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INSTRUCTION MANUAL

FOR

HYDRAULIC TEST BENCH

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HYDRAULIC BENCH

DESCRIPTION:

This is a self contained, compact hydraulic flow table useful for

testing various experimental set-ups in Hydraulic Laboratory. It consists

of a sump tank, measuring tank, pump set and associated piping and is

fitted with M.S. bench top with fiberglass lining as working area.

Sump water is delivered to the experimental set-ups by a motorized

pump set through bench mounted control valve. Water coming out of

the set up is then directed into a funnel, which takes it either to sump

tank or measuring tank. Measuring tank is mounted on the sump tank.

After measuring the water discharge at a specific time limit, the water in

this tank can be released into sump tank by the funnel provided.

The bench top has a high raised edge to contain water accidentally

splashed on to it and is lined with fiberglass. The capacity and size of the

flow table are such that following test set ups can be tested on this

bench.

1. Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus.

2. Orificemeter and Venturimeter.

3. Flow over Notch.

4. Flow through Orifice and Mouthpiece.

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5. Losses due to Pipe Fittings.

6. Velocity determination Pitot tube

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE BENCH:

Size of Table : 1000 mm  700 mm, 100 mm height (approx.)

Measuring Tank : 40 liter capacity.
Measuring Tank Area : 40 x25 =1000 cm²
Sump Tank : 100 liter capacity
Water circulation : Monoblock, 1 H.P., Crompton/kirloskar make
Material : stainless steel
OPERATING INSTRUCTION:

1. Fill up the sump tank with water.

2. Pump priming is to be done if necessary.
3. Put the experiment to be tested on the bench top tray.
4. Connect inlet of the experiment to the valve by suitable hose pipe.
5. Connect all the overflow connections, if any, by hose pipes and
direct them straight into the sump tank.
6. Now check all the connections of the equipment and hydraulic
bench for leakages, loose fitting and tighten them.
7. Now start the pump by using. Switch provided on the bench. Go on
adjusting the valve on the pump outlet side till sufficient flow rate
is achieved for a particular experiment.
8. Allow the equipment to run for some time and take down
necessary measurements.
9. A diverting mechanism is provided to direct drain water coming
from the experiment either into measuring tank or into the sump
tank. Adjust this valve mechanism so that flow comes into the
measuring tank.
10. As soon as measurement is complete allow the flow to divert back
into the sump tank.

BERNOULLIS THEOREM
(Hydraulic Bench Model)

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OBJECT: To verify the Bernoulli’s theorem experimentally.

INTRODUCTION

Bernoulli’s theorem states that when there is a continuous connection

between particles of flowing mass of liquid, the total energy at any
section of flow will remain the same provided there is no reduction or
addition of energy at any point.

THEORY

This is the energy equation and is based on the law of conservation of

energy. This equation states that at two sections of flow field the total
energy remains the same. Provided that there is no loss or gain of
energy between the two sections. This equation is valid only for steady
flow. This equation is expressed as:

P1 V12 P2 V22
E = ----- + ---- + Z1 = ---- + ---- + Z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g

where :

E = Total Energy
P1/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at
point.
V12/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at point 1.
Z1 = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head at point
1.
P2/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at
point.
V22/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at point 2.
Z2 = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head at point
2.

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P1 = Pressure of fluid at point 1.

P2 = Pressure of fluid at point 2.
V1 = Velocity of fluid at point 1.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

 S.S. Tank: 1 Nos. of suitable size on upstream side of flow.

 Flow Section: The Perspex acrylic duct is having a cross section 30
x 30 mm dimension at the entrance and exit and while 15 mm at
the middle.
 5 Nos. Piezometer tubes fitted on the flow section to plot Hydraulic
grade line.
 The supply and discharges connection can be made from hydraulic
bench by flexible piping.
 Flow rates can be varied by using valves provided on hydraulic
bench.

Experimental procedures

1. Note down the piezometers distance from inlet section of the

Perspex tube
2. Note down the cross sectional area of perspex duct at each of the
piezometer tapping points.
3. The datum head is treated as constant through out the duct.
4. By maintaining suitable amount of steady head or nearby steady
head conditions in the supply tanks, there establishes a steady
non-uniform flow in the conduit.
5. The discharge flowing in the conduit is recorded together with the
water levels in each piezometer tubes.
This procedure is repeated for other values of discharges.

