UNIT – III APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL QUATIONS

PART-A

Problem:1 AU N/D2011, N/D 2013

 2u u
Classify the partial differential equation 4 
x 2 t
Solution :
 2 u u
Given 4 
x 2 t
4uxx  ut  0
Au xx  Buxy  Cu yy  Du x  Eu y  Fu  0
Here A  4, B  0, C  0
B 2  4 AC  0
 The given equation is parabolic

Problem:2  AU N/D 2012, N/D 2013

Write down all possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation
Solution :
y ( x, t )   A1e px  A2e  px  A3e pat  A4e pat 
y ( x, t )   A5 cos px  A6 sin px  A7 cos pct  A8 sin pct 
y ( x, t )   A9 x  A10   A11t  A12 

Problem:3 [AU N/D2010, N/D 2012]

Write down all possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation
Solution :

u ( x, t )   A1e px  B1e  px  C1e
2 2
p t 
 2
p 2t
u ( x, t )   A2 cos px  B2 sin px  C2e 
u ( x, t )   A3 x  B3  C3
Problem:4  AU N/D2010,A/M 2011
Write all three possible solutions of steady state two  dimensional heat equation.
Solution :
u ( x, y )   Ae px  Be  px   C cos py  D sin py 
u ( x, y )   E cos px  F sin px   Ge py  He py 
u ( x, y )   Ix  J  Ky  L 
Problem:5  AU N/D2011 
2 y 2
2  y
In the wave equation 2
c 2
what does c 2 stands for?
t x
Solution :
T Tension
c2  
M Mass per unit length of the string
Problem : 6  AU N/D2011,N/D2012 
A plate is bounded by the lines x  0 , y  0, x  l and y  l. Its faces are insulated.
The edge coinsiding with x  axis is kept at 100C.The edge coinciding with y  axis
is kept at 50 C.The other two edges are kept at 0 C , write the boundary conditions
that are needed for solving two dimen  sional heat flow equation.
Solution :
(i ). u ( x, 0)  100 C , 0  x  l
(ii ). u (0, y )  50 C , 0 yl

(iii ). u ( x, l )  0 C , 0 xl
(iv ). u (l , y )  0 C , 0 yl
Problem:7AU N/D2012 
An insulated rod of length 60 cm has its ends at A and B maintained at 20C
and 800C respectively.Find the steady state solution of the rod.
Solution :
d 2u
Heat equation in steady state is 0
dx 2
Integrating we get u ( x )  ax  b.....(1)
when x  0 , we get
u (0)  a(0)  b  20  b  20
when x  60, we get, u (60)  a (60)  b  80
60a  20  80  a  1
Problem:8 AU A/M2010, N/D 2011
A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x  0 and x  l is initially in a
x
position given by y( x, 0)  y0 sin 3   .If it is released from rest in this position
 l 
write the boundary conditions.
Solution :
The boundary conditions are
(i ). y (0, t)  0  t  0
(ii ). y (l , t )  0  t  0
y ( x, 0)
(iii ). 0
t
x 
(iv ). y ( x, 0)  f ( x)  y0 sin 3  
 l 
Problem:9  AU A/M2011 
A rod is 40cm long with insulated sides has its ends A and B are kept at
200 C and 600 C respectively.Find the steady state temperature at a location
15cm from A.
Solution :
ba 
u ( x)    x  a , 0  x  40
 l 
 60  20 
  x  20, 0  x  40
 40 
 x  20, 0  x  40
at x  15 , u (15)  15  20  35
Problem:10 AU A/M2012 
What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave equation
and one dimensional heat equation with respect to the time?
Solution :
One dimensional wave one dimensional heat
equation equation
2 y 2
2  y u  2u
 a 2 2
t 2 x 2 t x
1. It is classified as hyperbolic pde It is classified as parabolic p.d.e
2 2
2. y ( x, t )   A cos px  B sin px  C cos pct  D sin pct  u ( x, t )   A cos px  B sin px  e  p  t
 PART B

