PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

QUARTER 1 - MODULE 1
The Nature of Inquiry and Research

Learning Competencies:
Lesson 1: Share research experiences and knowledge CS_RS11-IIIa-1
Explain the importance of research in daily life CS_RS11-IIIa-2
Lesson 2: Describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research CS_RS11-IIIa-3
Lesson 3: Differentiate quantitative from qualitative research CS_RS11-IIIa-4
Lesson 4: Provide example of research in areas of interest CS_RS11-IIIa-5

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

Lesson 1: 1. define research and inquiry, and differentiate between the two concepts;
2. evaluate and share personal research experiences and insights; and
3. recognize the value of research in empowering individuals with knowledge
and guiding informed actions.
Lesson 2: 1. identify and describe the key characteristics of research, including being
empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable;
2. Enumerate and explain the seven steps of the research process and their
significance in ensuring quality research outcome; and
3. define ethics in research and discuss its importance in the research process.
Lesson 3: 1. define qualitative and quantitative research, identify their characteristics,
and explain the differences between them in terms of data collection,
analysis, and outcomes; and
2. recognize situations where qualitative research is appropriate and where
quantitative research is better suited .
Lesson 4: 1. define and categorize different kinds of research in various fields, such as
Arts, Humanities, Sports, Science, Mathematics, Agriculture, Fisheries, ICT,
Business, and Social Science, and explain their significance;
2. provide specific examples of research studies from different areas of
interest, including arts-based research, humanities, sports research, and
others, demonstrating a clear understanding of how each field approaches
research; and
3. analyze the purpose and applications of research across various fields,
including understanding how research in fields like agriculture or ICT can
impact society and enhance specific industries.

Prepared by:

MA. JOYNA F. TEVES

Teacher II
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REVIEW
Here are some basic review questions for Practical Research 1 before starting the subject:
1. What is Research?
o Can you define what research is in your own words?
2. What are the 2 types of Research?
3. Why is research important?
o What role does research play in everyday life and professional fields?
4. What are the different types of research methods you are familiar with?
o Can you list some common research methods or approaches?
5. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
o How would you explain the difference between these two types of research?
6. What is the importance of having a research question?
o Why is it necessary to have a focused research question before starting research?
7. What is a hypothesis in research?
o What is the role of a hypothesis in a research study?
8. How do you choose a research topic?
o What factors should you consider when choosing a research topic?
9. What is the difference between primary and secondary data?
o Can you give an example of each type of data?
10. What are the most common types of research designs?

PRE-ACTIVITY

MY VOCABULARY LIST
A. With the help of your dictionary, give three (3) words appropriate to each letter and at the same
time related to RESEARCH. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
R______________ _______________ _______________

E______________ _______________ _______________

S______________ _______________ _______________

E______________ _______________ _______________

A______________ _______________ _______________

R______________ _______________ _______________

C______________ _______________ _______________

H______________ _______________ _______________

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B. Write your own ideas on the importance of research based in your knowledge and
experiences. Copy the graphic organizer and write your answer in a separate sheet
of paper.

SHOUT OUT IDEAS

C. Directions. Tell the different issues in the society regarding Issues in Society Related to Health
and Wellness. Brainstorm and share thoughts on the major health-related issues currently
affecting society. You may shout out your ideas and discuss the given societal health issues and
write down key points or ideas related to these topics.

Example below:
1. Mental Health Stigma:
Mental health issues are often misunderstood and stigmatized. This prevents individuals from seeking
help and treatment, further worsening their conditions."
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

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Lesson Proper/Discussion

LESSON 1
Importance of Research in Daily Life

In your junior high school, you learned that research is essential knowing that it is used in your
daily life. It will enable you for inquiry and research in finding solutions to problems especially in
real life situations. Sharing your experiences and knowledge on the importance of research
develops your skills to think critically and relate it in every decision you do.

I. What is Research?

➢ Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails the collection of data;

documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and
academic disciplines.
➢ An investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts,
revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of
such new or revised theories or laws.
➢ A careful study that is done to find and report new knowledge about something
➢ The practice of collecting information about a particular subject.
➢ Research provides the best solution to some of the world problems and also enhance the
knowledge of the researchers. It can give explanations to certain questions stated in the
research problem. Through the explanations, it serves as a tool for building knowledge and
for facilitating new learning.
➢ Research also introduces new ideas, helps the researchers identify problems and
appropriate solutions in new ways and provide new framework to guide thinking
and action. It informs action, proves a theory and contributes to develop knowledge
in a field or study. Therefore, it understands various issues and increases public
awareness.