FORMULAE

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(a) Discharge (Q)

A*R
Q = --------- ---------- (1)
T

(b) Velocity of Fluid (V)

Q
V = ----- , where a is the area of Bernoulli’s pipe at different
point
a

(c) Total Energy (E)

P V2
E = --------- + ------ + Z ----------- (3)
ρ*g 2g

P= hρg

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS

DATA
g = Acceleration due to Gravity = 981 cm/s2
A = Area of Measuring Tank = 1000 cm2

S.No. of Cross-Sectional Area of Distance from Reference

Test Points Bernoulli pipe point
a(cm2) S (cm)
1 2.5x3.0 =7.5 Reference point

2 2.0x3.0 =6.0 6

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3 1.5x3.0 =4.5 12

4 2.0x3.0 =6.0 18

5 2.5x3.0 =7.5 24

OBSERVATION TABLE

S. measuring tank T h (cm) height in manometer

NO. reading (sec.) at Piezometric tube
h1 h2 R 1 2 3 4 5
1.
2.
3.

CALCULATION TABLE

Discharge = cm3/s

Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5
V (m/s)
p/ρg = h
V2/2g
Z
E

NOMENCLATURE
E = Total Energy

p/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head

V2/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head

Z = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head
p = Pressure of fluid (m of water)

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V = Velocity of fluid (m/s)

Q = Discharge through test section
v = Volume of water collected in measuring tank
R = Rise of water level in Measuring Tank
T = Time taken for R

Precautions:

1. Apparatus should be in levelled condition.

2. Reading must be taken in steady or near by steady conditions.

And it should be noted that water level in the inlet supply tank

should reach the overflow condition.

3. There should not be any air bubble in the piezometers and in the
perspex duct.

4. By closing the Regulating valve, open the control valve slightly

such that the water level in the inlet supply tank reaches the

overflow conditions. At this stage check that pressure head in

each piezometer tube is equal. If not adjust the piezometers to

bring it equal.

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FLOW MEASUREMENT BY VENTURIMETER APPARATUS

(HYDRAULIC BENCH MODEL)
OBJECT:

To calibrate Venturimeter by establishing the relationship,

between flow rate and pressure difference and to find its coefficient of

discharge.

INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

The Venturimeter and orifice meter are devices used for measurement

of rate of flow of fluid through a pipe. The basic principle on which a

Venturimeter and orifice meter work is that by reducing the cross-

sectional area of flow passage, a pressure difference is created and the

measurement of the pressure difference enables the determination of

the discharge through the pipe.

Venturimeter consists of (1) an inlet section followed by a convergent

cone, (2) a cylindrical throat and (3) gradually divergent cone. Since the

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cross-sectional area of the throat is smaller than the cross sectional area

of the inlet section, the velocity of flow at the throat will become greater

than that at the inlet section, according to continuity equation. The

increase in velocity of flow at the throat result in the decrease in

pressure at this section. A pressure difference is created between the

inlet section and throat section which can be determined by connecting

a differential U-Tube manometer between the pressure taps provided at

these sections. The measurement of pressure difference between these

sections enables the rate of flow of fluid (Q) to be calculated as.

____
 2 gH (a1x a2)
Qth = ---------------------
_______
 a12-a22

Where,

a1 is the area of cross section of pipe

a2 is the area of cross section of throat,

A is the area of cross section measuring tank,

g is the acceleration due to the gravity,

R=h2-h1 is the difference of head and

Cd is the coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter.

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

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The experimental set up consist of a circuit through which the fluid

is circulated continuously a Venturimeter (having throat diameter 15

mm) .The Venturimeter is provided with two tapings one each at

upstream and at the throat section. A U-Tube Mercury Manometer is

provided to measure the pressure difference between two sections.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter of pipe line, throat

dia. of Venturimeter.

2. Pressure tapings of Venturimeter are kept open.

3. The flow rate is adjusted to its maximum value.

4. By maintaining suitable amount of steady flow in the pipe circuit,

there establishes a steady non-uniform flow in the conduit. Time is

allowed to stabilize the levels in the manometer tube.

5. The discharge flowing in the circuit is recorded together with the

water levels in left and right limbs of manometer tube.

