19.

4 Neutralization Reactions >

Chapter 19
Acids, Bases, and Salts
19.1 Acid-Base Theories
19.2 Hydrogen Ions and Acidity
19.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases

19.4 Neutralization Reactions

19.5 Salts in Solution

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > CHEMISTRY & YOU

What could cause leaves to turn yellow

during the growing season?

This condition is called

chlorosis because the
plant lacks a pigment
called chlorophyll.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Acid-Base Reactions

Acid-Base Reactions
What products form when an acid and
a base react?

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Acid-Base Reactions

Suppose you mix a solution of a strong

acid, such as HCl, with a solution of a
strong base, such as NaOH.
• The products are sodium chloride and water.
HCl(g) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Acid-Base Reactions

In general, acids and bases react to

produce a salt and water.
• The complete reaction of a strong acid and
a strong base produces a neutral solution.
• Thus, this type of reaction is called a
neutralization reaction.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Acid-Base Reactions

When you hear the word salt, you may

think of the substance that is used to flavor
food.
• Table salt (NaCl) is only one example of a
salt.
• Salts are ionic compounds consisting of an
anion from an acid and a cation from a base.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Acid-Base Reactions

A reaction between an acid and a base will

go to completion when the solutions contain
equal numbers of hydrogen ions and
hydroxide ions.
• The balanced equation provides the correct
ratio of acid to base.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Acid-Base Reactions

For hydrochloric acid and sodium

hydroxide, the mole ratio is 1:1.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Acid-Base Reactions

For sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, the

ratio is 1:2.
• Two moles of the base are required to neutralize
one mole of the acid.
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 2 mol

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Acid-Base Reactions

Similarly, hydrochloric acid and calcium

hydroxide react in a 2:1 ratio.

2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

2 mol 1 mol 1 mol 2 mol

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.7

Finding the Moles Needed for Neutralization

The term neutralization is used to
describe both the reaction and the
point at which a neutralization reaction
is complete. How many moles of
sulfuric acid are required to neutralize
0.50 mol of sodium hydroxide? The
equation for the reaction is

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.7

1 Analyze List the knowns and the unknown.

To determine the number of moles of
acid, you need to know the number of
moles of base and the mole ratio of acid
to base.
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
mol NaOH = 0.50 mol mol H2SO4 = ? mol
1 mol H2SO4/2 mol NaOH
(from balanced equation)
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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.7

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Use the mole ratio of acid to base to
determine the number of moles of acid.

1 mol H2SO4
0.50 mol NaOH × = 0.25 mol H2SO4
2 mol NaOH

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.7

3 Evaluate Does the result make sense?

Because the mole ratio of H2SO4 to
NaOH is 1:2, the number of moles of
H2SO4 should be half the number of the
moles of NaOH.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions >

Why are acid-base reactions called

neutralization reactions?

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions >

Why are acid-base reactions called

neutralization reactions?

The complete reaction of an acid with a

base creates a solution of a salt in water.
This solution has a neutral pH. It is neither
acidic nor basic.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Titration

Titration

At what point in a titration does

neutralization occur?

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Titration

You can use a neutralization reaction to

determine the concentration of an acid or
base.
• The process of adding a measured amount
of a solution of known concentration to a
solution of unknown concentration is called
a titration.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Titration

The steps in an acid-base titration are as

follows:
1. A measured volume of an acid solution of
unknown concentration is added to a flask.
2. Several drops of an indicator are added to
the solution while the flask is gently swirled.
3. Measured volumes of a base of known
concentrations are mixed into the acid until
the indicator just barely changes color.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Titration

A flask with a known The base is slowly A change in the color

volume of acids (and added from the of the solution is the
an indicator) is placed buret to the acid. signal that
beneath a buret that is neutralization has
filled with a base of occurred.
known concentration.
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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Titration

The solution of known concentration is the

standard solution.
• You can use a similar procedure to find the
concentration of a base using a standard acid.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Titration

Neutralization occurs when the number

of moles of hydrogen ions is equal to
the number of moles of hydroxide ions.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Titration

Neutralization occurs when the number

of moles of hydrogen ions is equal to
the number of moles of hydroxide ions.
• The point at which neutralization occurs is
called the equivalence point.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Titration

The indicator that is chosen for a titration

must change color at or near the pH of the
equivalence point.