II. Nature of Inquiry. (Lichman,G.,2013)

➢ Inquiry and research are two terms that are almost the same in meaning.
➢ They are both use in a fact-finding works in which you try to find information about
something by examining the object of your search.
o Inquiry is to look for the information by asking various questions about the thing
you are curious
✓ An act of asking for information.
✓ A term that is synonymous with the word “investigation”, is the answer to this
question.
✓ Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”.
It is a problem solving technique.
✓ When you inquire or investigate , you tend to ask questions to probe or
examine something.
✓ You do this kind of examination through your HOTS or higher -order thinking
strategies of inferential, analytical, critical , creative and appreciative thinking
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 to discover more understandable or meaningful things beyond such object of
your inquiry.
✓ Thinking in this manner makes you ask open-ended questions to elicit views,
opinions, and beliefs of others in relation to your research.

o Research on the other hand, is to discover truths by investigating on the chosen

topic scientifically.
It is a significant learning activity in our everyday doings and a result of thinking
process that involves learners in questioning techniques or models.

A theory of inquiry is an interpretation of the various types of inquiry and action of the ways that
each type of inquiry attains its aim.

The process of inquiry is shown in Figure 1.

Now, to give you an idea of how to prepare for research, you may do the inquiry based learning
using the following STEPS mentioned below:

• Focus. An ill-structured problem demands consideration of diverse perspectives.

• Decide on a topic. Think-aloud, asks probing questions, monitors and encourages
participants to decide a topic.
• Understanding the problem. This will include clarifications of misconceptions and
possibilities.
• Design on the problem. This is the final stage done to address problems within
manageable scales and extend their learning pathways.

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III. Investigation and Immersion

Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”. It is a systematic examination

of a certain event or phenomenon.

Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in the data
gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by him in
detail.

Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of “research”
comes in.

IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research

Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’.
When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something
to request for truth, information, or knowledge.

Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system or

method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge
creation (a creative process)

V. Purpose of Research
1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study

VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life

1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further
investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and
findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life. It
helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others as
a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.

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Activity 1:
Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided.

1. What is Research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. In your own understanding, what is inquiry?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between inquiry and research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. How important is research in your daily life activities?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Why is there a need to conduct research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. As a learner, what do you want to research on? Why?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

QUESTIONS:
Answer the following questions.

Analysis
1. How does research contribute to solving real-world problems?
2. Why is the documentation and interpretation of data important in research?
3. How does research empower individuals to make informed decisions in daily life?

Abstraction
1. As a learner in senior high school, how important is research in your daily life?
2. What are some examples of how research has directly impacted your community or
daily life?

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APPLICATION

Direction: What makes these images a portrayal of what research is? Write your reflection on the
right space of the image.

Sample Answer:
Image of a light bulb glowing
Reflection: The light bulb symbolizes new ideas and innovations that emerge
from research. It reflects how research fosters creativity and helps generate
solutions to problems.

ASSIGNMENT
Interview your classmate or a friend about their plans after senior high school. .Ask them how
research played a major role in their chosen track or strand. Make a report about it and share it to
your teacher. Write your report using a narrative format. Make use of the notes you wrote down
before and after you conducted your interview to flesh out the report. The first is the brief detail
about what the report is, who is the interviewee and the location of the interview. Then break up
the interview into paragraphs, like narrating a story and finally a conclusion paragraph to end your
report.

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Assignment Instructions:

1. Objective: Interview a classmate or a friend about their plans after senior high school. Ask
how research has influenced their chosen track or strand.
2. Task:
• Conduct the interview and take detailed notes.
• Write a narrative report based on your findings.
3. Report Structure:
• Introduction: Provide a brief overview of the report, including the purpose, the
name of the interviewee, and the location of the interview.
• Body: Present the interview as a narrative. Organize the information into paragraphs,
describing the responses and insights shared by the interviewee.
• Conclusion: Summarize the key points from the interview and reflect on the role of
research in their chosen path.
4. Submission: Ensure your report is well-structured, clear, and concise.

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LESSON 2.
The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

REVIEW
In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its importance in your daily life.
Research is different from inquiry. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to
probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or knowledge. The importance of
research helps improved life as well as finding a solution to problems through reliable and
validated information.

Answer the following questions to evaluate your understanding of the previous lesson.
1. What is Research?
2. What is an inquiry?
3. What is the importance of research ?
4. Why is there a need to conduct research?

