(c) Equivalent resistance of circuit, R eq = 10 + (10−1 + 20−1 + 30−1 )−1 Ω = 15.45 Ω
E 16
Main current, I = R = 15.45 = 1.035 A

Potential difference across the two ends of 20 Ω, V = IR = 1.035 × (10−1 + 20−1 + 30−1 )−1 = 5.645 V
V 5.645
Current through 20 Ω, I20Ω = R = 20
A = 0.282 A
20

12
20. Observe the two pictures and answer the questions: [MB’21]

(c) Find the potential difference across A and B from Fig-1. 3

Solution
(c) Here R CD , R DE and REF exist in series
∴ R S = (3 + 6 + 9) = 18Ω
Again, R s and RCF are in parallel.
1 1 −1
∴ R P = (18 + 6) Ω = 4.5Ω
Again the rest of the resistors are in series.
∴ Equivalent resistance, R′ = 14.5Ω
∴ Potential difference between A and B, VAB = IR′ = 145V
21. [JB’19]

(d) Will there be any harm of a bulb (220V-100W) if it is connected to the output of the circuit? Justify
your answer. 4
Solution
(d) Equivalent circuit is-
V2 5.867
For the bulb of, 220V − 100W, resistance, R = P
= 484Ω.
[Generally , the potential dufference that is required so that the bulb A
remains intact, V = 220V.]
()
12V
If the bulb is connected to the output of the circuit – 5.867
Here if potential difference between the two ends of the bulb is greater
than that of the normal case than there is the probability of the bulb to be A 484
harmed.Now , for the new case the potential difference would be
484 ()
V ′ = 12 × 484+5.867 V = 11.856V < 220V ∴ The bulb would remain 12V
intact.

22. Two resistances of 60 Ω are connected in series along with a cell of 120V. Later on, those are parallelly
connected with the same source.
[CB’19]
(c) In case of series connection, calculate the current flow through the 60 Ω resistance. 3

13
 Solution
E 120
(c) I = = A =1A
R 60+60

23. Observe the stem and answer the questions: [Din.B’19]

(c) Determine the flow of current of the circuit. 3

Solution
E 9
(c) I = r+R = 15+0.2 A = 0.592 A

T-03: Combination of Electric Cell

01. [BB’23]

(c) What is the potential difference of the AB points of the circuit? 3

Solution
(c) The part AB of the circuit is below:

R1 and R 2 and R 3 and R 4 are in connection. So, the circuit can be written as below:

14
 1 1 1 1 1 1
Now, if the equivalent resistance is R eq then, = + ⇒ = + ∴ R′eq = 15 Ω
R′eq R′1 R′eq R′eq 30 30

On the other hand, equivalent potential difference of the circuit,

V V V 6 V
Again, from the voltage divider law, R = R′1 = R2 ⇒ 25 = 151 ∴ V1 = 3.6 V
eq eq 5

R eq = 15 + R 5 = (15 + 10) Ω = 25 Ω
Therefore, potential difference of the AB part is 3.6 V.

02. [SB’23]

Circuit-1 Circuit-2
(c) Determine the current flowing through the external resistance R of circuit-1. 3
(d) The potential difference between the two ends of the external resistance R changes due to the change in
the combination type of the cells-Analyze mathematically in the light of circuit-1 and circuit-2. 4
Solution
E1 +E2 6+3
(c) I=r = 0.5+10 = 0.857 A E1 = 3 V, E2 = 6 V, r1 = 0.2 Ω, r2 = 0.3 Ω, R = 10 Ω
1 +r2 +R

(d) From ‘c’ we get, I = 0.857 A

VR = IR = 0.857 × 10 = 8.57 V

In ABCDE loop: −3 + 0.2 (I − i1 ) + 10I = 0

⇒ 10.2I − 0.2i1 = 3 … … … (i)
In AGHDE loop: −6 + 0.3 i1 + 10I = 0 ⇒ 3i1 + 10I = 6 … … … (ii)

105
Solving (i) and (ii), I = A
253
156 105
i1 = 163 A; VR′ = 10I ′ = 10 × 253 = 4.15 V ∴ Difference = VR − VR′ = 8.57 − 4.15 = 4.42 V

15
03. [MB’22]

Fig-1 Fig-2
(d) How can maximum current flow be obtained if the three resistors used in figure-1 are connected to the
circuit in figure-2 between the points M and N? Analyze mathematically with necessary figures. 4
Solution
(d) The three resistances R1 , R 2 and R 3 of value 10Ω from figure-1 are connected to the circuit in figure-2 in
such a way that the maximum possible current flow is obtained.
Now, the cells and their internal resistances are connected in parallel.
E1 E2 E3 10 10 10
+ + + + 30
r1 r2 r3 1 1 1
Therefore, E = 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 = 3
= 10 V.
+ + + +
r1 r2 r3 1 1 1
E
Maximum current flow, Imax = R
min

R min to be minimum, the three resistances must be connected in parallel.

1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 10
Therefore, R min = (R + R + R ) = (10 + 10 + 10) = 3
Ω
1 2 3
E E
Now, Imax = = 10 1 = 2.73 A (Ans.)
Rmin +r +
3 3

∴ By connected the resistances in parallel, we will obtain the required

maximum current flow, Imax = 2.73 A.
04. [JB’21]
R R
r E
r r r r E
E E E r E
eZ©bx-K
Circuit-A eZ©bx-L
Circuit-B
X = 5 V, r = 0.2 Ω, R = 40 Ω
(c) What is the electric current flow in circuit 'A'? 3
(d) Which circuit will dissipate more power, explain with mathematical analysis. 4
Solution
(c) We know,
nE Internal resistance, r = 0.2 Ω
I = nr+R
3×5 Electromotive force, E = 5V
= A
3×0.2+40 Resistance, R = 40Ω
= 0.3695 A (Ans.) Electric current, I =?
n=3

16
(d) Electric current flow in circuit 'A', I = 0.3695 A V = 0.2Ω
R = 40 Ω
Total resistance of the circuit, R S = nr + R = 3 × 0.2 + 40
= 40.6 Ω
∴ Waste of energy = I 2 R S = 5.543 W
Electric current flow in circuit 'B', E = 5V
nE n=3
I ′ = nR+r = 0.125 A
Total resistance of the circuit, R P = nR + r = 120.2Ω
∴ Waste of energy = I′R P = 1.878 W
∴ Wastage will occur more in circuit-A.

05. 5 electric cells of 2V electromotive force and 1Ω resistance are arranged in series and connected to a
conducting wire of 60Ω resistance at 25°C. The coefficient of resistance of conducting wire is
4.2 × 10−3 /°C. [MB’21]
(d) What will be the change in current if all the cells of the stimulus are arranged in parallel and connected
in the same way? Analyze mathematically. 4
Solution
(d)
When all cells are connected in series, Given that,
Electric current, Electromotive force, E = 2V
nE Internal resistance, r = 1Ω
IS = = 0.1538A
nr+R
When all cells are connected in parallel, External resistance, R = 60Ω
nE n=5
Electric current, IP = nR+r = 0.0332 A
∴ Connecting in parallel will reduce the current.

