CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md.

Asif Iqbal

m
i l . co
a
gm
CEN-603: 9 9@
u et.
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES UCT
aib II
m
LECTURE#4: COLUMN N.bd |
(SUBJECT TO AXIAL
AL . e du
LOAD
LO & BENDING)
tc
uc
b al@
q
sifi
l |a
Iqba
if
. As
Md 1
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

m
i l . co
•Column under pure axial compression occurs rarely. a
gm
@
•Simultaneously bending moment is almost always presence.
e .t 99
•Due to continuity as Columns are part of monolithic frames
aibu
•From Lateral forces i.e. wind load, seismic load etc. | m
d
u.b
.ed
•Inevitable imperfections of construction.
t c
•That’s why Compression members must uc for
designed
st be d
desi
Simultaneous bending moment. nt. ba
l@
s ifiq
ubjec| a
•When a member is subject
a l to combined axial Compression P and
Moment M it is
i f Iqb
convenient
is conve to replace the axial load and moment
with an As load P applied with an eccentricity e =M/P
a Equal
.
Equa

Md 2
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Column Behavior with different eccentricity

Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

l . c om
ai
gm
@
t .99
ib ue
| ma
u.bd
tc .ed
uc
al@ Fig 2: Column subject to load with

i f iqb Large & larger eccentricities

s
l |a
Iq ba
if
. As
Md 3
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Interaction
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

l . c om
•From fundamental design expressions : Factored strength ≥ Factored Load ai
gm
for Columns with Axial Load only ΦPn ≥ Pu
9 @
u e t.9
ibu
≤ 1.0
ΦPn
•If we added Bending moment to the Column. m a
d |
Then ΦMn ≥ Mu
u.b
Mu .ed
ΦMn
≤ 1.0
u ctc
Therefore simplified interaction relationship l @
would be as follows:
tionship w
q ba
u Mu
ifi
as
+ ≤ 1.0
ΦPn ΦMn
l |
•But the expression
ba
greatly underestimates the combined capacity of RCC Columns.
n great
Iq
•Because whene if
whenever
er bending
b moment is added to RCC Column, in most cases it serves to
increase
reas the
. As
h capacity
c of the member.
Md 4
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Strain Compatibility & Interaction

Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

l . c om
i
4c,attaking σ

‫ ݒ‬ൌ Ͳ gives
• From Stress Block in Fig 4c
g m
P - 0.85f’ ab - A ’f @
’+A f =0
n c
9 9 s s s s

85f’e
P = 0.85f’ abt.+ A ’f ’-A f …(1) where a =β c
n
u c s s s s 1

aibmoment about center line σ

‫ ܯ‬ൌ Ͳ

Taking
m
d | ௛ ௔ ௛ ௛
Pne= 0.85f’cab(ଶ -ଶ)+ As’fs’ (ଶ - ݀Ԣ)+ Asfy (݀- ଶ)
u .b
e d ௛ ௔ ௛ ௛

tc.
Mn = 0.85f’cab(ଶ -ଶ)+ As’fs’ (ଶ - ݀Ԣ)+ Asfy (݀- ଶ) ……(2)
u c • From strain distribution in fig 4b
a l @
b ௗି௖
ifiq
Strain in tension steel, ߝ௦ ൌ ߝ௨ …………..(3)
௖
a s
l | From Hook’s Law, ˆ• ൌEsε‫ ݏ‬using ε‫ ݏ‬from eqn (3)

Iq ba ௗି௖

sif
݂௦ ൌ ‫ߝݏܧ‬௨ ≤ fy …………..(4)
௖
A
d
5
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Strain Compatibility & Interaction cont’d.

Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

l . c om
tion ina
• From strain distribution
i
g m fig
fi 4b
@
9 steel, ε‫ݏ‬Ԣ ൌ ߝ௨ ௖ିௗ௖ …………..(5)
Strain in Compression
ompression
ᇱ

. 9
rom b u et Law, f ’ൌE ε ’ using ε ’ from eqn (5)
ai ௖ିௗᇱ
From Hook’s
Hoo s s ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݏ‬

m
| fs’ ൌ ‫ߝݏܧ‬௨ ≤ f …………..(6)
d ௖ y

u.b
.ed
For balanced failure, fs = fy and
tc ఌೠ
uc c=cb =† ఌ
ೠ ାఌ೤
……….(7)

al@
qb
a=ab =β1cb ……….(8)

sif i
l |a
Iq ba
if
. As
Md 6
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Interaction diagram (P-M Curve)

Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

l . c om
• The way to understand nd thea
i
al Load g
Subject to Axial
m behavior
b of Column
& Bending is to Develop an
interaction
9 9@(P-M Curve)
n Diagram
.
eps: ue
• Steps:
t
m aib Pure Axial Load (i.e. with M =0)
• Point#1:
Po
| n

u .bd Pn= 0.85f’c(Ag-As)+Asfy)

.ed • Point#2: Pure Moment (i.e. with Pn=0)

u ctc ௔ ௦ ௬
Mn= Asfy (݀- ଶ) where a=଴Ǥ଼ହ௙ ᇲ ௕;
஺௙

l@ ௖

ba • Point#3: Balanced Failure (i.e. c = cb ; a = ab ; fs=fy)

sifiq
| a Pb= 0.85f’cabb+As’fs’-Asfy
al
qb
௛ ௔ ௛ ௛
Mb= 0.85f’cabb(ଶ - ଶ௕)+ As’fs’ (ଶ - ݀Ԣ)+ Asfy (݀- ଶ) where

s if I ଴Ǥ଴଴ଷ
.A c=cb =† ଴Ǥ଴଴ଷାఌ Ǣ a=ab =β1cb

Md Fig
೤
5: Interaction Diagram for Nominal Column
௖ିௗᇱ
Strength in combined bending & Axial Load fs= fy; fs’ =‫ כ ݏܧ‬ɂ‫ݑ‬ ≤fy 7
௖
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Interaction diagram (P-M Curve) contd.

Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

l . c om
• Point#4: Tensile Failure
m
ure (i.e.aci < c ; f =f )
g b s y

P = 0.85f’ ab+A
b c
9 @
+A ’f ’-A f s s s y

0.85feabt.9௛ -௔)+ A ’f ’ (௛ - ݀Ԣ)+ A f (݀- ௛) where

bu ଶ ଶ
M = 0.85f’
b ab( c s s s y

a i ଶ ଶ

|m
a =β c; f = f ;
1 s y

.bd
௖ିௗᇱ
fs’ =‫כ ݏܧ‬ ɂ‫ݑ‬ ≤fy
u ௖

tc .ed • Point#5: Compression Failure (i.e. c > cb )

uc Pn= 0.85f’cab+As’fs’-Asfs

b al@ ௛ ௔ ௛ ௛

ifiq
Mn= 0.85f’cab( - )+ As’fs’ ( - ݀Ԣ)+ Asfy (݀- ) where
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ

a s
l | a =β1c;

q ba fs =‫ כ ݏܧ‬ɂ‫ݑ‬
ௗି௖

if I
≤fy
௖

. As fs’ =‫ כ ݏܧ‬ɂ‫ݑ‬
௖ିௗᇱ
≤fy
Md Fig
௖
5: Interaction Diagram for Nominal Column
Strength in combined bending & Axial Load 8
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Example # 11
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

Ref: example # 8.1/p274, Design of Concrete Structures (14th Ed.)- om

d.)- Winter & A.H. Nilson
. c
• A 12x20 in RCC Column is reinforced with 4#9 bars of area 4.0 inch2 one in each corner as ai l
shown. The concrete cylinder strength, f’c = 4000 psi; Steel yield strength, fy = 60 ksi. Find
nd gm
9@
t.9
a) The Load, Pb, Moment Mb & corresponding eccentricity ρb for balanced failure.
b) The Load & Moment for a representative point in Tension failure region of concrete.
oncrete
oncret
ib ue
c) The Load & Moment for a representative point in Compression failure
re region of concrete. m a
d |
d) The Axial load strength for zero eccentricity
u. b
e) Sketch the strength interaction diagram for the column
lumn ed
tc.
f) Design transverse reinforcement based on ACI code.
uc
Solution:
b al@
q
tion, c=cb; & tensile steel stress fs=fy
a) For balanced failure condition,
a sifi
From strain block Cb = ݀
a lக |கାக ൌ ͳ͹Ǥͷ ‫ כ‬଴Ǥ଴଴ଷାሺ
௨
଴Ǥ଴଴ଷ
లబ =10.4 in
Iq b ௨ ௬ మవబబబ
ሻ