PRE-ACTIVITY
Vocabulary Improvement
Carefulness Integrity
Honest Critical

Objective
Methodical

Replicability Respect Empirical

Characteristics

Cyclical
Openness

Analytical Legality Confidentiality Logical Responsible

Directions. Construct meaningful sentences using the words provided inside the box. Ensure that
each sentence is grammatically correct and clearly conveys an idea related to research. Use your
creativity to make your sentences engaging and varied.
1.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Lesson Proper/Discussion

Research is a process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information to answer questions.

A good research follows processes that must have certain characteristic. It must be systematic,
controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical and critical. To avoid unethical practices
researchers had obligations to adhere professional standards in conducting research. Thus to
consider a research writing ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and authentic.

I. Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
- this means that any conclusions drawn are based upon hard evidence gathered
from information collected from real life experiences or observations.
- Evidence comes from what the researcher directly sees or measures.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
- Steps and methods make sense and are reasonable.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
- It’s a continuous process of discovery.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
- Research uses methods to carefully examine and understand data.
- Data can come from past events, current descriptions, or experiment.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
- critical scrutiny of the procedures used and the methods employed is crucial to a
research enquiry. -The process of investigation must be foolproof and free from
drawbacks. The process adopted and the procedures used must be able to withstand
critical scrutiny
- The process must be reliable and free from errors.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures. Research follows a step-by-step process.
- this implies that the procedure adopted to undertake an investigation follow a
certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way.
Some procedures must follow others.
- It avoids random or unplanned actions.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

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II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

❖ Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem
1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature).

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-
ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research) (Data
Gathering Activities)

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical
tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative
research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

Process of Research

❖ There are several existing models of research process across fields.

❖ Among different models, two are presented below to guide you in your future researches.

➢ The research process by Bordens and Abbott (2007) is a good example for behavioral
research.
o The process is strictly oriented on behavioral science.
o According to Bordens and Abbott (2007, p. 8), research methods outside of
behavioral science are considered non-science.
o Further, Bordens and Abbott acknowledge only empirical (mainly quantitative)
research methods.

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Figure 1. shows the steps of the process of Research by Bordens & Abbott (2007, p. 24)

❖ The process of Research by Bordens & Abbott (2007) (refer to Figure 1) begins with the
generation of new ideas for studying a behavior.
➢ If an idea is to be used in scientific research, it has to be clearly defined and the involved
variables have to be isolated.
➢ The expected relationship of the variables is then described in a hypothesis.
➢ The hypothesis serves as a foundation for the study.
➢ Once the hypothesis is clear, it is possible to choose the research design (e.g. experimental
or correlational study).
➢ Then the study subjects are selected.
➢ When it is decided, what behavior exactly will be observed and how it will be measured, the
study can take place. Finally, the results of the study are analyzed and presented to the
panel experts.
➢ The study results (as well as the study or the analysis of the data) can trigger a new research
process. (Bordens & Abbott, 2007, pp. 22-25).

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Figure 2. Shows the Research Process by Lacey (2006,p.17)

❖ On the other hand, Lacey (2006) presents a research process from the area of nursing.

➢ The process (Figure 2) and its steps are described in a very general way, making them
suitable also for other disciplines
➢ The research process begins with the development of a research question.
➢ The re-search question is often based on an idea or a ‘hunch’.
➢ To serve as a foundation for are search, the idea has to be refined to a research question.
➢ The researchers then study existing literature to determine the state of research related to
the problem. The literature search can lead to a further refinement of the research
question.
➢ Afterwards, the methodology of the study is chosen and the research design is determined.
Different research designs (e.g. quantitative or qualitative) are possible.
➢ Lacey (2006) points out that all approaches are valid, given that they fit the research
question and the needs of the research.
➢ In the next stage, a research proposal is prepared, giving details about the planned
research.
➢ Lacey mentions gaining the access to the necessary data as a separate step, due to ethical
and legal issues connected to the use of patients’ data.
➢ Once the data is available, a suitable sample can be selected and the data collection takes
place (preceded if necessary by a pilot study).
➢ The data is analyzed according to the selected methods.
➢ The results of the research are disseminated, mostly through publications in scientific
journals or presentation at conferences.
➢ Lacey as cited by Lovasz-Bukvova, Helena & Helena (2009) sees the implementation of the
research results as an important part of the research process in nursing (Lovasz-Bukvova,
Helena & Helena, 2009)

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III. Ethics in Research

❖ Ethics are the moral principles that govern a person’s behavior (Parveen, 2017).
❖ Research ethics may be referred to as doing what is morally and legally right in research.
➢ They are norms for conduct that distinguish between right and wrong, and acceptable and
unacceptable behavior.
➢ Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and
monitors researchers to ensure high standard.
➢ It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and supports the values
required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness.