06. [DB’19]

(c) Find Is for circuit A. 3

Solution
1.5+1.5 3
(c) Is = 0.5+0.5+10 A = 11 A = 0.27A

17
07. Observe the stem and answer the questions: [Din.B’19]

(d) If another similar cell is connected in series in the circuit, what will be the produced heat energy of
resistance R? Explain mathematically. 4
Solution
(d) If a similar cell in connected in series in the circuit-
2×9
Here, current flow, I = 15+2×0.2 A = 1.1688A
∴The rate of heat produced in
H
R= t
= I 2 R = 1.16882 × 15 J/s = 20.492 W

08. A circuit is shown in the stem below: [JB’22]

(d) Resistance of what value should be added to R3 in what T of connection in order to obtain current equal
to R 2 passing through it? Give your opinion mathematically. 4
Solution
R1 6
(d) Current flowing through R 2 , I2 = R × I = 12+6 × 0.52 = 0.173 A
1 +R2

Suppose, if a resistance of value x is connected in parallel with R 3 , then 0.173 A current will flow through
it.
x
So, 0.173 = R × I [According to the current divider rule]
3 +x
x 0.173 1
⇒ = = ⇒ 3x = R 3 + x ⇒ 2x = 18 ⇒ x = 9 Ω
R3 +x 0.52 3
Therefore, 9 Ω resistance needs to be connected in parallel.
09. Faria prepares three circuits of the mentioned figure in laboratory taking three cells of same magnitude &
an electric bulb. [Internal resistance of cell is 0.1Ω & resistance of bulb is negligible.] [DB, SB, Din.B’18]

IA IB IC

Figure: 1 Figure:2 Figure: 3

(c) If the current in 1st figure is IA = 10A after making switch on then what will be the value of E? 3

18
 Solution
st
(c) Applying KVL in 1 figure we get,
0.1 × 10 − E + 0.1 × 10 − E + 0.1 × 10 − E = 0
3×0.1×10
⇒ E= 3
∴ E = 1V (Ans.)

T-04: Kirchhoff’s Law

01. [MB’22]

Fig: -1 Fig:-2
(c) Determine the net current flow in the circuit in figure-1 by applying Kirchhoff's Laws. 3
Solution
(c) According to Kirchhoff’s Law,
E = Σ I1 R1 Net current flow in the circuit = I
Here, IR1 + IR 2 + IR 3 + Ir + Ir + Ir = E
⇒ I(10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1) = 10 + 10 + 10.
⇒ I × 33 = 30.
30
∴ I = 33 A = 0.909 A (Ans.)

02. In this figure a Wheatstone bridge is shown. [SB’21]

B Q
=40
20
P=
A C
G
R=1
5 =8 0
D S
+ _
12V
(d) After disconnecting the switch K determine whether higher current will flow through P or R using
Kirchoff’s law? 4
Solution
(d) By applying Kirchhoff’s law along the loop EABCF we get,
−12 + 20I1 + 40I1 = 0
⇒ I1 = 0.2 A B
20 I1 40
By applying Kirchhoff’s law along the loop EADCF we get, I
A
I C
−12 + 15I2 + 80I2 = 0 I21
I2
⇒ I2 = 0.126 A 15 80
D
∴ Higher current will flow through P.
E F
12V

19
03. Observe the two pictures and answer the questions: [MB’21]

(d) In figure-2 I1 or I2 will be the larger value? Give mathematical expression using Kershoff's formula. 4
Solution
(d) At junction A, I = I2 + I1
Applying Kirchhoff’s formula to the left loop, we get,
4I2 + 5I + 3I2 − 12 = 0
⇒ 7I2 + 5I1 + 5I2 = 12 ⇒ 12I2 + 5I1 = 12 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
Applying Kirchhoff’s formula to the right loop, we get,
−I1 + 8 − 2I1 − 5I = 0 ⇒ 8I1 + 5I2 = 8 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get, I1 = 0.507A ; I2 = 0.789A ∴ I2 > I1
04. [Ctg.B’19]

(c) Determine the amount of current flow in R 2 resistance. 3

(d) By connecting what resistance and in what way (series or parallel) with R1 in loop ‘A’, the same amount
of current will flow in both loops? Show mathematically. 4
Solution
(c) Resistance of loop A R1 = 6Ω; Resistance of loop-B R 2 = 12Ω
1 1 −1
∴ Equivalent resistance of circuit R eq = ( + ) = 4Ω
12 6
E 24
Main current of circuit, I = = = 6A
Req 4
12
∴ Current flow through R 2 , IR2 = 12+6 × 6 = 4A (Ans.)
(d) The same amount of current will flow in each loop if the resistance
R1 R4 in each loop is same. The circuit is drawn below:
E
Resistance of loop A, R = (4 + 2)Ω = 6Ω
R2 R3 Resistance of loop B, R A = (3 + 9)Ω = 12Ω
B
∴ (12 − 6)Ω or, 6Ω resistance is to be attached in series.
05. Faria prepares three circuits of the mentioned figure in laboratory taking three cells of same magnitude &
an electric bulb. [Internal resistance of cell is 0.1Ω & resistance of bulb is negligible.] [DB, SB, Din.B’18]

IA IB IC

Figure: 1 Figure:2 Figure: 3

(d) Explain with mathematical logic, what will be the condition of bulbs after making switch on in 2 nd &
3rd figures. 4

20
 Solution
(d) As circuits of both figures are same, so I = IB = Ic
I
Applying KVL we get, 0.1 I − 1 + 0.1 × 2 − 1 = 0; I = 13.33A
As resistances of bulbs, Since, R → 0; P = I 2 R ≈ 0
The bulbs will not glow.

T-05: Wheatstone Bridge Principle

1 01. Look at the stem below: [DB’23]

(c) Determine the current flow in the current when the galvanometer is disconnected. 3
(d) Is it possible to balance the resistance of the Wheatstone bridge by combining a resistance of ‘X’ Ω with
any of the resistors already present in the bridge? Explain mathematically. 4
Solution
(c) P and Q are in series, R PQ = R P + R Q = 8 + 16 = 24 Ω
R and S are in series, R RS = R R + R S = 24 + 32 = 56 Ω
1 1 1 1 1 5
∴ R PQ and R RS are in parallel, R = R +R = 24 + 56 = 84 ⇒ R = 16.8 Ω
PQ RS
E 12
I= = = 0.694 A
R+n 16.8+0.5
P R P 8 1 R 24 3
(d) For equilibrium state, Q = S ; Therefore, Q = 16 = 2; S = 32 = 4
Now combining X Ω resistance with S,
R 1
S′
= 2 ⇒ S ′ = R × 2 = 24 × 2 = 48 Ω [S ′ = equivalent resistance of S and X]
Since, S ′ > S therefore, it must be connected in series.
S + X = 48 ⇒ X = 48 − 32 = 16 Ω
∴ Since X = 16 Ω, therefore, equilibrium can be achieved by connecting the resistance X in series with S.
02. M, N and S are three resistors whose values are 18 Ω, 36 Ω and 40 Ω respectively. The resistance T is
variable. Initially, the amount of heat generated by the bulb in 2 sec by keeping the switch K open is
determined. [RB’23]

(d) When the switch is closed, the variable resistor T will turn the bulb off even though the source is active.
Draw the correct circuit diagram and analyze it mathematically. 4
21
 Solution
(d) The bulb will be turned off when,
T M
S
= N
T 18
⇒ 40
= 36
⇒ T = 20 Ω

03. [CB’22]

(c) How should a resistor be added to the DC arm to balance the Wheatstone bridge? 3
(d) Will the ratio of current and resistance in the ABC and ADC sections of the circuit be equal when the
galvanometer is at rest? Analyze mathematically. 4
Solution
(c) Wheatstone Bridge at equilibrium
P R P=8Ω
Q
= S′
RQ Q = 24 Ω
or, S ′ = R = 32 Ω
P
32×24
= S = 40 Ω
8
= 96 Ω S ′ =?
Therefore, a (S ′ − S) Ω or, (96 − 40) Ω or, 56 Ω resistance should be added in series to the DC arm.
(d) If an equivalent resistance of 96 Ω is connected to the DC arm when the galvanometer is open.
Then, the circuit diagram will be as follows (galvanometer inactive):
Then, resistance along ABC, R ABC = P + Q
= (8 + 24) Ω
= 32 Ω
Resistance along ADC, R ADC = R + S = (32 + 96) Ω = 128Ω
R 32 1
Therefore, RABC = 128 = 4
ADC