if
As
Dimension
on of equivalent
e rectangular block, a = β1cb =0.85*10.4 =8.76 inch
.
Md
௖ିௗᇱ ଵ଴ǤସିଶǤହ
Compression steel stress, fs’ =‫ כ ݏܧ‬ɂ‫ݑ‬
Compre ௖
≤fy=29*106*0.003*
ଵ଴Ǥସ
=66086psi > 60,000psi
9
Therefore Compression steel stress f ’ = 60 000 psi
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Example # 11 cont’d.
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

Ref: example # 8.1/p274, Design of Concrete Structures (14th Ed.)-

l . c om
d.)- Winter & A.H. Nilson

Pb= 0.85f’cab+As’fs’-Asfy= 0.85*4*8.76*12+2*60-2*60 =357 kip

m ai
g
Pb = 357 kip
9 @
M=
௛
0.85f’cab(ଶ
௔
-ଶ)+
௛
- ݀Ԣ)+ A f (݀-
As’fs’ (ଶ
௛
) e t.9
bu
b s y ଶ

M =0.85*4*8.76*12(20/2-8.76/2)+2*60*(20/2-2.5)+2*60*(17.5-20/2) /2) ai
|m
b

M = 3808 kip-inch d
u.b
b

Eccentricity, e = M / P = 3808/357 = 10.66 inch

e d
tc.
b b b

e =10.66 inch
b
u c
b) For Tensile failure condition, c<cc ; Let’sl@ assume
ass c= 5.0 inch
b a b

angular
Dimension of equivalent rectangular
s ifiq block, a = β c =0.85*5 =4.25 inch
1
a
Again for tensile failure
a lcon| di tensile steel stress f =f
ure condition, s y

Compression n steel
steel
b f ’ =‫ כ ܧ‬ɂ ௖ିௗ ≤f =29*10 *0.003*ହିଶǤହ=43,500psi < 60,000psi
Iqstress,
s
ᇱ
6

s i f s ௖ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݑ‬ y ହ

herefo
d . re,ACompression
Therefore, C steel stress, f ’ = 43,500 psi
s

M 10
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Example # 11 cont’d.
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

Ref: example # 8.1/p274, Design of Concrete Structures (14th Ed.)- om

d.)- Winter & A.H. Nilson
. c
Pn= 0.85f’cab + As’fs’-Asfy= 0.85*4*4.25*12+2*43.5-2*60 =140 kip ai l
gm
9@
Pn = 140 kip
9
et.
௛ ௔ ௛ ௛
Mn= 0.85f’cab(ଶ -ଶ)+ As’fs’ (ଶ - ݀Ԣ)+ Asfy (݀- ଶ)
b u
M = 0.85*4*4.25*12(20/2-4.25/2)+2*43.5*(20/2-2.5)+2*60*(17.5-20/2) 20/2)ai
n
| m
M = 2915 kip-inch
b d
u.
n

Eccentricity, e = M / P = 2915/140 = 20.83 inch

e d
tc.
n n n

e =20.83 inch
n
u c
c) For Compression failure condition, on, c>cl@; Le
Let’s assume c= 18.0 inch
a
bblock, b

if i
angular
Dimension of equivalent rectangular q a = β c =0.85*18 =15.3 inch
a s 1

stressl |f ’ =‫ כ ܧ‬ɂ ௖ ≤ f =29*10 *0.003* ଵ଼ =75,000psi > 60,000psi

ᇱ
௖ିௗ ଵ଼ି Ǥହ 6
Compression steell stress,
a s ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݑ‬ y