6. The flow rate is reduced in stages by means of flow control valve

and the discharge and readings of manometer are recorded.

OBSERVATION & COMPUTATION SHEET

Diameter of main pipe line D = 2.0 cm

Orifice dia d = 1.5 cm

Area of cross section of inlet section a1= πd² /4 cm2

Area of cross section of orifice a2 = πd² /4 cm2

Area of collecting tank = 40 x25 = 1000 cm²

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Density of Manometer fluid mercury (pm) = 13.6 gm/cm 3

Density of water (pf) = 1 gm/cm 3

Area of pipe a1 = π d12/4 = 3.14 cm 2

Area of throat a2 = πd22/4 = 1.77 cm 2

Discharge measurement Manometer reading

Differen
Righ ce of
Discha Left
Sl . t head in
Final Time rge Q limb
no Initial limb terms of
(cm) sec (cm3/s h1
(cm) h2 water
ec) (cm)
(cm) h=12.6(
h1-h2)

Average Cd =

Graph to plot: Plot a graph between Q and h on a log log graph paper.

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FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICE METER APPARATUS

(HYDRAULIC BENCH MODEL)

OBJECT:

To calibrate orifice meter, by establishing the relationship,

between flow rate and pressure difference and to find its coefficient of

discharge.

INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

An orifice meter is a cheaper arrangement for measurement of

discharge through pipes.

An orifice meter consists of flat circular plate with a circular hole

called orifice which is concentric with the pipe axis. The upstream face

of the plate is beveled at an angle lying between 30 o and 45o. The plate

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is clamped between the two pipe angle lying between 30 o and 45o. The

plate is clamped between the two pipe flanges with beveled surface

facing downstream. Two pressure taps are provided, one on the

upstream side of plate and other on the downstream side of the orifice

plate. A pressure difference exists between two sections which can be

measured by connecting a differential manometer to the two pressure

taps. The discharge coefficient can be calculated using following

formula:

Where, C is coefficient of orifice, “a” is cross-sectional area of orifice,

“A” is cross sectional area of pipe, g is the acceleration due to the

gravity and h is the difference of head in terms of water.

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

The experimental set up consists of a circuit through which the

fluid is circulated continuously an orifice meter The orifice meter also

has two pressure tapings at upstream and downstream. A U-Tube

Mercury Manometer is provided to measure the pressure difference

between two sections.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter of pipe line, and

dia of orifice, Area of collecting tank..

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2. Pressure tapings of orifice meter are kept open.

3. The flow rate is adjusted to its maximum value.

4. By maintaining suitable amount of steady flow in the pipe circuit,

there establishes a steady non-uniform flow in the conduit. Time is

allowed to stabilize the levels in the manometer tube.

5. The discharge flowing in the circuit is recorded together with the

water levels in left and right limbs of manometer tube.

6. The flow rate is reduced in stages by means of flow control valve

and the discharge and readings of manometer are recorded.

7. This procedure is repeated by closing the pressure tapings of

orifice meter and for opening of Venturimeter.

OBSERVATION & COMPUTATION SHEET

Diameter of main pipe line D = 2.0 cm

Orifice dia. d = 1.2 cm

Area of cross section of inlet section a1= πd² /4 cm2

Area of cross section of orifice a2 = πd² /4 cm2

Area of collecting tank (A) = 1000 cm2

Density of Manometer fluid mercury (pm) = 13.6 gm/cm 3

Density of water (pf) = 1 gm/cm 3

Area of pipe a1 = π d12/4 = 3.14 cm 2

Area of throat a2 = πd22/4 = 1.13 cm 2

Formula used

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 2 gH (a1x a2)
Qth = ---------------------
_______
 a12-a22

Discharge measurement Manometer reading

Difference
Disch
Tim Left Right of head in
Sl arge
Initial Final e limb limb terms of
no Q
(cm) (cm) (sec H1 H2 water
(cm3/s
) (cm) (cm) h=12.6(h1-
ec)
h2)

Average Cd =

Graph to plot : Plot a graph between Q vs h on a log log graph paper.