1 1 1 1 1
Now, equivalent resistance R p of the circuit; R = R +R = 32 + 128 ∴ R p = 25.6 Ω
p ABC ADC
12
Net current flow, I = 25.6 A = 0.46875 A
RADC 128
Current along ABC, IABC = R × I = (128+32 × 0.46875) A = 0.375 A
ABC +RADC
RABC 32
Current along ADC, IADC = R × I = (128+32 × 0.46875) A = 0.09375A
ADC +RABC
I 0.375
Now, IABC = 0.09375 = 4 ∶ 1
ADC
Hence, the ratio of current and resistance in ABC and ADC paths will not be the same.
22
04. In this figure a Wheatstone bridge is shown. [SB’21]
B Q
=40
20
P=
A C
G
R=1
5 =8 0
D S
+ _
12V
(c) After connecting the switch K how much resistance should be connected to CD so that the
galvanometer’s needle has no deflection? 3
Solution
(c) Let, the resistance along CD, S ′ =?
P R P = 20Ω
We know that, Q = S
⇒ S ′ = 30Ω
Q = 40Ω
Let, we need to connect resistance X
R = 15Ω
Here, S ′ < S
S = 80Ω
1 1 1
∴ We need to connect the resistance X with parallel to S. ∴ X + 80 = 30 ⇒ X = 48 Ω
Meaning that we need to connect 48Ω in parallel.

05. [Din.B’21]

Internal resistance, r = 0.2 Ω; Electromotive force, E = 8 V

(c) Determine the current in the circuit with the galvanometer isolated. 3
(d) How many resistances added to the maximum resistance will bring the bridge into equilibrium. 4
Solution
(c) The circuit with galvanometer isolated is as follows- 8 10
R AC = (18−1 + 35−1 )−1 Ω = 11.89 Ω
A 15 20 C
R eq = R AC + r = 12.09 Ω
E 8
I=R = 12.09 = 0.66 A
eq

E=8V
r = 0.2
(d) Maximum resistance in the circuit is 20 Ω. Suppose, if RΩ is replaced by 20 Ω, equilibrium will be achieved.
8 10 150
So, = ⇒R= = 18.75 Ω
15 R 8
Suppose, if x Ω resistance is connected in parallel with 20Ω, resistance of branch CD will be 18.75 Ω.
1 1 1
∴ = + ⇒ x = 300 Ω
18.75 20 x
So, connecting 20 Ω in parallel with 300 Ω will bring the bridge into balance.

23
06. Look at the figure: [BB’19]

(c) In which way and of what value a resistance should be attached with Q resistance so that the circuit
attains equilibrium state? 3
(d) At equilibrium, what will be the relation of ratio of current flow and resistances of ABC and ADC part?
Give your opinion with mathematical explanation. 4
Solution
(c) Let Q be the required resistance at BC to bring the circuit to equilibrium. Now,
P R PS 150×10
Q
= S
⇒ Q = R
= 20
Ω = 75 Ω
Since, Q = 100 Ω and Q > Q
So a resistance is to be connected in parallel with Q. Let that resistance be x.
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ x + 100 = 75 ⇒ x = 75 − 100 ∴ x = 300
∴ So, a resistance of 300 Ω is to be connected in parallel with Q.
(d) At equilibrium:
E 10
RABC 150+75 15 I RABC 2 I 1
RADC
= 20+10
= 2
; IABC = E = 150+75
10 = 15 ; IABC = RABC
ADC ADC
RADC 30 RADC
1 1 1
Alternate solution: R ABC = 225 Ω ; R ADC = 30 Ω ∴ R = 225 + 30
eq

∴ R eq = 26.47 Ω. Itotal = 0.37 A

30
∴ IABC = × 0.37 = 0.04 A ∴ IADC = 0.3333 A
30+225
IABC 0.04 R 225 I 1
∴ = = 0.12 ∴ ABC = = 7.5 ⇒ ABC ≈ RABC
IADC 0.33 RADC 30 IADC
RADC

T-06: Increasing the Range of Ammeter

01. A 90 Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a 1 Ω resistor. The main current in the circuit is 3 A. This
galvanometer can measure more than 3 A of electric current. [JB’23]
(c) Determine the value of the current flowing through the 1 Ω resistor in the stimulus. 3
(d) What measures should be taken according to the stimulus to measure 30 A of electric current? 4
Solution
(c) Current flowing through the 1 Ω resistor
G×I 90×3
Is = G+s = 90+1 = 2.967 A Main current, I = 3 A, s = 1 Ω, G = 90 Ω

24
(d) From ‘c’ we get, Is = 2.967 A ∴ IG = 3 − Is = 0.033 A
Suppose, if a resistor s ′ is connected in parallel with the galvanometer, it is possible to measure a current of
30 A.
I×S′ 30×S′ 90×0.033
IG = G+S′ ⇒ 0.033 = 90+S′ ⇒ (90 × 0.033) + 0.033S′ = 30S ′ ∴ S ′ = (30−0.033) = 0.099 Ω
∴ If a 0.099 Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a galvanometer, then the galvanometer can measure
30 A of electric current.
Suppose, if a resistor R is connected in parallel with a 1 Ω resistor, the equivalent resistance will be 0.099 Ω
1 1 1
∴ 0.099 = 1 + R ∴ R = 0.1099 Ω

02. In this figure an emitter circuit is shown which works in the range between 0 − 10A. Rahim wanted to
increase the range 10 times. [Ctg.B’21]

(c) Find the current flow through the galvanometer 3

(d) What measures should be taken to achieve the goal of Rahim? Explain mathematically. 4
Solution
S 1
(c) The current flow through the galvanometer we got it from the wall RJ, IG = I × G+S = 8 × 20+1 = 0.38A
G = 20
I=8A IG

IS S=1
(d) In order to increase the range 10 times, we will have to use a shunt.
R 0.9524 R = (20||1)Ω = 0.9524Ω ; n = 10
Shunt, S ′ = = = 0.1058 Ω
n−1 10−1
so, we have to connect a resistance of 0.1058Ω in parallel with the circuit.

03. A 2Ω resistance is connected in parallel with a galvanometer of resistance 100 Ω. The main current flow of
the circuit is 2A. This device cannot measure current more than 2A. [BB’21]
(c) Determine the current flow through the 2Ω resistance. 3
(d) What measures should be taken to measure 20A current? Explain mathematically. 4
Solution
(c) G 100
Here, IS = I × G+S = 2 × 102 A = 1.96 A
∴ 1.96A will flow through 2Ω

(d) Let, S ′ amount of shunt will be used to measure 20A of current.

Here, R = (100||2)Ω = 1.96Ω
R 1.96 20
S ′ = n−1 = 10−1 = 0.218 Ω n= 2
= 10
∴ So, we need to connect 0.218Ω in parallel with the galvanometer.
25
04. In the figure, the electromotive force of the electric cell is E = 16 V and a maximum current of 2.25A is
measured by the ammeter. Later 150V battery was used instead of 16V and the ammeter range of the circuit
was increased by 4 times. [Din.B’21]

(d) Whether it is possible to measure the current with the ammeter in the changing case-analyze
mathematically. 4
Solution
(d) If the ammeter range is multiplied by 4 the current measured by the ammeter= 2.25 × 4A = 9A
E′ 150
New current flow when using a battery of 150 V, I ′ = = A = 9.71 A ; ∴ I ′ > 9A
Req 15.45

Hence, it is not possible to measure the flow rate in the changing case.

