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Intermolecular Forces Reviewer

The document reviews key concepts of intermolecular forces, including electronegativity and its role in determining bond types. It outlines four main types of intermolecular forces: London Dispersion Forces, Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Hydrogen Bonds, and Ion-Dipole Interactions, along with their effects on physical properties like boiling point and viscosity. A practice example illustrates how to identify the type of bond in HCl based on electronegativity differences.

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18 views2 pages

Intermolecular Forces Reviewer

The document reviews key concepts of intermolecular forces, including electronegativity and its role in determining bond types. It outlines four main types of intermolecular forces: London Dispersion Forces, Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Hydrogen Bonds, and Ion-Dipole Interactions, along with their effects on physical properties like boiling point and viscosity. A practice example illustrates how to identify the type of bond in HCl based on electronegativity differences.

Uploaded by

resmabadet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intermolecular Forces Reviewer

Key Concepts

 Electronegativity (EN): The ability of an atom in a bond to attract electrons toward itself.
o Higher EN value = Greater attraction for electrons.
o Electronegativity Difference: Determines if a bond is ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent.

Types of Intermolecular Forces

1. London Dispersion Forces:


o Present in all molecules.
o Weakest intermolecular force.
o Caused by temporary dipoles in nonpolar molecules.
o Strength increases with molecular weight.
2. Dipole-Dipole Interaction:
o Exists in polar molecules (e.g., HCl).
o Caused by unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial positive and negative poles.
3. Hydrogen Bond:
o A special type of dipole-dipole interaction.
o Occurs between hydrogen (in a polar molecule) and highly electronegative elements (F, O, N).
o Example: The bond between water molecules.
4. Ion-Dipole Interaction:
o Attraction between a charged ion (cation or anion) and a polar molecule.
o Example: Hydration (interaction of water molecules with ions in dissolved ionic compounds).

Effects of Intermolecular Forces (IMF) on Substances

 Surface Tension:
o A property caused by cohesive forces between molecules.
o Example: Capillary action (movement of liquid molecules against gravity).
 Boiling Point:
o The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure.
o Stronger IMF = Higher boiling point.
 Melting Point:
o The temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid.
 Viscosity:
o Resistance of a liquid to flow.
o Stronger IMF = Higher viscosity.
o Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature.
 Vapor Pressure:
o Tendency of a material to change into a gaseous state.
o Weak IMF = Higher vapor pressure (easier evaporation).
o Strong IMF = Lower vapor pressure.

Practice Example

 What type of bond is HCl?


o H = 2.1, Cl = 3.1
o Electronegativity Difference: 3.1 - 2.1 = 1.0
o Type: Polar Covalent Bond.

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