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FLOW OVER NOTCH APPARATUS

(Hydraulic Bench Type)

OBJECT:

To determine discharge coefficient of

1. V-Notch
2. Rectangular Notch

INTRODUCTION & THEORY

Different types of models are available to find discharge in an

open channel as notch, venturi flume, weir etc. For calibration of

rectangular notch or V notch, some flow is allowed in the flume. Once

the flow becomes steady and uniform discharge coefficients can be

determined for any model.

If general, sharp crested notches are preferred where highly

accurate discharge measurements are required, for example in

hydraulic laboratories, industry and irrigation pilot schemes, which do

not carry debris and sediments.

Notches are those overflow structures whose length of crest in the

direction of flow is accurately shaped. They may be rectangular & V

notch. The V-notch is one of the most precise discharge-measuring

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devices suitable for a wide range of flow. Making the following

assumptions as to the flow behaviour can develop the relationship

between discharge and head over the weir:

(a) Upstream of the weir, the flow is uniform and the pressure varies

with depth according to the hydrostatic equation p = .g.h

(b) The free surface remains horizontal as far as the plane of the weir,

and all particles passing over the weir move horizontally.

(c) The pressure through out the sheet of liquid or nappe, which

passes over the crest of the weir, is atmospheric.

(d) The effect of viscosity and surface tension are negligible.

(e) The velocity in the approach channel is negligible.

A triangular or V notch is having a triangular or V shaped opening

provided in its body so that water is discharged through this opening

only. The line which bisects the angle of the notch should be vertical and

at the same distance from both sides of the channel. The discharge

coefficient Cd of a V notch may be determined by applying formula

Where Q is the discharge over a triangular notch,  is the apex angle of

notch, H is the head over the crest of the notch.

A rectangular notch, symmetrically located in a vertical thin plate

which is placed perpendicular to the sides and bottom of a straight

channel, is defined as rectangular sharp crested weirs. The discharge

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coefficient Cd of a rectangular notch may be determined by applying

formula

Where Q is the discharge over a rectangular notch, B is the width of

notch, H is the head over the crest of the notch, and g is acceleration

due to gravity.

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

The experimental set-up consists of a tank of size 220 mm wide X

180 mm deep X 400 mm long .While at the downstream portion of the

tank one can fix V-notch. A hook gauge is used to measure the head of

water over the model.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. The notch under test is positioned at the end of the tank, in a

vertical plane, and with the sharp edge on the upstream side.

2. The tank is filled with water up to the crest level and subsequently

note down the crest level of the notch by the help of a point gauge.

3. The flow-regulating valve is adjusted to give the maximum possible

discharge without flooding the notch.

4. Conditions are allowed to steady before the rate of discharge and

head H were recorded.

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5. The flow rate is reduced in stages and the readings of discharge and

H were taken.

6. The procedures are repeated for other type of notch.

OBSERVATION AND COMPUTATION SHEET

(a) Triangular or V notch

Apex angle of notch in degree  = 60⁰ and 45°

Crest level of V notch H1 =
Area of collecting tank, A = 30 x35=1050 cm2

Discharge measurement
Final
reading
Head
Dischar of water
Sl over
Final Time ge Q level
no Initial notch
(cm) sec (cm3/se above
(cm) H=H1-
c) the notch
H2 (cm)
H2 (cm)

Average Cd =

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ORIFICE & MOUTH PIECE APPARATUS

(Hydraulic Bench Model)

OBJECT:

To determine the coefficients of discharge C d, velocity Cv, and

contraction Cc of various types of orifices and mouthpieces.

INTRODUCTION AND THEORY:

An orifice is an opening in the wall of a tank, while a mouthpiece is

a short pipe fitted in the same opening. A mouthpiece will be running full

if its length does not exceed two to three times the diameter. Both

orifice and mouthpiece are used for discharge measurement. The jet

approaching the orifice continues to converge beyond the orifice till the

streamline becomes parallel. This section of the jet is then a section of

minimum area and is known as vena contracta.

If VC is the true horizontal velocity at the vena contracta, then the

properties of jet trajectory gives the following relationship:

g
Y = ----------- . X2
2 V2C
g x2
Vc = {----------}1/2
2y
The theoretical velocity in the plane of the vena contracta V o is given by

V2o
---------- = h

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2g

i.e. Vo = (2 g h)1/2
Actual velocity
Now Coefficient of velocity CV = ------------------------
Theoretical velocity

x
CV = -------------
2 √ yh

in which h is the constant head in the supply tank and x & y are

coordinates of jet with respect to center of opening.