Problem:1  AU N/D 2010, N/D 2013

A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x  0 and x  l
is initially at rest in its equilibrium position.If it is vibrating by
giving to each of its points a velocity  x(l - x), find y ( x, t ).
Solution :
From the given problem , we get the following boundary conditions
(i ). y (0, t )  0 t  0
(ii ). y (l , t )  0t  0
(iii ). y ( x, 0)  0

(iv ). y ( x, 0)   (lx  x 2 )
t
The suitable solution is given by
y ( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px)(C cos pct  D sin pct )..................(1)
Use (i) in (1) we get
y (0, t )  0
( A cos 0  B sin 0)(C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
A(C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
C cos pct  D sin pct  0 (since t  0) this implies A  0
Put A  0 in (1) we get
y ( x, t )  B sin px (C cos pct  D sin pct ).................(2).
Use (ii) in (2) we get
y (l , t )  0
B sin pl (C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
B  0 (since if B  0 then y ( x, t )  0), (C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
This implies sin pl  0  sin n
pl  n
n
p
l
n
Put p  in (2) we get
l
n x n ct n ct
y ( x, t )  B sin (C cos  D sin ).................(3).
l l l
n x
y ( x, 0)  0  B sin (C cos 0  D sin 0)  0
l
n x
BC sin 0
l
 n x
B  0, sin 0 C0
l
Put C  0 in (3) we get
n x n ct
y ( x, t )  BD sin sin
l l

n x n ct
y ( x, t )   bn sin sin  (4) where bn  BD
n 1 l l
y ( x, t )  n x n ct  n c 
  bn sin cos  
t n 1 l l  l 

y ( x, t ) n x  n c 
  (lx  x 2 )   bn sin cos 0     (lx  x 2 )
t n 1 l  l 

n x  n c  2
b
n 1
n sin 
l  l 
   (lx  x )

n x  n c 
B n sin   (lx  x 2 )  f ( x) where Bn  bn  
n 1 l  l 
l l
2 n x 2 n x
Bn   f ( x) sin dx    (lx  x 2 ) sin dx
l 0 l l 0 l
l
2 n x
  (lx  x 2 ) sin dx
l 0 l
l
  n x   n x   n x 
 cos  sin cos
2   l  
 
l   (2)  l 

 (lx  x 2 )    (l  2 x )  2 2   3 3 
l   n   n   n  
  l   l 2

  l 3  0
l
2  l n x 2 2l 3 n x 
  cos (lx  x )  cos
l  n l 3 3
n l  0
2   l n l 2 2 2l 3 n l   l 2l 3 
  cos (l  l )  3 3
cos 
  cos 0(0)  3 3
cos 0 
l   n l n l   n n 
2   2l 3   2l 3 
  0  cos n 
  0  3 3 
l   n3 3   n  
2   2l 3   2l 3 
  0  cos n 
  0  3 3 
l   n3 3   n  
2  2l 3 n 2l 3  2 2l 3
  3 3
( 1)  3 3
 3 3 
 (1) n  1
l n  n  l n
4 l 2
 3 3  (1) n  1
n
 4 l 2
 1  (1)n 
n 3 3 
8 l 2 
3 3
, if n is odd 
n  ...................(5)
 0, if n is even 
8 l 2  n c  8l
2
Bn  ( i.e ) bn   
n3 3  l  n
3 3

8 l 2 l 8 l 3
bn   
n3 3 n c n 4 4c

n x n ct
y ( x, t )   bn sin sin
n 1 l l

8 l 3 n x n ct
y ( x, t )   4 4
n  odd n  c
sin
l
sin
l

8 l 3 (2n  1) x (2n  1) ct
 4 4
sin sin
n 1 (2 n  1)  c l l
Problem:2  AU M/J 2011,N/D 2011 
A string is stretched and fastened to two points x  0 and x  l
apart.Motion is started by displacing the string into the form
y  k (lx - x 2 ) from which it is released at time t  0.Find the
displacement of any point on the string at a distance of x from
one end at time t.
Solution :
2 y 2
2  y
The wave equation is  a .
t 2 x 2
From the given problem , we get the following boundary conditions
(i ). y (0, t )  0 t  0
(ii ). y (l , t )  0t  0