Com
if Iqb steel stress, f ’ = 60 ksi.
pres
Therefore, Compression s
s
tA stress, f =‫ כ ܧ‬ɂ ௖ ≤f =29*10 *0.003* ଵ଼ =-2400 psi
ௗି௖ ଵ଻Ǥହିଵ଼ 6
Tensile steel
M d s ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݑ‬ y

Therefore, Tensile steel stress, fs = -2.4 ksi. 11

CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Example # 11 cont’d.
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

Ref: example # 8.1/p274, Design of Concrete Structures (14th Ed.)-

l . c om
d.)- Winter & A.H. Nilson

Pn= 0.85f’cab+As’fs’-Asfs= 0.85*4*15.3*12+2*60-2*(-2.4) =749 kip

m ai
g
9@
Pn = 749 kip
. 9
et
௛ ௔ ௛ ௛
M= 0.85f’cab(ଶ -ଶ)+ - ݀Ԣ)+ A f (݀-
As’fs’ (ଶ )
n
u
s s ଶ

M = 0.85*4*15.3*12(20/2-15.3/2)+2*60*(20/2-2.5)+2*(-2.4)*(17.5-20/2)
n aib
-20/2)
m
M = 2330 kip-inch
n
. b d|
Eccentricity, e = M / P = 2330/749 = 3.12 inch d u
e
tc.
n n n

ρ =3.12 inch
n
u c
d) When eccentricity e=0, the column l @
mn exhibits
a its nominal capacity under pure axial load.
b
n c g ifiq
Then, P = 0.85f’ (A -A )+A f ) =0.85*4
=0.85*4*(12x20-4)+4*60
s s s y = 1042 kip
a
P = 1042 kip
n
a l|
e)To sketch th
i f Iqb diagram we’ve to find the Moment with no axial load ( i.e. P =0)
thee interaction
intera n

n M =AAsf (݀- ଶ) where a=଴Ǥ଼ହ௙ ௕; In our case , a =଴Ǥ଼ହ‫כ‬ସ‫כ‬ଵଶ= 2.94 inch

௔ ஺௙ ଶ‫଺כ‬଴ ௦ ௬
Then
. n s y ᇲ

Md
௖

ଶǤଽସ
M = 2*60 (ͳ͹Ǥͷ -
n ) = 1923.6 kip-inch
ଶ
12
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Example # 11 cont’d.
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

Ref: example # 8.1/p274, Design of Concrete Structures (14th Ed.)- om

d.)- Winter & A.H. Nilson
. c
f) Selection of Transverse Reinforcement i.e. Tie bar & spacing: ai l
gm
9@
Size of longitudinal bar is #9 bar < #10 bar. Use #3 as tie bar
9
Maximum Tie spacing = minimum of
et.
48 tie bar dia =48*3/8 = 18 inch
u
aib= 12 inch
16 longitudinal bar dia=16*6/8
16*6/8
m
d | = 12 inch;
Least dimension of column
co um
u.b
So Provide tie spacing of 12 inch
e d
c tc.
So provide #3 tie @ 12” c/c as transversee reinforcement
reinforce
u
l @
i q ba
a sif
a l|
i f Iqb
. As
Md 13
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Distributed Reinforcement
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

l. c om
•For presence of Large Bending Moment ( i.e. large ai
eccentricities), it’s most economical to concentrate gm
all or most of the steel along the outer faces parallel 9 @
t.9
Figure: Understanding Distributed Reinforcement

to the axis of bending. e

a) Column Cross Section; b) Strain distribution

u
•In Case of small eccentricities or small bending
m aib
moment so that axial compression is predominant & |
n
when a small cross section is desired, it’s often
u.bd
advantageous to place the steel more uniformlymly d
around the perimeter.
ctc.e
• In case of such uniform placementt off@ ste
t u
steel, special
attentions must be paid to the b al
inte
intermediate bars
i qttwo faces) because
c) Stresses & forces

longithe
(i.e. the bars not placed along f
when the ultimate lo ad| a
load is srreached, these bars are
l
a point even though the bars
yiel
usually below the yield
q b
s if I
along one or both extreme faces may be yielding.
ract .eA
•Practice Ex
Example#8.2/page277, Design of Concrete
M d
Struct
Structures th
(14 Ed.)- Winter & A.H. Nilson
14
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Example # 12
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