• The point at which the

indicator changes color
is the end point of the
titration.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Interpret Graphs

This graph shows how the pH of a solution

changes during the titration of a strong
acid (HCl) with a strong base (NaOH).
• The initial acid
solution has a low pH
(about 1).
• As NaOH is added,
the pH increases
because some of the
acid reacts with the
base.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Interpret Graphs

This graph shows how the pH of a solution

changes during the titration of a strong
acid (HCl) with a strong base (NaOH).
• The equivalence point
for this reaction
occurs at a pH of 7.
• As the titration nears
the equivalence point,
the pH rises
dramatically because
hydrogen ions are
being used up.
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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Interpret Graphs

This graph shows how the pH of a solution

changes during the titration of a strong
acid (HCl) with a strong base (NaOH).
• Extending the titration
beyond the point of
neutralization
produces a further
increase of pH.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Interpret Graphs

This graph shows how the pH of a solution

changes during the titration of a strong
acid (HCl) with a strong base (NaOH).
• If the titration of HCl
and NaOH could be
stopped right at the
equivalence point, the
solution in the beaker
would consist of only
H2O and NaCl, plus a
small amount of
indicator.
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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > CHEMISTRY & YOU

Iron compounds need to dissociate before

the iron can be absorbed by plants.
However, these compounds become less
soluble as the pH rises. For most plants, a
pH between 5.0 and 6.5 will provide
enough usable iron. How could you
change the pH of soil?

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > CHEMISTRY & YOU

Iron compounds need to dissociate before

the iron can be absorbed by plants.
However, these compounds become less
soluble as the pH rises. For most plants, a
pH between 5.0 and 6.5 will provide
enough usable iron. How could you
change the pH of soil?
You can change the pH of basic soil
by adding an acidic compound. To
acidic soil you can add a basic
compound.
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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.8

Determining Concentration by Titration

A 25-mL solution of
H2SO4 is neutralized by
18 mL of 1.0M NaOH.
What is the concentration
of the H2SO4 solution?
The equation for the
reaction is
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l).
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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.8

1 Analyze List the knowns and the unknown.

The conversion steps are as follows:

L NaOH → mol NaOH → mol H2SO4 → M H2SO4.

KNOWNS UNKNOWN
[NaOH] = 1.0M [H2SO4] = ?M
VNaOH = 18 mL = 0.018 L Convert volume to
liters because molarity
VH2SO4 = 18 mL = 0.018 L
is in moles per liter.
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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.8

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Use the molarity to convert the volume
of base to moles of base.

1.0 mol NaOH

0.018 L NaOH × = 0.018 mol NaOH
1 L NaOH

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.8

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Use the mole ratio to find the moles
of acid.

1.0 mol H2SO4 = 0.0090 mol H SO

0.018 mol NaOH × 2 4
2 mol NaOH

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.8

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Calculate the molarity by dividing moles
of acid by liters of solution.

mol of solute 0.0090 mol

molarity = =
L of solution 0.025 L

= 0.36M H2SO4

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Sample Problem 19.8

3 Evaluate Does the result make sense?

• If the acid had the same molarity as the
base (1.0M), 50 mL of base would
neutralize 25 mL of acid.
• Because the volume of the base is
much less than 50 mL, the molarity of
the acid must be much less than 1.0M.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions >

In strong acids, are all ionizable

hydrogens completely ionized? In
weak acids?

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions >

In strong acids, are all ionizable

hydrogens completely ionized? In
weak acids?

In strong acids, all ionizable hydrogens are

completely ionized. In weak acids, all
ionizable hydrogens are partially ionized.
Some hydrogens in these acids (those with
larger Ka values) have a greater degree of
ionization.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Key Concepts

In general, acids and bases react to

produce a salt and water.

Neutralization occurs when the number

of moles of hydrogen ions is equal to
the number of moles of hydroxide ions.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Glossary Terms

• neutralization reaction: a reaction in which

an acid and a base react in an aqueous
solution to produce a salt and water
• titration: process used to determine the
concentration of a solution (often an acid or
base) in which a solution of known
concentration (the standard) is added to a
measured amount of the solution of unknown
concentration until an indicator signals the
end point

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Glossary Terms

• standard solution: a solution of known

concentration used in carrying out a titration
• equivalence point: the point in a titration
where the number of moles of hydrogen ions
equals the number of moles of hydroxide ions
• end point: the point in a titration at which the
indicator changes color

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions > BIG IDEA

Reactions
Chemists use acid-base reactions to
determine the concentration of an
acid or a base in solution.

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19.4 Neutralization Reactions >

END OF 19.4

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