(iii ). y ( x, 0)  0
t
(iv ). y ( x, 0)  k (lx  x 2 )
The suitable solution is given by
y ( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px)(C cos pct  D sin pct )..................(1)
Use (i) in (1) we get
y (0, t )  0
( A cos 0  B sin 0)(C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
A(C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
C cos pct  D sin pct  0 (since t  0) this implies A  0
Put A  0 in (1) we get
y ( x, t )  B sin px (C cos pct  D sin pct ).................(2)
Use (ii ) in (2) we get
y (l , t )  0
B sin pl (C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
B  0 (since if B  0 then y ( x, t )  0), (C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
This implies sin pl  0  sin n
n
pl  n  p 
l
n
Put p  in (2) we get
l
n x n ct n ct
y ( x, t )  B sin (C cos  D sin ).................(3).
l l l
 n x   n ct  n c   n ct  n c  
y ( x, t )  B sin C  sin     D cos  
t l   l  l  l  l 

y ( x, 0)  0 implies
t
n x   n c  
B sin  D cos o    0
l   l 
n x  n c 
BD sin  0
l  l 
n x  n c 
sin  0 since it is defined for x  ,    0, B  0
l  l 
This implies D  0
Put D  0 in (3) we get
n x n ct
y ( x, t )  BC sin cos
l l

n x n ct
The most general solution is y ( x, t )   bn sin cos .............(4).
n 1 l l
Use (iv ) in (4) we get
y ( x, 0)  k (lx  x 2 )

n x
b n sin k (lx  x 2 )  f ( x )
n 1 l
l
2 n x
bn   f ( x ) sin dx
l 0 l
 l l
2 n x 2k n x
  k (lx  x 2 ) sin dx   (lx  x 2 ) sin dx.
l 0 l l 0 l
l
  n x   n x   n x 
  cos  sin cos 

2k 
(lx  x 2 )  l   (l  2 x )  l   (2)  l 
n   2 2   3 3 
l     n   n  
  l   l 2
  l 3  0
l
2k  l n x 2 2l 3 n x 
  cos ( lx  x )  cos
l  n l 3 3
n l  0
2k   l n l 2 2 2l 3 n l   l 2l 3 
  cos ( l  l )  3 3
cos 
  cos 0(0)  3 3
cos 0
l   n l n l   n n 
2k   2l 3   2l 3 
  0  cos n 
  0  3 3 
l   n3 3   n  
2k   2l 3   2l 3 
  0  cos n 
  0  3 3 
l   n3 3   n  
2k  2l 3 n 2l 3  2k 2l 3
 ( 1)    (1)n  1
l  n3 3 n3 3  l n3 3 
4kl 2 n 4kl 2
 3 3 
 (  1)  1
  3 3 
1  (1) n 
n n
2
8kl 
3 3
, if n is odd 
n  ...................(5)
 0, if n is even 
Use (5) in (4) we get

8kl 2 n x n ct
y ( x, t )   3 3 sin cos .
n  odd n  l l

8kl 2 (2n  1) x (2n  1) ct
 3 3
sin cos
n 1 (2 n  1)  l l

Problem:3  AU N/D 2010, N/D 2011 

A string is tightly stretched and its ends are fastened at two points x  0
and x  l .The midpoint of the string is displaced transversely through
a small distance ' h ' and the string is released from rest in that position.
Find the transverse displacement of the string at any time during the
subseqent motion.
Solution :
Equation of OA
l 
O(0, 0) , A  , h 
2 
y  y1 x  x1 y0 x0
  
y2  y1 x2  x1 h0 l 0
2
y 2x

h l
2hx l
y , in o  x 
l 2
Equation of AB
l 
A  , h  , B(l , 0)
2 
l
x
y  y1 x  x1 yh 2.
  
y2  y1 x2  x1 0h l  l
2
2x  l
yh y  h 2x  l
 2   .
h l h l
2
2hx  hl 2hx  hl  hl 2hx  2hl
y h y   .
l l l
2h l
y  l  x  in  x  l
l 2
The boundary conditions are
(i ). y (0, t )  0 t  0
(ii ). y (l , t )  0t  0