T-07: Joule’s Laws for Generating of Heat

01. M, N and S are three resistors whose values are 18 Ω, 36 Ω and 40 Ω respectively. The resistance T is
variable. Initially, the amount of heat generated by the bulb in 2 sec by keeping the switch K open is
determined. [RB’23]

(c) In the initial condition, find the amount of heat generated when K is open. 3
Solution
(c) Applying KVL in BCDEB, we get,
20I2 + 40I2 − 36I1 = 0 ⇒ 60I2 − 36I1 = 0 … … … (i)
I = I1 + I2 … … … (ii)
In OABEFO, we get,
18I + 36I1 = 12 ⇒ 54I1 + 18I2 = 12 … … … (iii)
From (i) and (iii),
5 1
I1 = 27 A and I2 = 9 A Time, t = 2s
1
∴ Generated heat = I22 Rt = × 20 × 2 = 0.494 J
92

26
02. A wire of resistance of 12.5 ohms is extended to twice its length and then used to build a coil for a kettle.
When connected to a 220 V power supply, the coil is immersed in water at 30°C, and it then operates for
305 seconds. It is assumed that the entire electrical energy has been converted into thermal energy.
[Ctg.B’23]
(d) Will the water of the stem boil? Analyze mathematically. 4
Solution
(d) The wire was extended to twice its length, new length, 𝑙 ′ = 2 × 𝑙
∵ The volume remains constant
𝑙 𝑙 A
∴ V ′ = V ⇒ A′ 𝑙 ′ = A𝑙 ⇒ A′ = A × ′ = A × =
𝑙 2𝑙 2
𝑙′ 2𝑙 ρ𝑙
Now, new resistance of the wire, R′ = ρ A′ = ρ A =4× A
= 4 × R = 4 × 12.5 = 50 Ω
2

Potential difference, V = 220 V

Time, t = 305 sec
V2 (220)2
∴ Generated heat, Q = R
t = 50
× 305 = 295240 J
Water at 30°C temperature will begin to boil at 100°C temperature. Thus, required heat,
Q1 = ms∆θ = m × 4200 × 70 [Assuming 1 kg water is present in the kettle]
= 1 × 4200 × 20 = 294000 J
Therefore, the water of the stem will boil.

03. [Ctg.B’23]

(d) Will the fuse of resistor R 4 break if current is passed for 10 min with switch S of the circuit closed?
Analyze mathematically. 4
Solution
(d) When the switch S of the stem is closed, the circuit will be as follows:
In this case, equivalent resistance,
R eq = (R1 + R 2 )||{R 3 + (R 4 ||R 5 )}
= (40 + 4)||{16 + (15||10)}
= 44||{16 + 6} = 44||22 = 14.67Ω
Here, potential difference across CD,
R . 14.67
VCD = r+Reqv . × E = 1+14.67 × 9 = 8.425 V
eqv

Equivalent resistance across CD,

R CD = R 3 + (R 4 ||R 5 ) = 16 + (15||10) = 16 + 6 = 22 Ω
V 8.425
∴ Current across CD, ICD = RCD = 22
= 0.383 A; Total current across R 4 and R 5 = 0.383 A
CD

27
 Therefore, according to the current divider law, current flowing across R 4 ,
R5 10
I4 = × I = 0.383 × = 0.1532 A
R4 +R5 10+15
∴ Heat generated by current flow after 10 min, Q = I 2 Rt = (0.1532)2 × 15 × 10 × 60 = 211.232216 J
As the fuse breaks at 300 J of heat, and the heat generated is less than 300 J, thus the fuse will not break.
04. [Din.B’23]

(d) Which bulb in the circuit will generate more heat energy when the key K is on? Analyze mathematically. 4
Solution
−1 4
(d) (R eq ) = 4−1 + 2−1 ∴ R eq = 3
If potential difference across two ends of the bulb is V1 ,
4
12×Req 12×
3
V1 = = 4 = 1.231 V
R3 +Req 3+
3

(V1 )2 (1.231)2
If power of bulb-1 is P1 , P1 = R1
= 4
= 0.379 W [∵ R1 = 4 Ω]
(V1 )2 (1.231)2
If power of bulb-2 is P2 , P2 = R2
= 2
= 0.757 W [∵ R 2 = 2 Ω]
P1 < P2 ; That is, at a certain time, more heat energy is generated in bulb-2.

05. Observe the circuit: [RB’22]

(c) Find the amount of heat generated at 2 Ω in 10 s. 3

Solution
(c) Given that,
E = 105 V
t = 10 sec
1 1 −1
Equivalent resistance, R = (R1 + R 2 ||R 3 ) = 2 + (6 + 4)
= (2 + 2.4) Ω = 4.4 Ω
E 105
∴ Current flow, I = R
= 4.4
= 23.864 A
Since current flowing through 2Ω in the circuit is 23.864 A,
∴ Amount of heat, Q = I 2 Rt = 23.8642 × 2 × 10 = 11389.8 J (Ans.)

28
06. [BB’22]

(d) Which resistor will generate more heat if current flows in the circuit for 1 minute? Verify
mathematically. 4
Solution
(d) In the circuit, R1 and R 2 are situated in parallel in the circuit. So, it can be said that the current is divided
into I1 and I2 .

From ‘c’ we get, I = 4 A

R2 3 4
According to the current divider law, Current flowing through R1 , I1 = ×I= × 4= A
R1 ×R2 6+3 3
R1 6 8
Current flowing through R 2 , I2 = R × I = 6+3 × 4 = 3 A
1 +R2

Current flowing through R 3 , I = 4 A

If current flows through the circuit for 1 minute, Heat generated through R1 ,
4 2
Q1 = I12 R1 t = (3) × 6 × 60 = 640 J [t = 1 min = 60 sec]
8 2
∴ Heat generated through R 2 , Q 2 = I22 R 2 t = (3) × 3 × 60 = 1280 J
∴ Heat generated through R 3 , Q 3 = I32 R 3 t = 42 × 1 × 60 = 960 J
∴ Maximum heat will be generated in the circuit in 1 minute through R 2 (Ans.)

07. [Din.B’22]

(d) If R1 and R 2 of the circuit are interchanged, will the power dissipation in resistor R 3 remain the same?
Analyze mathematically. 4

29
 Solution
(d) Potential difference across Rp, VRP = E − IR1 = (20 − 1.06 × 12)V = 7.28 V
VRP2 7.282
power dissipation due to heat at R 3 , H = R3
= 12
= 4.416 W
interchanging the positions of R1 and R 2 , we get
Now, the equivalent resistance of the circuit;
R′S = R 2 + R1 ||R 3
= (16 + 6)Ω = 22 Ω
E 20
Total current, I ′ = = A = 0.91 A
R′S 22

Potential difference across R 3 , V ′ = 20 − I ′ R 2 = 20 − 091 × 16 = 5.44 V

V12 5.442
Power dissipation due to heat at R 3 , H ′ = R3
= 12
= 2.466 W
If R1 and R 2 of the circuit are interchanged, the power dissipation in resistor R 3 will not remain the same.

08. [DB’21]

Figure-1 Figure-2
(d) Will the graph of produced heat vs resistance of the two figures be dissimilar? Give your option with
mathematical analysis. 4
Solution
(d) In the first figure.
Here I is constant and V and R are variables. R
H = I 2 Rt ; H ∝ R and H = VIt ∴ H ∝ V I
Constant + -
Meaning that, if resistance or voltage is higher than more heat will be generated.
V
In the second figure, R=20- 200
V2 1 I
Here, V is constant and I and R are variables. So, H = t∴H∝R
R + -
In the first figure H ∝ R and in the second figure H ∝
1 V = 20V
R
Meaning that,
So, there will be difference in the curves.