❖ Ethics are central to the research process.

➢ Researchers need to take care of various ethical issues at different levels of this process.
➢ The reality is there can be ethical concerns at every step of the research process (Bickman
& Rog, 2009).

❖ Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

❖ What are these ethics in research?

The following are ethical issues arising at various stages of the research process and the
researcher has a primary responsibility towards the participants and other researchers (Bickman
& Rog, 2009).

1. Informed Consent.
o is the prime responsibility of the researcher. A standard procedure in
professional codes of ethics is ‘informed consent’ (Resnik 1998)
o This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the participants in
your study.
o Seek consent for the participation from people. In the case of children and
few other exceptional cases, the informed consent of participants, as well
as their guardians must be obtained
o Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as
informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient
time they are available.
o Participation to the study will be completely voluntary.
2. Honesty.
o It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status.
o Do not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.
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3. Objectivity.
o Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation,
peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other
aspects of research.
4. Integrity.
o Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency
of thought and action.
5. Carefulness.
o Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine
your work and the work of peers.
o Keep good records of research activities.
6. Openness.
o Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources.
o Be open to criticism and new ideas.
7. Respect for Intellectual Property.
o Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of
intellectual property.
o Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without
permission.
o Give credit where credit is due.
o Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.
8. Confidentiality.
o Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
o The privacy, anonymity and confidentiality of the participants and data must
be given due consideration (Jensen, 2002).
o As professional guidelines and some form of a cultural consensus are still
being negotiated, research projects need to consider carefully issues of
anonymity, confidentiality, and ‘informed consent.’
9. Responsible Mentoring.
o Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.
o Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
10. Responsible Publication.
o Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your
own career.
o Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
11. Respect for Colleagues.
o Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not outsmart others.
o The knowledge gap between the researcher and the participants must be
considered.
12. Social responsibility.
o Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education, and advocacy.

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 13. Non-discrimination.
o Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence
and integrity.
14. Competence.
o Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.
15. Legality.
o Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.
16. Animal Care.
o Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research.
o Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
17. Human Subjects protection.
o When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks
and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
o Participants’ safety is the prime concern. They should not be exposed to risks
greater than they encounter in their normal lifestyle.
o The researcher should protect and promote the rights and interests of the
participants.
o The researcher must take care of their own safety

IV. Rights of Research Participants

1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human
behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They
constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human
dignity, inherent to all human beings.
2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a
commercial value.
3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without
permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the
rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for
a set period of time, are breached by a third party
Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research process.
Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about
the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to
participate.

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5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not
exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which
informant’s name is not given nor known.
6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the
ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest

error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, which
make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results without
giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation
of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

Activity 1
Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided.

1. Why is research practical and realistic?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research problem. What is the
importance of considering those factors in selecting a research problem?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Discussion of Activity 1

Answer the following questions.

Analysis
You just learned the characteristics, processes and ethics of research.
1. What are some tips to avoid plagiarism when one is conducting research?
2. What is the importance of following the ethical standards in conducting a research?
3. How do you characterize good research writing?

Abstraction
1. What are the various research ethics and rights of a research participant?
2. As a researcher, you can play the role of a member of a research team, can you identify
the processes involved in conducting research and its characteristics? Enumerate those
processes.

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APPLICATION
Read and Analyze

Direction: Read the following articles below and answer the questions that follow .Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Ethics in Qualitative Research

Certain ethical challenges in qualitative research necessitate sustained attention of two
interconnected worlds: the world of the researcher and the world of the participant. A critical view
of some of the ethical challenges in the participants’ and researchers’ world reveals that how we
examine both these worlds’ effects how we design our research. In addition, it reflects the need for
researchers to develop an ethical research vocabulary at the inception of their research life through
multiple modes. The modes may include dialogue in the spoken and written and visual to affect
their aims to adhere to the principles of respect, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice in a way
that is mutually beneficial to the participant and the researcher.

Further, the deliberations in this paper reveal that a critical conscious research ethics are
embedded in the unfolding research ethics process involving the participants and the researchers,
and both the participant and researcher add equal weight to the transparency of the ethical
process and add value to building methodological and ethical rigor to the research.