m
Ref: example # 8.2/p277, Design of Concrete Structures (14th Ed.)-

•The Column in the figure is reinforced with 10 #11 bars distributed around the i l .co
d.)- Winter & A.H. Nilson

a
perimeter. Load Pn will be applied with eccentricity e about the strong axis. gm
@
.99
Material strengths are f’c =6000 psi, fy=75000 psi. Find the load & momentt
corresponding to a failure with neutral axis c=18” from the right face. t
•Solution: ib ue
m a
When Concrete reaches its limit strain εu =0.003, the strain
n diagram
diagra is shown as
d |
that in fig(b).

u . b
. e d
From similar triangle we can get the strainss at cthe locations of the four bar
t
groups. uc
ε ε ε ε εal@
u
= s1
= s2
= b
sଷ
7−7=26−1
sସ

ifiq
ͳͺ 18−2.5 18−2.5−7 18−2.5−7−7 26−18−2.5
ͲǤͲͲ͵ ε ε ε ε s
a From which we can get
ͳͺ 15.5 8.5 1.5 5.5 l |
s1 s2 sଷ sସ
= = = =
a
ε = 0.00258;;
s1
i f Iqb
142;s
ε = 0.
s2 A
0.00142;
.
εM
s3
d
= 0.0
0.00025;
15
ε 4= 0 00091;
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Example # 12 cont’d.
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

Ref: example # 8.2/p277, Design of Concrete Structures (14th Ed.)-

l. com
d.)- Winter & A.H. Nilson

Implying Hook’s Law, fs =Es* εs ai

gm
fs1 =Es* εs1=0.00258*29000=75 ksi (Compression)
@
fs2 =Es* εs2=0.00142*29000=41.2 ksi (Compression)
et .99
u
fs3 =Es* εs3=0.00025*29000=7.3 ksi (Compression)
m aib
fs4 =Es* εs4=0.00091*29000=26.4 ksi (Tension) |
For f’c= 6000 psi, β1=0.75 & α=β1c=0.75*18=13.5 inch u .bd
d
cab
Compressive Force of Concrete block, C= 0.85f’cab t c.e
uc
al@
C=0.85*6*13.5*12=826 kip;

qb
sifi
Respective steel forces in fig#(C))
Cs1= 3*1.56*75 = 351 kip
p
|a
C = 2*1.56*41.2 b
2 =129 akikipl
q
if =I23 kip
s2

s
C = 2*1.56*7.3
56*7.3
. A = 124 kip
s3

M
s4 d
T = 3*1.
3*1.56*26.4
16
CEN-603 | Design of Concrete Structures II | Engr. Md. Asif Iqbal

Example # 12 cont’d.
Lecture#4: Column (Subject to Axial Load & Bending)

l . c om
Ref: example # 8.2/p277, Design of Concrete Structures (14th Ed.)-
d.)- Winter & A.H. Nilson

Now we can calculate the load & moment

m ai
g
Load, Pn= 0.85f’cab+As’fs’-Asfs
9@
Pn = 826+ (351+129+23)-124 =1205 kip t .9
Pn = 1205 kip ib ue
m a
௛ ௔ ௛
Mn= 0.85f’cab(ଶ -ଶ)+ As’fs’ (ଶ - ݀Ԣ)+ Asfs (݀- ଶ)
௛
d |
u . b
ed
centrici is measured from center.
NB: The Moment will be from Center of column as eccentricity
tc.
Therefore,
uc
Mn= 826*(
ଶ଺ ଵଷǤହ
- ) + 351* (
ଶ଺
al@ - 9.5) - 23* (ଶ଺ଶ - 9.5) + 124* (ଶ଺ଶ - 2.5)
- 2.5) + 129* (
ଶ଺
ଶ ଶ ଶ

i f i qb ଶ

as
= 10521 kip-in = 877 kip-ft
l |
ba
Mn= 877 kip-ft
Iq
sif
y, en= Mn / Pn = 877*12/1205 = 8.73 inch
Eccentricity,
e =8.7.
=8.73 A
inch
inc
Md
n

17