The actual discharges Q when divided by a √ 2gh yield the

coefficient of discharge Cd. Here “a” is the area of cross section of the

orifice (or the mouthpiece) and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Once Cd and Cv are known, the coefficient of contraction C c can be

obtained by dividing Cd with Cv ,

Cd
Cc = --------
Cv
The coefficient of discharge can also be computed by falling head

method in which the supply is kept closed after filling the tank to a

suitable level and fall in the head from h 1 to h2 in time T is noted. The

coefficient of discharge is then obtained from

2A
Cd = ------------------- [h11/2 – h21/2 ]
T.a √ 2g

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EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

 M.S. Tank with arrangement to vary head and keep it constant at

desired level.
 Arrangement for fitting of Orifices and Mouthpieces at the same
place.
 Device for measuring diameter of jet
 Set of Orifices (2 No’s) dia.10 mm and 15 mm
10 mm Orifice
15 mm Orifice

 Set of Mouth Pieces (3 no’s)

Diameter 10 mm (L/D=2.5)
 diameter 10 mm (L/D=4)
 diameter 10 mm (L/D=1)

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 Gauge arrangement for measuring X-Y co-ordinates of jet

 The set-up can be connected to Hydraulic Bench by flexible pipes.
It will be provided with two coats of good quality anticorrosive
paint.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Note down the relevant dimensions as area of collecting tank

and supply tank.

2. Attach an orifice/mouthpiece and note down its diameter.

3. The apparatus is leveled.

4. The water supply was admitted to the supply tank and

conditions are allowed to steady, to give a constant head.

5. The lowest point of the orifice/mouthpiece be used as the

datum for the measurement of h and y.

6. The discharge flowing through the jet was recorded together

with the water level in the supply tank.

7. A series of readings of dimensions x and y was taken along the

trajectory of the jet.

8. The procedure is repeated by means of flow control valve.

9. The procedure is repeated for other types of

orifice/mouthpiece.

OBSERVATION AND COMPUTATION SHEET

Area of collecting tank = 40 x 25=1000 cm2

Size and shape of the mouth piece/orifice = 10 mm & 10 mm

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Area of cross-section of mouth piece/orifice, a =0.785 cm²

Reading on the piezometer at the level on the center of mouth

piece/orifice ho =

CONSTANT HEAD METHOD: -

d
Determination of C

Sl Reading Value Discharge measurement Cd =

NO on of h Initial Final Time Discharg

Piezomet h= – (cm) (cm) (sec) e

er cm (cm3/

sec)

Average Cd =

Determination of Cv

Sl No h Reading on scales x = x’ – y = y’ -
(cm) Horizonta Vertica xo yo
l l
X’ (cm) Y’ (cm)

Where Xo and Yo are the dimensions on XY scale at Contraction area of

flow.

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Average Cv =
Cd
Therefore  Cc = -------
Cv
PRECAUTIONS

1. Apparatus should be in leveled condition.

2. Reading must be taken in steady or nearby steady conditions.

And it should be noted that water level in the inlet supply tank

must be constant.

3. There should not be any air bubble in the piezometer.

4. Orifice must be free from dirt and kept clean.

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APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF

LOSSES IN PIPE FITTINGS
(Hydraulic Bench Type)

OBJECT:

To determine the minor head loss coefficient for different pipe fittings.

ABOUT THE APPARATUS

A flow circuit of 25 mm dia with different pipe fittings as

(1) Sudden enlargement from 15 mm dia. to 25 mm dia.

(2) Sudden contraction from 25 mm dia. to 15 mm dia.

(3) ½ bend, ½ elbow, ½ gate valve, ½ ball valve ,

With a means of varying the flow rate, U-tube differential manometer,

collecting tank.

INTRODUCTION & THEORY

In long pipes, the major loss of energy in pipe flow is due to

friction while the minor losses are those which are caused on account of

the change in the velocity of flowing fluid (either in magnitude or

direction). Losses due to change in cross-section, bends, and fittings of

all types are categorized as minor losses. In short pipes, above losses

may some times outweigh the friction Losses.