The global public health response to COVID-19 could be significantly enhanced by safe,
effective vaccines and treatments, reliable measures of correlates of immune protection, and
improved scientific knowledge of the disease and its transmission. It is widely agreed that vaccines
would be particularly important, and over 100 candidate vaccines are currently being developed.
Well designed human challenge studies provide one of the most efficient and scientifically
powerful means for testing vaccines, especially because animal models are not adequately
generalizable to humans.
Challenge studies could thus be associated with substantial public health benefit in so far as
they (a) accelerate vaccine development, (b) increase the likelihood that the most effective
(candidate) vaccines will ultimately become available), (c) validate tests of immunity, and (d)
improve knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.2

1Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants’ and Researchers’
World from a Critical Standpoint. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(2), 1.

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Questions:
1.Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2.Are SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission study on humans rather than animal models
unethical? ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3.If you were a part of the research teams conducting such phenomenon, what will you do to
correct the unethical feature of the experiment?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT
Look for a sample of local or foreign research in your own field of specialization (internet). Evaluate
the research if it follows the ethical practices in conducting research.

Follow-Up Questions:
1. What specific ethical guidelines did the researchers adhere to in the study?
2. Were there any potential ethical violations or questionable practices? If so, what were they?
3. How did the research address issues of informed consent and confidentiality?
4. Were the participants treated fairly and respectfully throughout the study? Provide examples.
5. What recommendations can you make to improve the ethical aspects of the research?
6. How does the adherence to ethical practices impact the credibility and reliability of the
research?
7. What lessons can you apply from this research to your own field of specialization?
8. How would you address similar ethical challenges if you were conducting this research?

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Lesson 3
Quantitative and Qualitative Research

REVIEW
In the previous lessons, you learned that research should be systematic, objective, feasible,
empirical and clear. These characteristics guide you in realizing the real nature of research
following the processes as well as the factors in selecting your general problem or topic. As a
researcher you need to consider the ethics and unethical practices in conducting research.

Answer the following questions to evaluate your understanding of the previous lesson.
1. What is plagiarism?
2. What is ethics?
3. Give some research ethics that we need to follow.
4. Give the Seven Steps of the Research Process.
5. What are the characteristics of research?

PRE-ACTIVITY
Vocabulary Improvement

Directions: Below are the qualities of a qualitative and quantitative research. Categorize them,
and write your answers in a sheet of paper.
Holistic Structured Data Gathering Methods Subjective

Numerical Data Exploratory Hypotheses are tested Inductive

Result-oriented Purposive Sampling Measurable Verbal

Random Sampling Process-oriented Deductive

Hypotheses are generated Conclusive Objective Particularistic

Non-structured Data Gathering Methods

Analyzed using words, pictures & objects

QUALITITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
1. ________________ 1. _________________
2. ________________ 2. _________________
3. ________________ 3. _________________
4. ________________ 4. _________________
5. ________________ 5. _________________
6. ________________ 6. _________________
7. ________________ 7. _________________
8. ________________ 8. _________________
9. ________________ 9. _________________
10. _______________ 10. ________________

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Lesson Proper/Discussion

Research has two broad methodologies; qualitative research and quantitative research.
Quantitative and qualitative researches are complementary methods that you can combine in your
research studies to get results that are both wide-reaching and profound. To get the best results
from these methods in your research, it’s important that you understand the differences between
them which you will study in this lesson.

I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

When collecting and analyzing data,
❖ Quantitative research:
o deals with numbers and statistics
o It is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find
patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results
to wider populations (Bhandari, 2020).
o can help you see the big picture
o Use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or
hypothesis)

❖ Qualitative research :
o deals with words and meanings. Both are important for gaining different kinds of
knowledge (Streefkerk, ed. 2020).
o collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to
understand concepts, opinions, or experiences (Bhandari, 2020).
o Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey
results.
o Use qualitative research if you want to understand something (concepts, thoughts,
experiences

When to Use Qualitative Research

1. Understanding Complex Phenomena:

Use qualitative research when you need in-depth insights into behaviors, experiences,
emotions, or social phenomena

Example: Exploring how patients feel about a new healthcare policy.

2. Generating Hypotheses: It’s ideal for discovering new ideas or developing theories

Example: Understanding why students prefer online learning over traditional classrooms.

3. Studying Context or Setting: Use it to understand how context influences behaviors or

outcomes.

Example: Investigating the impact of culture on workplace dynamics.

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 4. Small, Focused Samples: When working with smaller groups or unique populations

Example: Studying the experiences of artists with disabilities in a specific city.

5. Exploratory Research: For situations where little prior knowledge exists.

Example: Understanding the effects of remote work in a previously unstudied industry

• Example: Investigating the impact of culture on workplace dynamics.