First case second case

09. A heater rated at 200V and 1000W can increase the temperature of 2.57kg of water from 20°C to 95°C
within 15 min. [RB’21]
(d) Comment on the efficiency of the heater using mathematical analysis. 4

30
 Solution
(d) We know that,
Q = ms(θ2 − θ1 ) Given,
= {2.57 × 4200 × (95 − 20)}J = 809550J Mass of water, m = 2.57 kg
Q Initial temperature of water, θ1 = 20°C
∴ Efficient power, P0 = = 899.5W
t
Final temperature of water, θ2 = 95°C
∴ Efficiency of the heater,
899.5 Heat, Q = ?
η= × 100% = 89.95%
1000 Power, P0 = ?
Time, t = 15 min = 900s

10. A heater rated at 200V and 1000W can increase the temperature of 2.57kg of water from 20°C to 95°C
within 15 min. [RB’21]
(c) What is the resistance of the heater? Determine it. 3
Solution
(c) We know that,
V2 V2 Given, Potential difference, V = 200V
P= R
⇒R P
= 40Ω (Ans)
Power, P = 1000W ; Resistance, R = ?

11. Upoma used an electric kettle to boil 2 Liters of water. The 1500W kettle was connected with 220V supply
line. She saw that, after 7 minutes the water started to boil. [Specific heat of water = 4200 Jkg −1 K −1 ]
[BB’21]
(c) Determine the generated heat in calorie. 3
(d) Can we determine the temperature of the room from the given information? Explain mathematically. 4
Solution
(c) Amount of produced heat, P = 1500 W
H = Pt t = 7 min
= 1500 × 420 J = 7 × 60
1500×420
= Cal = 420 s
4.2
= 150 × 103 Cal
Amount of hat produced in calorie = 150 k Cal
(d) From the given information we can determine the temperature of that day.
Here, m = 2 kg
Pt = mSΔθ S = 4200 J kg −1 K −1
Pt
⇒ Δθ = mS P = 1500 W
1500×420 t = 7 × 60 = 420 s
= 2×4200
°C
θ2 = 100°C
⇒ θ2 − θ1 = 75°C ⇒ θ1 = (100 − 75)°C = 25°C, which is the temperature of that day.

31
12. [JB’21]
6
6 6
6

12V 12V
r = 0.5 r = 0.5
eZ©bx-1
Circuit-1 eZ©bx-2
Circuit-2
(d) Which circuit will generate more heat in a given time? Give mathematical analysis. 4
Solution
(d) In both cases the electromotive force is, E = 12V
1 V2
We know that if E is constant, the heat, Q ∝ [Q = × t]
R R
Equivalent resistance in 1st case, R S = 12.5Ω
1 1 −1
Equivalent resistance in 2nd case, R B = {( + ) + 0.5} Ω = 3.5Ω
6 6
Q R 3.5
∴ Q1 = R2 = 12.5 = 0.28 < 1 ∴ Q1 < Q 2
2 1
Therefore, in the 2nd circuit more heat will be generated at a given time.

13. At normal temperature (25°C), the resistance of Tungsten wire be 65 Ω. Using this wire, two different coils
of electric heater were made and connected in parallel to source (220V). As a result, the temperature of the
wire raises to 250°C. The length and diameter of the first wire coil is double of the second one. The
temperature coefficient of Tungsten wire (α = 4.5 × 10−3 °C−1 ). [SB’19]
(d) In which coil more heat will be produced? Explain mathematically. 4
Solution
(d) Both coils are made with Tungsten. So, the relative resistance for both coils is equal.
L L
For first coil, R1 = ρ A1 ; For second coil, R 2 = ρ A2 ; L1 = 2L2 , d1 = 2d2
1 2
1 1 1 2L 1 L 1
∴ A1 = 4
πd12 = 4
π(2d2 )2 =4× 4
πd22 = 4A2 ∴ R1 = ρ 4A2 = 2 × ρ A2 = 2 R 2
2 2
V2 V2
Heat produced at first coil, H1 = R t ; Heat produced at second coil, H2 = R t
1 2
H1 R2 R2
∴ H2
= R1
=1 = 2 ∴ H2 = 2H2 ∴ So, at first coil, more heat will be produced.
R
2 2

14. [DB’19]

(d) Which extremal resistance will heat up more; circuit A or B? Explain. 4

32
 Solution
(d) Circuit ‘b’ For circuit, Ep = 1.5V
EP RP

Is
(k)
1 1 1 1 3 1
= + + = = ∴ R p = 0.1Ω
Rp 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1
1.5
∴ Is′ = 10+0.1 A = 0.149A
Although external resistances of both circuits are equal, current through circuit A is higher. Therefore,
resistance of circuit A will heat up more.

15. Two resistances of 60 Ω are connected in series along with a cell of 120 V. Later on, those are parallelly
connected with the same source. [CB’19]
(d) In which of the connection heat production is more than the other in a specific time? Explain
mathematically. 4
Solution
(d) Equivalent resistance in series connection, R eq = (60 + 60) Ω = 120 Ω
Equivalent resistance in parallel connection,
R′eq = (60−1 + 60−1 )−1 Ω = 30 Ω
In series connection, Rate of production of heat,
Q V2 1202
t
=R = 120
W = 120W
eq

Q V2 1202
In parallel connection, Rate of production of heat, = = W = 480 W
t R′eq 30

So, in parallel connection production of heat is more in a specific time.

T-08: Electrical Energy & Power

01. The circuit in the stem consists of two 60 W – 220 V bulbs connected to a 220 V source. [SB’22]

(c) What is the resistance of the filament of each lamp? 3

(d) Removing resistance ‘R’ from the circuit in the stem will not increase or decrease the brightness of
bulbs A and B – Verify mathematically. 4

33
 Solution
(c) Given, power of the bulb, P = 60 W
Potential difference between the two ends, V = 220 V
Resistance, R =?
V2 V2 2202
Now, P = R
⇒R= P
= 60
= 806.67 Ω
(d) Before removing resistance ‘R’ from the circuit,
V 220
Current flowing through the circuit, I = Req = 1 1 −1
= 0.2046 A
( + ) +806.67
806.67 403

So, IA = 0.2046 A
403
IB = 403+806.67 × IA = 0.0682 A

PA = IA2 R A = (0.20462 × 806.67)W = 33.76 W

PB = IB2 R B = (0.06822 × 806.67)W = 3.75 W
After removing resistance ‘R’ from the circuit:
220
IA = IB = 806.67+806.67 = 0.136 A

PA = PB = IA2 R A = 0.1362 × 806.67 = 14.9 W

So, after removing resistance ‘R’ from the circuit,
Brightness of the bulb A will decrease; brightness of bulb B will increase.

02. A and B are two electric bulbs labeled 120W-220V and 60W-220V respectively. The two bulbs are
connected to a 220V potential source first in parallel and then in series. [CB’21]
(c) In the first case, find the amount of electrical energy consumed by conducting the current for 5 sec. 3
(d) Whether there will be any change in the brightness of the two bulbs due to changing the connection –
give an opinion with mathematical analysis. 4

Solution
V2 1210 V2 2420
(c) P1 = R ∴ R1 = 3
Ω ∴ R2 = P = 3
Ω
1 2

1 1 −1 2420
R eq = (R + R ) Ω ∴ R eq = 9
Ω
1 2

(220)2
W= 2420 × 5 = 900 J (Ans.)
9

V2
(d) Power in parallel connection PP = R = 180 W
eq

1210 2420 2420

Equivalent resistance in series, R S = 3
+ 3 = 1210Ω R eq = 9
Ω
V2
PS = = 40 W
Rs

∵ PP > PS ; Thus, brightness is more in parallel, less in series.