The minor energy head lose hL in terms of the velocity head can be

expressed as

V2

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hL = k.
2g
Where k is loss coefficient, which is practically constant at high

Reynold's number for particular flow geometry, V1 is velocity of flow in

the pipe and g is acceleration due to gravity.

However, for sudden enlargement of the section, the simultaneous

application of continuity, Bernoulli's and momentum equation shows

that

(V1 – V2)2
hL = k
2g

Here V1 and V2 are velocities of flow in the smaller and larger diameter
pipes respectively.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

The experimental set up consists of a pipe circuit of 15 mm dia. and 25

mm dia. fitted with following fittings with means of varying flow rate.

(i) Sudden enlargement

(ii) Sudden contraction
Pressure tapings are provided on up-stream and down-stream ends of

each of these fittings to enable the measurement of pressure head

difference across the fittings to compute the head loss through the

fittings. The pressure tapings are connected to a differential manometer.

A collecting tank is used to find the actual discharge of water through

the pipe fittings.

Formula used:

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For SUDDEN EXPANSION

K (V1-V2)2
H= --------------
2g

H. 2g
K = -----------
(V1-V2)2

V1 = velocity of liquid of small pipe.

V2 = velocity of liquid in large pipe

H = head difference Manometer difference

For SUDDEN CONTRACTION

V12
Hcon = Kcon -----
2g

Hcon x 2g
Kcon = -------------
V12

V1 = Velocity of small pipe

For Bend, elbow, gate valve and ball valve

V12
Hcon = Kcon -----
2g

Hcon x 2g
Kcon = -------------
V12

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

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1. Note down the relevant dimension of each individual fittings, area

of collecting tank etc.

2. Pressure tapings of a fitting is kept open while for other fittings it

is kept closed.

3. The flow rate is adjusted to its maximum value.

4. By maintaining suitable amount of steady flow in the pipe circuit,

there establishes a steady non-uniform flow in the circuit. Time is

allowed to stabilize the levels in the two limbs of manometer.

5. The discharge flowing in the circuit is recorded together with the

water levels in the two limbs of manometer.

6. The discharge flowing in the circuit is recorded together with the

water levels in the two limbs of a manometer.

7. The flow rate is reduced in stages by means of flow control valve

and the discharge and readings of manometer are recorded.

8 This procedure is repeated by closing the pressure tapings of this

fittings, together with other four fittings and for opening of another

left fittings.

OBSERVATION AND COMPUTATION SHEET

1. Diameter of pipe d = 25 mm

2. Area of Pipe a = πd²/4.

3. Area of collecting tank A = 40 x 25=1000 cm 2

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Sl
N Discharge measurement Manometer reading
o Loss
Left Righ Difference coefficien
lim t of head in t
Tim Discharg
.Initial Final b limb terms of
e eQ
(cm) (cm) h1 h2 water
sec (cm3/sec)
(cm (cm) h=12.6(h1
) -h2)

Type of fitting:

Average loss coefficient k =

1. Diameter of smaller pipe = 15 mm

2. Area of smaller pipe a=

3. Diameter of larger pipe = 25 mm

4. Area of larger pipe a1 =

5. Area of collecting tank A = 40 x 25=1000 cm2

Type of fitting: Sudden Enlargement and sudden Contraction

Sl
N Discharge measurement Manometer reading
o Disch Left Right Difference Loss
arge Q limb limb of head in coefficient
Initial Final Time
(cm3/ H1 H2 terms of
(cm) (cm) sec
sec) (cm) (cm) water
H=12.6(h1
-h2)
1

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Average loss coefficient k =

PRECAUTION

1. Apparatus should be in leveled condition.

2. Readings must be taken in steady or near by steady conditions.

3. There should be no air bubble in the manometer. And check that

with no flow in the circuit the initial difference of the water levels

in the manometer limbs was observed to be zero.

PITOT TUBE APPARATUS

OBJECTIVE
To determine the velocity distributions by Pitot tube and thereby to determine the
discharge flowing in it.

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THEORY
A Pitot tube is used to find the velocity of an open stream at any point. A tube bent
at 90o at its end and drawn out into a nozzle may be used to find the velocity at a
point. The nozzle axis is aligned towards the direction of flow, the water of stream
will rise in the tube to a height equal to stagnation pressure head which will project
out of the free water surface by the amount of velocity head. Thus the velocity at
the tip of the nozzle can be calculated.