When to Use Quantitative Research

1. Testing Hypotheses: Use quantitative research to confirm or refute specific predictions.

Example: Analyzing whether a new teaching method improves exam scores

2. Measuring Variables: When you need precise, numerical data to measure and compare.

Example: Determining the average income of individuals in a region

3. Analyzing Relationships or Differences: When studying correlations or cause-and-

effect relationships

Example: Examining the relationship between exercise frequency and mental health.

4. Large-Scale Studies: When working with large populations to generalize findings.

Example: Surveying voter behavior across a country.

5. Statistical Analysis: When statistical methods are required for data interpretation.

Example: Using regression analysis to predict sales trends based on advertising spend.

Both methods can complement each other in mixed-methods research to provide a

comprehensive understanding of a topic.

Suggested Research Topics

The following are suggested qualitative research topics:
1. Gender and sexual harassment.
2. Cultural expectations and practices.
3. Importance of strengthening public resilience against terrorism.
4. The causes for the emergence of a new religion.
5. What are different learning disabilities?
6. Is physical attraction good?
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7. What leads to depression in a person?
8. What are the good and bad effects of political scandals?
9. Role of media for educational purposes.
10. The best prevention for child abuse.

For more topics, you may browse the following site:

https://www.studentsassignmenthelp.com/researchtopics/qualitative/

Concept Map showing the Designs of Research.

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II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research
Qualitative Quantitative
Objective - It aims to create new theory based on - The purpose is to test a hypothesis or
the gathered data. theory.

- A fact-finding research used to gain - Measures problem using rating scale

understanding of individual differences and other research parameters of
in terms of feelings and experiences. group similarities.
Data - natural setting - measurement setting
Description - making stories out of a certain - performs measures out of a certain
phenomenon. phenomenon.

-Uses pictures, words, sentences, - Uses numbers, scales, hypotheses,

paragraphs, compositions, narrations calculations, computations and
and short stories statistics tools.
Sample (size) Small judgment (by decision) sampling Large sample representatives of
population
Data - Unstructured or semi structured - Standardized /Structured
Gathering (flexible processes) - Uses standardized methods

- Uses interviews, participant - Uses census, survey questionnaire,

observation, group discussions. Ex: checklist, paperpencil test and
Case Study, field research experimentation.

- Uses open ended questions. It is a - Uses closed ended questions. This

freeform survey questions allow a questions can only be answered by
participant to answer in open-text selecting from a limited number of
format, responses are unlimited to a options, usually “multiple-choice”, “yes
set of options. or no”, or a rating scale

Example: Guide questions for the Example: Strongly agree to strongly

interviews 1. What was your disagree In quantitative research
experiences during quarantine period closed ended questions are the basis
on the COVID-19 pandemic? How did of all statistical analysis techniques
you handle the situation caused by the applied on questionnaires and surveys.
pandemic?
Sample Question:
2. Was the support of the National and Do you agree on online modality class
Local Government enough for your in transitioning the new normal of
basic needs? Did they conduct education?
evaluation for those who were a. Strongly agree
affected? b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree

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 -Inductive ( specific data to general - Deductive (General statement to
conclusion) specific conclusion)
Activities The researcher starts with the Starts from a hypothesis or already
observations, an open mind without created theory emphasizing the
biases, gathering all exact details of the previously researched phenomenon
topic and generalization or new theory from different views (tested against
is given towards the end of the observations).
research process.
Data - Uses both inductive and deductive
discussions - They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.
and - Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher starts discussions
Presentation from the lowest and highest means then explains the overall mean.
- Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall mean going to the
lowest and highest means, deductive.
Opinions are based on experience or Opinions are based on laws, rules, or
observation. There are no criteria used other recognized principles.
in data discussions.
Data Analysis - Synthesize data, interpret, thematic. - Statistical
-- dependent on thematic analysis -- dependent on statistical tools
and interpretative methods.
-Subjective - Objective
- Data analysis is influenced by the - The researcher employs standard
personal experiences and views. criteria in analyzing data.

Outcome - Cultivates understanding with high - Endorse a development.

validity.
- lower replicability but has high - Has high output replicability.
validity and contextual depth
- There are no conclusions formulated. - Conclusion is formulated towards the
end of the research process
- Focused on understanding - Results oriented and highly
phenomena structured

III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research

1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions to
our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
5. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.

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ACTIVITY 1
A. Decide whether the following topics or research questions is qualitative or quantitative. Explain
why and what is your basis. Write your answers on the spaces provided.