34
 CQ Knowledge-Based Questions & Sample Answers from Previous Board Exams

01. What is shunt? [RB’23, SB’23, Ctg.B’22; DB’21; JB’21; MB’21; BB’19; BB’17, DB’15; JB’15]
Ans: A shunt is a resistor of low value which is
connected in parallel to protect a galvanometer or similar delicate instruments from excessive current flow.
02. What is the drift velocity? [Ctg.B’22, JB’22; Din.B’21]
Ans: When the two ends of a cell are connected by a conducting wire, the average velocity by which the
free electrons flow in the conductor is known as drift velocity.
03. What is resistance? [SB’22]
Ans: The feature of a conductor due to which the flow of current faces hindrance is known as the resistance
of the conductor.
04. State Kirchhoff’s 1st law. [JB’23, BB’22; MB’22; CB’21]
Ans: Algebraic sum of the current flowing at any junction point in a circuit is zero.
05. What is meter bridge? [Ctg.B’23, CB’22, BB’21; Din.B’17]
Ans: The device with which a wire of known resistance is used to determine the relative resistance of an
unknown resistance with the help of Wheatstone bridge principle is called meter bridge.
06. State Kirchhoff’s Second Law. [Ctg.23; CB’23; Din.B’22; DB’19; SB’19]
Ans: Kirchhoff’s second law, also known as Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the sum of all
voltages and potential drops across resistances around a closed loop in any circuit must always be equal to
zero.
07. State Joule’s law regarding the generation of heat. [MB’22; RB’21]
Ans: If the resistance (R) and time (t) remain constant, then the generated heat (H) due to electric current is
directly proportional to the square of the current (I).
08. What is the flow density? [DB’21]
Ans: The amount of current that flows through per unit cross sectional area of a conductor is called the flow
density.
09. What is kilowatt-hour? [RB’21]
Ans: If a device of 1kW works for 1 hour then the amount of spent energy will be called 1kWh.
10. What is specific resistance? [Ctg.B’21; Din.B’21; DB, SB, Din.B’18, BB’17]
Ans: The amount of resistance in per unit length and per unit cross sectional area of a conductor is knows
as its specific resistance of that material.
11. What is the coefficient of heat for resistance? [Ctg.B’21; CB’21]
Ans: The amount of increase in resistance for per unit change in temperature from 0°C is called the
coefficient of heat for resistance.
12. What is the electromotive force of a cell? [SB’21]
Ans: If a unit charge it's moved from one point of a circuit through the whole circuit and return to that same
point then the amount of work done by the cell is called electromotive force of that cell.

35
13. What is the mechanical equivalence of heat? [SB’21; RB’19]
Ans: The amount of work done to produce a single unit of heat is called mechanical equivalent of heat.
14. What is electromotive force? [BB’21]
Ans: While not in use the maximum potential difference between the two ends of a cell is called the
electromotive force.
15. What is EMF? [JB’21; DB’16]
Ans: The work done to move a unit charge from one point of a circuit containing the cell through the
complete circuit and back to that point is called the electromotive force of the cell.
16. What is an electric circuit? [MB’21]
Ans: The path through which current flows is called electric circuit.
17. What is electron volt? [Ctg.B’23, DB’19; Ctg.B’17]
Ans: The work done to move one electron from one point to another with a potential difference of 1 V is
called one electron-volt (eV).
18. What is equivalent resistance? [Ctg.B’19]
Ans: If the combination of resistances is replaced by such a single resistance that the potential difference
and current flow remains the same as in the previous combination then the new resistance is the equivalent
resistance of the combination.
19. State the Joule’s law of resistance. [CB’17]
Ans: If the current (I) through any conductor & the time (t) are constant, then the heat produced in the
conductor is proportional to the resistance.

CQ Comprehensive Questions & Sample Answers from Previous Board Exams

01. Why is the electromotive force of a cell not fully effective in the circuit– Explain. [DB’23]
Ans: The internal resistance of a cell is not fully effective due to internal resistance. Consider a cell with an
internal resistance r and an electromotive force E. The internal resistance r results in a voltage drop of Ir.
Therefore, the total voltage in an external circuit is given by
V = E − Ir.
This Ir is referred to as the lost voltage. The electromotive force is not fully effective for this lost voltage of
the cell.
02. Why is the use of shunt important in sensitive electrical equipment? Explain. [DB’23]
Ans: A shunt is a low-value resistor connected in parallel in an electrical circuit. In electrical instrumentation,
especially in galvanometers, a shunt is used. When a galvanometer carries higher electrical currents, it may
become damaged, its spring might break, or it could even burn. To protect it, a low-value resistor is
connected in parallel with it. Because of it low resistance, most of the current flows through the shunt,
protecting the instrument.
36
03. What is the internal resistance required to obtain the maximum current in a parallel combination of
electric cells of the same value? Explain. [RB’23]
Ans: If n electric cells of the same value are connected in parallel, then the total current,
E
I = r = nR+r
nE Here,
R+
n E = Emf of one cell
Now, if r ≫ nR, then
R = External resistance of the circuit
r = Internal resistance of a cell
nE E
I= r
=n×r
⇒ I = n × current generated by one cell
∴ The internal resistance must be greater than the external resistance to obtain maximum current flow.
04. Explain the dependence of resistance on the temperature of a conductor with the help of necessary
figures. [RB’23]
Ans: We know, R t = R 0 + R 0 αT Taking R t as y and T as x, we can write
y = mx + c, where m = R 0 α and c = R 0

Graph:

05. If a bulb is labeled as '100 W-220 V', then what does it signify? [Ctg.B’23]
Ans: The label '100 W-220 V' on a bulb indicates that when a potential difference of 220 V is supplied across
both ends of the bulb, it will transform electrical energy into light energy with a maximum power output of
100 watts, which is equivalent to 100 joules of electrical energy converted into light energy per second.
06. What does the temperature coefficient of manganin resistance of 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐊 −𝟏 mean? [CB’23]
−5 −1
Ans: The temperature coefficient of resistance of manganese is 3 × 10 K , which means that if the
temperature of a manganese wire with a resistance of 1 Ω at 273.15 K or 0℃ is increased by 1 K , its
resistance increases by 3 × 10−5 Ω.
07. Compare a capacitor and a battery. [CB’23]
Ans: The following is a comparison of capacitors and batteries:
Capacitor Battery
(i) It is an inactive element of the circuit. (i) It is an active element of the circuit.
(ii) Its energy density is relatively low. (ii) Its energy density is higher than that of a capacitor.
(iii) Its charging and discharging process is quite (iii) Its charging and discharging process is time-
fast. consuming.
(iv) During discharge, its voltage decreases (iv) It provides a constant voltage in the circuit.
rapidly.
08. Why is the electromotive force of a cell being not fully effective in any circuit? [Din.B’23]
Ans: The direction of current flow inside a cell is from the negative plate −ve to the positive plate +ve. The
various components between the plates create a resistance to the flow of current. This results in a voltage
drop inside the cell, and the remaining voltage drops across the rest of the circuit. The internal resistance
also causes some voltage drop. Therefore, it can be said that the electromotive force of a cell is not fully
effective in any circuit. Some is expended during the flow of current through the cell.

37
09. Why is terminal potential of the circuit smaller than the electromagnetic force? Explain.
[DB’22; RB’22]
Ans: Due to the internal resistance of the cell, the terminal potential will be smaller than the electromotive
force of the circuit.
The material between the two ends of the electric cell prevents the flow of electricity inside the cell. This
barrier is called the internal resistance of the cell.