(iii ). y ( x, 0)  0
t
 2hx l
 l , in 0  x 
2
(iv ). y ( x, 0)  
 2 h (l  x ) l
, in  x  l
 l 2
The suitable solution is given by
y ( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px)(C cos pct  D sin pct )..................(1)
Use (i) in (1) we get
y (0, t )  0
( A cos 0  B sin 0)(C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
A(C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
C cos pct  D sin pct  0 (since t  0) this implies A  0
Put A  0 in (1) we get
y ( x, t )  B sin px(C cos pct  D sin pct ).................(2).
Use (ii ) in (2) we get
y (l , t )  0
B sin pl (C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
B  0 (since if B  0 then y ( x, t )  0), (C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
This implies sin pl  0  sin n
pl  n
n
p
l
n
Put p  in (2) we get
l
n x n ct n ct
y ( x, t )  B sin (C cos  D sin ).................(3).
l l l
 n x   n ct  n c   n ct  n c  
y ( x, t )  B sin C  sin     D cos  
t l   l  l  l  l 

y ( x, 0)  0 implies
t
n x   n c  
B sin  D cos o    0
l   l 
 n x  n c 
BD sin 0
l  l 
n x  n c 
sin  0 since it is defined for x  ,    0, B  0
l  l 
This implies D  0
Put D  0 in (3) we get
n x n ct
y ( x, t )  BC sin cos
l l

n x n ct
The most general solution is y ( x, t )   bn sin cos .............(4).
n 1 l l
Use (iv) in (4) we get
y ( x, 0)  f ( x)
 2hx l
  l , in 0  x 
n x 2
 bn sin  f ( x)  
n 1 2l  2h(l  x ) , in
l
 xl
 l 2
l
 2l l

2 n x 2  2hx n x 2hx (l  x ) n x 
bn   f ( x) sin dx    sin dx   sin dx 
l 0 l l 0 l l l l l
 2

4h
 2  I1  I 2 .............(*)
l
l
l   n x   n x  2

   cos   sin 
l 
2
n x l  
I1   x sin dx   x    (1)  
0
l   n   n
2 2

  l   l 2
 0
l
 l2 n x l n x  2
  2 2 sin  x cos
n  l n l  0
 l 2 n l2 n   l2 n l2 n
  2 2 sin  cos    0    2 2
sin  cos
 n  2 2n 2   n 2 2n 2
l2 n l2 n
similarly I 2  2 2 sin  cos
n 2 2n 2
2
2l n
I1  I 2  2 2 sin
n 2
4h 4h 2l 2 n
bn  2  I1  I 2   2 2 2 sin .
l l n 2
 8h n
 2 2
sin
n 2

n x n ct
y ( x, t )   bn sin cos
n 1 l l

8h n n x n ct
y ( x, t )   2 2
sin sin cos .
n 1 n  2 l l
Problem:4:  AU N/D 2011, N/D 2012
A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x  0 and x  l is initially
x
at rest in a position is given by y  y0 sin 3   .If it is released from rest
 l 
from this position , find y ( x, t ).
Solution :
2 y 2
2  y
The wave equation is  a .
t 2 x 2
From the given problem , we get the following boundary conditions
(i ). y (0, t )  0 t  0
(ii ). y (l , t )  0t  0

(iii ). y ( x, 0)  0
t
x 
(iv ). y ( x, 0)  y0 sin 3  
 l 
The suitable solution is given by
y ( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px)(C cos pct  D sin pct )..................(1)
Use (i) in (1) we get
y (0, t )  0
( A cos 0  B sin 0)(C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
A(C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
C cos pct  D sin pct  0 (since t  0) this implies A  0
Put A  0 in (1) we get
y ( x, t )  B sin px(C cos pct  D sin pct ).................(2).
Use (ii ) in (2) we get y (l , t )  0
B sin pl (C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
B  0 (since if B  0 then y ( x, t )  0), (C cos pct  D sin pct )  0
This implies sin pl  0  sin n
n
pl  n  p 
l
 n
Put p  in (2) we get
l
n x n ct n ct
y ( x, t )  B sin (C cos  D sin ).................(3).
l l l
 n x   n ct  n c   n ct  n c  
y ( x, t )  B sin C  sin     D cos  
t l   l  l  l  l 