1. Prefer for statistical summary of results.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Prefer for narrative summary of results.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the degree of satisfaction of students taking the different SHS? Tracks?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. The Level of Social Media Addiction among the Youth
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. The Why and How of Social Networking Use

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

B. Direction: Using a Venn Diagram, compare and contrast the quantitative and qualitative
methods of research by identifying their differences and similarities. Fill in the Venn Diagram
completely based on these aspects.
Specifically, highlight their differences in terms of:
- Objective
- Data description
- sample size
- data gathering
- activities
- data analysis
-outcome

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One example is done for you to follow.

Similarities
Objective: Tests
Objective: Aims to
Both are systematic hypotheses or
create new theories
methods of inquiry theories using
based on gathered
used to explore and measurable
data
understand phenomena parameters
Data description:
Data description:
Sample size:
Sample size:
Data gathering:
Data gathering:
Activities:
Activities:
Data Analysis:
Data Analysis:
Outcome:
Outcome:

QUESTIONS:
Answer the following questions.
Analysis
1. What is the main objective of qualitative research, and how does it differ from the
objective of quantitative research?
2. Why is it important to choose the appropriate research methodology (qualitative or
quantitative) for a given study? Provide an example.
3. How do sample sizes typically differ between qualitative and quantitative research,
and what is the rationale behind these differences?

Abstraction
1. What are the benefits of using qualitative research for exploratory studies? Provide an
example of such a study.
2. In what situations would a researcher choose qualitative research over quantitative
research, and why? Provide two examples.

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APPLICATION
Complete the box by filling out the missing description of qualitative or quantitative research.
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
1. Dependent on statistical tools
Uses open-ended questions 2.
Inductive in data gathering activities. 3.
The researcher starts with the observations 4.
Uses more flexible processes 5.
6. Has high output replicability.
No conclusions formulate 7.
8. Uses large sample size.
Data analysis is subjective. 9.
10. Opinions are based on laws, rules, or other
recognized principles

ASSIGNMENT
What do the figures below mean? Explain and write your answer below.

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Lesson 4.
The Kinds of Research Across Fields

REVIEW

In the previous lessons, you learned about research methods to be used in your particular field of
study. Whatever methods are used, there are many resources to support research, and any number
of variations to the basic methods. Choosing a method of research that is adaptable in your study
as a learner guides you to start making a decision on what topic you want to pursue

Answer the following questions to evaluate your understanding of the previous lesson.
1. What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
2. When is it appropriate to use qualitative research?
3. What type of data does quantitative research rely on?
4. What kind of research would you use to confirm a hypothesis?
5. What is an example of a situation where qualitative research would be used?
6. What type of research is best suited for large-scale studies or surveys?
7. What is the primary objective of qualitative research?
8. In qualitative research, what type of data is typically collected?
9. How is data gathered in qualitative research?
10. What is the main purpose of quantitative research?
11. What kind of questions are used in quantitative research?
12. In what situations is quantitative research most useful?
13. In what situations is quantitative research most useful?
14.What do both qualitative and quantitative research methods have in common?
15. What kind of research produces conclusions with high replicability and structure?

PRE-ACTIVITY
Be Part of the Issues
List down three (3) causes and effects of the given problems/issues. Copy the graphic organizer
and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

31
FF- Question
1. What area of interest do you think the given topic of failed grades and teenage pregnancy
falls under? Why?

Social Science
Finds solutions for human behavior gathering information about people and societies.

Lesson Proper/Discussion

Developing an interest in different kinds of research will help you look into something that affects
your personality or your life in some important way. If you are interested on a topic you are
researching, you will enjoy reading and learning about it. To define clearly the types of research in
areas of interest you want to embark, focus your scientific skills, your passion and ideas. It supports
you to connect to your career path. The examples of research in areas of interest will lead you to
choose specific topic of your research study which you will be exploring to create new knowledge.

I. Kinds of Research across Fields

Areas of Interest Description Example of Studies

Arts-Based -Personal expression in various art 1.The Role of Arts in Student
Research forms is use as a primary mode of Achievement in Reading
inquiry 2.How Classroom Artistic Structure
Motivates Learning
Research in - Deals with human culture such as 1. Values Education in the Public
Humanities philosophy, religion, literature, Schools: Practices and Challenges
linguistics and history
- It includes ancient and modern 2. Children In-Conflict with the Law:
languages, human geography, laws, A Resolution and Intervention
politics and other social sciences.
Sports Research -Supports health, wellness, and 1. Student Involvement in Athletics
athletic performance. and their Academic Performance
Intended for athletes to endure their
health and wellness goals through 2.Sports and Fitness Support on
proven high quality products. Students in Public Schools

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 It helps the coaches and athletes to
access information and apply it to
develop programs and techniques in
sports.
Science Research Discover laws, postulates theories 1.Utilization of Garbage and other
that can explain natural or social Waste Resources as Cleaning
phenomena. Materials

Applies systematic and constructed 2.Making of COVID -19 Cure out of

scientific method to obtain, analyze Heat Transfer
and interpret data.