In the adjacent circuit, if the internal resistance of the cell is r, then the equivalent resistance,
E E
R′ = R + r ∴ I = = ⇒ IR + Ir = E
R′ R+r
⇒ E = V + Ir … … … (i)
Here, if IR is resistance, then potential difference i.e., terminal potential at the two ends of R will be,∴ V =
E − Ir
When current flows through the circuit, the terminal potential becomes less than the electromotive force of
the circuit by an amount equal to Ir. Therefore, due to the internal resistance of the cell, the terminal potential
will be smaller than the electromotive force of the circuit.
10. Why are fuses used in circuits? Explain. [RB’22]
Ans: Circuit fuses are used for the safety of electrical equipment.
Fuse melts when current flow is slightly less the maximum level of current which the electric devices
connected with the circuit can withstand. Thus, it disconnects the circuit, keeping electric devices safe.
Generally, pure metals have higher melting points. So, fuses are made of metallic alloys having low melting
point (e.g., tin and lead alloys).
Therefore, fuse is used in the circuit for the safety of the electric devices.
11. Write the difference between electromotive force and potential difference. [Ctg.B’22]
Ans:
Electromotive force Potential difference
(i) The amount of work done to move 1 coulomb of (i) The amount of work required to move from a
charge back and forth a certain point in the certain point of the circuit to another point is
circuit is called electromotive force. called the potential difference between those
two points.
(ii) Electromotive force is equal to the potential (ii) Potential difference is the potential difference
difference between the two ends of the cell. between any two points in the circuit.

(iii) The value of electromotive force is always (iii) Potential difference between any two points in
greater than the potential difference. the circuit is less than the electromotive force.
(iv) The formula used to calculate electromotive (iv) The formula used to calculate potential
force, difference,
E = I(R + r) V = IR

38
12. Conductors of different materials have different specific resistance at the same temperature – Explain.
[SB’22]
Ans: The relative resistance of a specific material at a given temperature, considering a unit length and a unit
cross-sectional area, is called the specific resistance or resistivity of that material. Resistivity depends on two
factors:
(i) Temperature (ii) Material
If the temperature is constant, the resistivity depends only on the material. Therefore, at the same
temperature, the relative resistances of conductors made out of different materials will be different.
13. How does shunt protect the galvanometer? Clarify. [BB’22; CB’22]
Ans: To prevent damaging the galvanometer when a high value of current flows through it, a shunt resistor
is connected in parallel with the galvanometer.
In every galvanometer, there is an upper limit of current that the device can safely tolerate. If the current
flowing through the galvanometer exceeds this limit, the galvanometer may get damaged. Therefore, when
connecting the galvanometer to a high-current circuit, a shunt resistor with a low resistance is connected in
parallel. This way, most of the current by passes the galvanometer through the low-resistance path. As a
result, the galvanometer is protected, and the current does not cross the upper limit of the galvanometer's
scale.
14. Explain the necessity of resistance in a circuit. [JB’22]
Ans: The property of a conductor through which the electric current flowing through it is opposed is called
the resistance of that conductor. In any circuit, resistance is used to control the flow of electric current. For
V
a resistor of resistance R to a given potential difference (V), the electric current (I) is given by I = R. Here,
with a constant voltage, the value of the current depends only on the resistance R. Therefore, to control the
electric current in a circuit, resistance is used.
15. What is meant by potential difference of 6 V between two points? [CB’22]
Ans: A potential difference of 6 V between the two points means that, 6 J of work will be required to be
done to move a unit positive charge in that electric field from one point to the other.
16. What is meant by ‘the value of lost voltage is 2 V’? [MB’22]
Ans: The potential drop that occurs inside the cell due to the presence of internal resistance is called lost
voltage.
We know, E = V + Ir
If the internal resistance of a cell is r and the lost voltage is 2V, then it means that the voltage drop across
ends of the cell due to the internal resistance r is 2V. As the current I flow through the cell, there will be a
potential drop across the cell for I and the final potential difference across the cell will be,
V = E − Ir = 10 − 2 = 8V
17. Does flow of current in a circuit generate heat? Explain your answer. [DB’21; Ctg.B’21; DB’15]
Ans: Yes, heat is generated in a circuit due to electric current flow. According to Joule's law, in any circuit,
if potential difference and time remains constant, then the heat produced due to the flow of electric current
is proportional to the square of the current times the resistance over a period of time t, given by H = I 2Rt.
Therefore, when electric current flows through a circuit, heat is generated in the resistance of the circuit.

39
18. For more than one battery with high internal resistance; which combination of the batteries will yield
more current flow? Explain your answer. [DB’21]
Ans: When more than one batters with high internal resistance are connected in parallel, more current flows
through the circuit.
mE mE E
IP = mR+r if r ≫ mR then, IP = r
=m×r
we get m times current flow than before. So, we get high flow of current when high internal resistance
batteries are connected in parallel.
19. Can the resistance of shunt be zero or infinite. Explain. [RB’21; SB’21]
Ans: Shunt is a small amount of resistance that is connected in parallel with very sensitive devices. It is used
so that the device connected in parallel with the shunt can be saved from over current flow. When high
amount of current flows through the circuit, then a huge amount of that current will flow through the shunt
and save the other device. If the value of shunt is zero then the full current will flow through the shunt and
no current will flow through the galvanometer. On the other hand, if the resistance is infinite, then huge
current will flow through the galvanometer and damage it.
20. Explain super conductivity of a conductor. [RB’21]
Ans: Usually if the temperature is increased then the resistance of a conductor increases and the resistance
decreases if temperature decreases. There are some materials which have zero resistance at very low
temperature. These are called superconductors. For this reason, superconductors can carry current without
any heat loss due to resistance and can flow current without any new source.
21. Why pure metal is not used in fuse? Explain. [SB’21; DB’16]
Ans: Due to the high melting point of pure metals, pure metals are not used in safety fuses. Instead, alloy
metals (such as solder) are used in safety fuses. Since the melting point of alloy metals is lower compared
to pure metals, they can allow current only under a suitable magnitude to pass through without melting and
disrupting the electrical connection. As a result, they provide protection against circuit damage. The high
melting point of pure metals prevents them from melting easily, so they are not suitable for use in safety
fuses.
22. Why shunt is used in electrical devices? Explain. [DB’23, BB’21]
Ans: Shunt is a small amount of resistance which is connected in parallel with a device in a circuit. It is
usually connected with galvanometer. If high number of current flows through the galvanometer, then it can
be damaged, spring could tear or burn. So, in order to save it, a small amount of resistance is connected in
parallel so that high amount of current flows through it.
23. What does it mean by that a conductor has 𝟏𝛀 of resistance? [BB’21]
V V
Ans: We know that, I = ⇒R=
R I
Here if V = 1 Volt and I = 1 A then R = 1 Ω
Meaning that, at a certain temperature if the potential difference of two points of a conductor is 1V and the
current through the conductor is 1A then the resistance of that conductor is said to be 1 Ω.
24. Explain why half wave rectification process does not produce full wave output.
[JB’21; BB’17; RB’15; SB’15]
Ans: In half-wave rectification process the diodes are forward biased for positive half cycle of the input i.e.,
wave but reverse biased for negative half cycle. As a result, no output is available for the negative half cycle.
Hence full wave is not available as output.
40
25. Explain the effect of temperature on the conductivity of a conductor. [JB’21]
Ans: Generally, resistance prevents the flow of electricity through a conductor. The resistance of a conductor
is proportional to the temperature and conductivity of a conductor changes in inverse proportion to resistance.
That is, the conductance changes in inverse proportion with temperature. As the temperature increases the
conductivity decreases and as the temperature decreases the conductivity increases. Because the resistance
increases due to the collision between the molecules inside the conductor as the temperature increases. Again,
the opposite happens when the temperature decreases.
26. Explain the reasons for the change in resistance of a conductor with change in temperature.
[CB’21; DB’19; SB’16]
Ans: As the temperature increases, the resistance of the conductor increases but not proportionally. The flow
of free electrons in a conductor causes current to flow. Free electrons collide with atoms of conductor
molecules during current flow. This is why resistance arises. Increasing the temperature increases the
vibration of molecules, collisions with free electrons increase, so the resistance increases.
Formula: R θ = R 0 (1 + αΔT)
27. Why low melting point alloy wire is used in safety fuse? [CB’21]
Ans: Safety fuses use low melting point alloy wire because the fuse will disconnect the current before the
current exceeds a certain value. As a result, electrical accidents can be avoided. It is usually made from an
alloy of tin and silicon.
28. What does 2.5V electromotive force mean for electric cell? [Din.B’21, RB’19]
Ans: The work done in bringing each unit of charge from one point of a circuit containing the cell through
the complete circuit to that point again is called the electromagnetic energy of that cell. A cell capacitance
of 2.5V means that 2.5 J of work is done to pull a 1C charge from a point including the cell through a
complete circuit to that point again.
29. Explain the equilibrium condition of Wheatstone Bridge. [Din.B’21]
Ans: The equilibrium or neutral point of the Wheatstone bridge means that no current is flowing through the
galvanometer. As a result, the same current flows through a pair of bridges (P, Q or R, S) across the resistor.
P R
In this case, the ratio, Q = S
holds.
30. What happens if a pure metal conductor is used in a safety fuse? explain [MB’21]
Ans: Safety fuses generally use conductive wires of alloys having a melting point below 300°C. As a result,
if for some reason high current flows in the circuit, the wire heats up and melts, cutting off the electrical
supply. The melting point of pure metal is very high so using pure metal conductor wire in fuse will not stop
current flow in case of excess current. And if excess current flows, equipment may be damaged or in some
cases fire may occur.
31. Is Wheatstone bridge used in high quality resistance measurement? Explain. [MB’21]
Ans: Wheatstone bridge is not used in high quality resistance measurement. If the unknown resistance (S)
of the Wheatstone bridge is replaced by a high-quality resistor, not much current flows through the resistor.
As a result, the sensitivity of the bridge is reduced and therefore it is difficult to detect dead conditions. For
this reason, the Wheatstone bridge is not used in high quality resistance measurements.