y ( x, 0)  0 implies
t
n x   n c  
B sin  D cos o    0
l   l 
n x  n c 
BD sin  0
l  l 
n x  n c 
sin  0 since it is defined for x  ,    0, B  0
l  l 
This implies D  0
Put D  0 in (3) we get
n x n ct
y ( x, t )  BC sin cos .
l l

n x n ct
The most general solution is y ( x, t )   bn sin cos .............(4).
n 1 l l
Use (iv ) in (4) we get
y ( x, 0)  k (lx  x 2 )

n x  x 
b n sin  y0 sin 3  
n 1 l  l 
x 2 x 3 x 3y  x y0 3 x
b1 sin  b2 sin  b3 sin    0 sin  sin
l l l 4 l 4 l
Equating the coefficient of sin terms both sides we get y(x,t)
3 y0 y
b1  , b2  0, b3   0 , b4  b5    0
4 4
3y x  ct y0 3 x 3 ct
y(x,t)  0 sin cos  sin cos
4 l l 4 l l
Problem:5 [AU N/D 2011, N/D 2012]
An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm wide.
The two long sides as well as one of the short sides are maintained at 0 0C , while
the other short side x  0 is kept at temperature given by
20 y , 0 y5
u
20(10  y ), 5  y  10
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate .
Solution :
The boundary conditions are
(i ). u ( x, 0)  0
(ii ). u ( x,10)  0
(iii ).u (, y )  0
20 y , 0 y5
(iv ).u (0, y )  
20(10  y ), 5  y  10
The suitable solution is
u ( x, y )  ( Ae px  Be  px )(C cos py  D sin py )................(1)
Use (i ) in (1) we get
u ( x, 0)  0
 ( Ae px  Be  px )(C cos 0  D sin 0)  0
 C ( Ae px  Be px )  0
 ( Ae px  Be  px )  0  C  0
Put C  0 in (1) we get
u ( x, y )  ( Ae px  Be  px ) D sin py................(2)
Use (ii) in (2) we get
u ( x,10)  0
 ( Ae px  Be  px ) D sin10 p  0
 ( Ae px  Be  px )  0 , D  0,
 sin10 p  0  sin n
n
 p
10
Now (2) implies
n x n x
 n y
u ( x, y )  ( Ae 10  Be 10
) D sin ................(3)
10
Use (iii) in (3) we get
u (, y )  0
n y
 ( Ae  Be  ) D sin 0
10
n y
 ( A  0) D sin 0  A0
10
n x
 n y
u ( x, y )  BDe 10 sin
10
The most general solution is
 n x
n y

u ( x, y )   bne 10
sin
..............(4)
n 1 10
Use (iii ) in (3) we get
20 y , 0 y5
u (0, y )  
20(10  y ), 5  y  10

0n y 20 y , 0 y5
(i.e). b e
n 1
n 
sin
10 20(10  y ), 5  y  10

n y 20 y , 0 y5
(i.e).  bn sin   f ( y)
n 1 10 20(10  y ), 5  y  10
2l n y 2 10 n y
Now bn   f ( y ) sin dy.   f ( y ) sin dy
l 0 l 10 0 10
5 10
1 n y n y 
   20 y sin dy   20(10  y ) sin dy 
5 0 10 5 10 
5 n y 10
n y 
 4   y sin dy   (10  y ) sin dy 
0 10 5
10 
 4  I1  I 2  .
5
  n y   n y 
5   cos   sin 
Now I1   y sin
n y 
dy   y 

10  (1)  10 
n   2 2 
0 10     n 
  10   100  0
5
 100 n y 10 n y 
  2 2 sin  y cos
n  10 n 10  0
 100 n 50 n  
  2 2 sin  cos   (0) 
 n  2 n 2  
100 n 50 n
I1  2 2 sin  cos
n 2 n 2
100 n 50 n
similarly I 2  2 2 sin  cos
n 2 n 2
200 n
I1  I 2  2 2 sin
n 2
800 n
bn  4  I1  I 2   2 2 sin
n 2
n x
  n y  800 n  n10 x n y
u ( x, y )   bne 10 sin   2 2 sin e sin .
n 1 10 n 1 n  2 10