A strong and testable hypothesis is

the fundamental part of the
scientific research.
Mathematics Provides mathematics mastery 1.Student Difficulties in General
Research topics and helps develops Mathematics: Remediation and
confidence and interest to solve Interventions
more mathematical problems. 2.A Systemic Approach to Changing
-Provides solutions and techniques Classroom Practices for Enhancing
for problem-solving Mathematics Outcomes

It may also assist to find new

methods to simplify calculations.
Agriculture -Improves productivity and quality 1.Green Space in School: Social and
Research of crops irrigation, storage methods, Environment Perspective
effective farm management and
marketing of agricultural resources. 2. Is Urban Gardening as a Source of
-Enhances crop productivity and Well-Being?
farm management.
- Agriculture is the backbone of the
economic system providing food,
raw material and employment
opportunities.
Fisheries research Increase the productivity and 1.Finding a Future: Sustaining Inland
management of fishery resources to Fishery
provide food: protect and maintain
different bodies of water for 2.Fishing for Change: Fishery Policy
sustainable supply of aquatic in the Philippines
resources.
Information and Aim to adapt current technology 1.The Role of ICT in the New Normal
Communication advancement which enhances Education
Technology (ICT) development of resources.
Research

33
 2.Exploring the Interactive
Computer Simulation in Public
Schools
Business Research Acquire information in business to 1.Developing a Framework for Small
maximize the sales and profit. It aids Scale Business
business companies regulates which
product or service is most profitable 2.Business Practices and Strategies
or in demand. of Small Enterprises at Limketkai
Mal
Social Science Finds solutions for human behavior 1.The Impact of COVID-19
Research gathering information about people Pandemic on Employment
and societies. Opportunities

2. Implementation of Enhanced
Community Quarantined in Low Risk
Area of Misamis.Oriental.

Activity

Identify the specific area of interest for each given topic by writing the letter of each type in the
correct column. Likewise, below the letter representing your answer, write the importance of such
research in your daily life.
A. Digital Age
B. Child in Conflict with the Law
C. Classroom Environment
D. Herbal Medicines
E. Financial Management

Arts-Based Humanities Science ICT Business

34
QUESTIONS:
Answer the following questions.
Analysis
1. How do samples of research in different areas of interest help you in writing the
research proposal?
2. What factors should you consider when choosing a specific area of interest for your
research study?
3.Why is it essential to align your research topic with your career path or personal
interests?
Abstraction
1. What is the significance of aligning your research topic with a specific field of study?
2. Why is it essential to understand the objectives of research in different fields before
writing a proposal?

APPLICATION
Answer the following by completing the required fields for each item. Provide two research topics
that interest you the most, specify the appropriate research type, identify the area of interest, and
give a clear justification for each topic. Ensure that your answers are thoughtful and well-justified
based on what you have learned in this lesson
1. Topic:
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Research Type: _________________________________________________________________________________
Area of Interest: ________________________________________________________________________________
Justification: ____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Topic:
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Research Type: _________________________________________________________________________________
Area of Interest: ________________________________________________________________________________
Justification: ____________________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT

Direction: Compare and Contrast. Write in a separate sheet of paper. Choose two researches from
the different areas of interest like those in the field of arts, humanities, sports, science,
mathematics, business, agriculture, fisheries, ICT and social science. Be able to differentiate your
chosen topics. Highlight their similarities and differences. Follow the sample format below as your
example.

Sample Answer
Topic 1: The Role of Technology in Enhancing Learning in the Humanities
Area of Interest: Humanities
Research Focus: How digital tools like e-books and online platforms support humanities education.

Topic 2: The Impact of ICT Tools on Student Performance in Mathematics

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Area of Interest: ICT and Mathematics
Research Focus: How technology such as graphing calculators and math software improves
mathematical skills.

Similarities:
o Both topics focus on the integration of technology in education
o Both examine how digital tools affect student performance and learning outcomes

Differences:
o The first topic focuses on the humanities and examines broader, qualitative impacts, such as
critical thinking and creativity.
o The second topic is quantitative, analyzing measurable improvements in mathematical
problem-solving skills
o The first topic involves tools like e-books, while the second focuses on specialized software
and hardware for calculations.

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