Where  inclination of the differential pressure gauge to the horizontal, ‘l’ the
deflection of water column in the inclined manometer and ‘C’ instrument
coefficient which is less than unity for most of conventional Pitot tube. It is because
the observed value of static pressure p s is usually less than the actual static
pressure. By suitably designing the location of static pressure openings, C can be
made unity.
___________
V =  2 g H x 12.6

g = 981
H = Manometer Difference of Mercury
Formula

(h2-h1)A
Q act t = -----------
t

___________
V =  2 g H x 12.6

Qth = cross sectional area of pipe x Velocity

Qth = A x V
Pipe used 25 mm

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A = Area of pipe = 4.91 cm²

A = area of measuring tank = 1000 cm²

Observation & Calculation:

MEASUREMENT TANK READING Discharge actual

A(h2-h1)
S. NO. Initial Qact = ------------
Final level Time
level t
Cm h2 - h1 t
Cm Cm3/sec
h2 sec
h1
1

m
Manometer Difference R cm of Hg H = R(---- - 1)
pf
V= √(2gH) Qth = A xV
S. NO. 13.6
R= = R(------ - 1)
h1 h2
h2 - h1 1
= R x 12.6 cm
of H2O
1

Area of measuring tank (A) 40 cm x 25 cm = 1000 cm2

Density of Manometer fluid mercury (pm) = 13.6 gm/cm3

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Density of water (pf) = 1 gm/ cm3

Diameter of pipe D=3/4 ” = 2.0 cm

Area of pitot tube a1 = Πd12/4 = 4.91 cm2

g = 981

General Calculation :
Discharge Q = cm³/s
V =  2 g H x 12.6
V = cm/sec

Qth = A x Velocity, where A= area of tube

= cm³/sec

Coefficient of discharge = Qact/ Qth

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT SETUP

(Hydraulic Bench Type)

Objective:

Pressure measurement in pipe fitted with orifice using single

well manometer, differential manometer, inclined manometer
and pressure gauge
PRESSURE

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Pressure means force exerted upon a fluid surface of unit

area. Assuming that a column of cross-sectional area A is
filled upto a height h by a fluid having unit weight equal to rg.
it may be seen that the force per unit area exerted by the
fluid on the bottom of the column is given by

Thus, in a body of liquid, the pressure at any depth h is

equal to rgh (taking the atmospheric pressure at the surface
as reference pressure). Assuming rg to be constant, one can
state that the pressure is equivalent to a height h of the liquid
of constant specific weight rg. In fluid mechanics, it is more
convenient and common to express pressure in terms of
height of column of a liquid (or fluid) rather than in terms of
force per unit area. Thus, h = p/rg. Here, h is termed as the
pressure head and has the dimension of length.
Pressure can be measured by using pressure gauges,
pressure transducers, piezometers, and manometers.
Pressure gauges and pressure transducers need careful
calibrations. The use of piezometers and manometers for
pressure measurement is simple, direct, and reliable provided
that certain requirements are fulfilled. Piezometer consists of
a small diameter tube, having one of its ends open and the
other connected suitably to the flow system in which the
liquid can rise freely without overflowing. The height of the

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liquid column in the tube measured above the point under

consideration will give directly the pressure head.

PIEZOMETER OPEN-END
MANOMETER

For higher pressures, the piezometer may not be suitable.

The simple manometer, shown in Figure is used for this
purpose. The U-tube of the manometer is filled with some
heavy liquid, usually mercury. The pressure at A, pA may be
determined by writing down the gauge equation as follows:

or

Here, subscripts A and m refer, respectively, to the liquid (or

fluid) under consideration and the manometer liquid. This
simple manometer can also be used to measure the pressure
in gases.
In many cases, only the difference in pressure at two
different sections is desired. For this purpose, a differential

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manometer, shown in Figure, is used. Writing down the gauge

equation,

If , i.e., the same fluid at A and B, then,

DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Single Well Manometer : Single Tube Type
Differential Manometer : U-Tube Type
Sensitive Manometer : Inclined Tube type
Pressure Gauge : Bourdon type
Control Panel comprises of : painted rigid MS Structure.

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S.NO Q= Run number Pressure Difference

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