41
32. Why are the end of a meter bridge to be rectified? [Ctg.B’19]
Ans: If the resistance of a meter bridge is not uniform, the ends are to be rectified. Here, null point is
determined by connecting two known resistances at the two ends of meter bridge. As resistance of the bridge
P 𝑙
is not uniform, the determined null point and the null point from formula Q = 100−𝑙 are not equal.
So, rectification of meter bridge is required then. If rectification of left and right sides are a & b and P & Q
are the known resistances then, a & b can be determined from,
P 𝑙+a Q 𝑙 ′ +a
Q
= 100−𝑙+b and P = 100−𝑙′ +b
33. Ammeter is a kind of galvanometer-Explain. [Ctg.B’19]
Ans: Galvanometer is used to determine current direction and existence of very small amount of current.
Ammeter is used to determine the amount of current flow. Ammeter can be formed by attaching a resistance
in parallel with galvanometer. That’s why, ammeter is a kind of galvanometer.
34. Why thin metal wire is used as shunt-Explain. [SB’19]
Ans: To prevent the galvanometer from getting damaged due to a large amount of current, a low-value resistor is
connected in parallel with the galvanometer. This parallel combination with a low resistance is referred to as a
shunt.
We know, Here,
Resistance, R =
ρL ρ = specific resistance
A
1 L = length of the wire
∴R∝
A A = cross-sectional area of the wire
Therefore, the cross-sectional area of the resistor wire is inversely proportional to its resistance. The cross-
sectional area of a thin wire is less. As a result, the resistance is higher. Since the resistance of the shunt needs to
be low, thin wire is not used as a shunt.
35. What is the significance of 5 Amp-hour in a battery? Explain. [CB’19]
Ans: The significance of 5 Amp-hour in a battery suggests, in turning from charged to uncharged condition
the battery can supply a total of 5 × 3600 C charge. It can also be said that the battery can supply 1A current
in 5 hour.
36. 1st law of Kirchhoff follows principal of conservation of charge – explain. [DB, SB, Din.B’18]
According to 1st law of Kirchhoff, the arithmetic sum of currents meeting at a point in an electric circuit is
zero. We know, current is the flow of charge. Now, the sum of currents at meeting point not zero means,
charge is being created or destroyed at that point, which is completely opposite to principal of conservation
of charge. So 1st law of Kirchhoff follows principal of conservation of charge.
37. What do you mean by temperature coefficient of resistance of tungsten is 𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 /°𝐂"?
[DB, SB, Din.B’18]
Ans: The amount of resistance increases of any conductor of unit resistance at O°C temperature due to
increase of temperature by one unit is called temperature coefficient of material of that conductor.
Temperature coefficient of resistance of tungsten is 4.25 × 10−3 /°C means that if the temperature of any
tungsten conductor of resistance 1Ω at 0°C temperature is increased 1°C then its resistance will increase
4.25 × 10−3 Ω.
42
38. What is the role of internal resistance of a cell in any circuit? [DB’17]
Ans: During the flow of electric current inside a cell, the internal resistance of the cell refers to the resistance
exerted by the internal chemicals and other substances within the cell to the flow of electric current.
We know, Here, I = Total current
E E = Electromotive force
I = R+r
R = External resistance
r = Internal resistance
If the value of r increases, then the value of I will decrease, and the potential difference will decrease (since
V = E − Ir). On the other hand, if the value of r decreases, the value of I will increase, and the potential
difference will increase. Therefore, the role of r is significant in the decrease or increase of both electric
current and potential difference.
39. Why ammeter is connected in series in an electric circuit? [DB, SB, Din.B’18]
Ans: Ammeter is used in electric circuit to determine current. The resistance of ammeter is taken to be zero.
As its resistance is negligible, so total current will be flown through it normally. If ammeter is connected in
parallel with any resistance, then entire current will be flown through ammeter, no current will be flown
through resistance. As a result, correct current will not be known. So, ammeter is connected in series.
40. Explain why the potential difference and the electromotive force of any circuit is not the same.
[DB’17]
Ans: Potential difference is the difference in pressure of current at two points in a circuit. But electromotive
force is the difference in electric pressure at the two ends of a cell.
In a circuit the electromotive force is more than that of the potential difference. It is because, due to the
internal resistance of the cell there occurs some decrease of potential. That is why the electromotive force
and the potential difference is not the same in a circuit.
41. What do you understand by lost voltage? [RB’17; Din.B’17]
Ans: A part of the electromotive force which is used to conduct current through the cell is called the lost
voltage. If voltmeter is connected to two ends of a cell, then the voltage difference obtained is less than that
of the voltage difference obtained in free state. This difference in voltage is called lost voltage.
42. What is understood by the temperature coefficient of aluminum resistance
𝟑. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 (°𝐂)−𝟏? [BB’17]
−3
Ans: The temperature coefficient of Aluminium resistance 3.9 × 10 /°C means that at 1°C temperature, if
the temperature of an Aluminium wire of 1Ω resistance is increased 1°C, its resistance increases by
3.9 × 10−3 Ω.
43. If Kirchhoff’s second law is expressed in the form 𝚺𝐈𝐑 + 𝚺𝐄 = 𝟎, what would be the signs of IR & E
in any loop of a circuit? [CB’17]
Ans: If Kirchhoff’s 2 law is written in the form ∑ IR + ∑ E = 0, IR & E would be in the same direction
nd

meaning that both would be positive or negative to the direction of the flow.

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