Introduction to Criminology

CHAPTER 10
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT

PHYSICAL SECURITY – it is the broadest branch of security which is concerned with

the physical measures adopted to prevent unauthorized access to equipment,
facilities, materials and documents, and to safeguard them against
espionage,sabotage, damage and theft.
Physical security covers other types of security to protect equipment, document,
facilities, and materials against theft, damage, sabotage, or espionage. It also
encompasses protection of personnel from any criminal act.

PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY

1. Enemy Agents Must Not Access - Acquisition of information is the ultimate

results,
and the means and form in which the information is obtained.
2. There is No Impenetrable Barrier - for the unfriendly government or
organization,
they are willing to devote enough time, money, personnel, material, and imagination
in passing barriers. So physical security attempts to build defense by using a certain
barrier.
3. Defense in Depth Means Barrier after Barrier – In order that barrier could
prevent
unauthorized access and serve its purpose very well, there should be an integration of
all barriers adopted in the installation.
4. Surreptitious versus Non-Surreptitious Entry – The possibility of surreptitious
entry is the greatest hazard from the standpoint of counterintelligence security
because it is usually difficult to determine, that the information has been
compromised. No action is taken to neutralize the act of espionage because
surreptitious entry is not usually detected. Surreptitious entry means not observable
while non-surreptitious entry is observable. Observable or not, intruders usually find
the right place and right opportunity to gain access. Physical security then is needed
to detect or deny unauthorized entries.
5. Each Installation is Different - Since each installation is different, each will have
different problems to overcome. The security procedures will not be adequate for all
installations.
KINDS OF PHYSICAL SECURITY
A.BARRIER SYSTEM- refers to any physical structure whether natural or man-made
capable of restricting, deterring, delaying or preventing illegal and unauthorized
access to an installation.
**Perimeter Barriers- is a medium of structure which defines the physical limits of
an installations or area to restrict or impede access thereto. It is any physical barrier
used to supplement the protection of an inside or outside perimeter. Perimeter barrier
also includes the utilization of security personnel.

Purpose of Perimeter Security

The main purpose of perimeter barrier is to deny or impede access or exit of
unauthorized person. Basically, it is the first line of defense of an installation. This is
maybe in the form of fences, building walls or even bodies of water. The function and
location of the facility itself usually determine the perimeter of the installation. If the
facility is located in a city whereby the building or enterprise occupies all the area
where it is located, the perimeter may be the walls of the building itself.

CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology

Most of the Industrial companies, however, are required to have a wide space for
warehousing, manufacturing etc.

Line of Physical Defense

Security managers and security personnel also consider the various lines of
defense that could help delay or stop intruders. These are:
  First Line includes all perimeter barriers;
  Second Line includes the building exterior; and
  Third Line includes those internal control measures.

Types of Perimeter Barriers

Perimeter barriers include any of the following:
a. FENCES – are independent structures designed to control physical and visual
access between outside areas. Types of fences include Solid Fence and FullView
Fence.
b. BUILDING WALLS – include walls, roofs or their combinations serve also
as barriers and they should be of such constructions to provide uniform protection just
like wire-fencing.
c. BODIES of WATER – like river, lake, cataract, sea, pond, or any bodies of
water forming part of the wall, building or fencing should not be considered
an adequate perimeter barrier. Additional security measures like wire fence,
concrete walling, security patrolling and flood lighting at night may be
necessary for the portions of the perimeter.

B. PROTECTIVE LIGHTING- provides a means of continuing illumination during hours

of darkness, a degree of protection that is maintained during daylight hours. This
safeguard also has considerable value as a deterrent to thieves and vandals and may
make the job of the saboteur more difficult. It is an essential element of an integrated
physical security program.

Purpose of Protective Lighting

a. It provides sufficient illumination to the areas during hours of darkness;
b. Lighting can help improve visibility so that intruder can be seen and identified
and, if possible apprehended.
c. It serves as deterrent to would-be thieves.

Types of Protective Lighting

a. Continuous Lighting – the most familiar type of outdoor security lighting, this is
designed to provide two specific results: glare projection and controlled lighting.
1. Glare Projection Type – it is being used in prisons and correctional institutions to
illuminate walls and outside barriers.
2. Controlled Lighting – it is generally employed where, due to surrounding property
owners, nearby highways or other limitations, it is necessary for the light to be more
precisely focused.

C.PROTECTIVE ALARM AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

PROTECTIVE ALARM – is one of the important barriers in security. It assists the
security in detecting, impeding or deterring potential security threat in the
installation.
Basically, its function is to alert the security personnel for any attempt of intrusion
into a protected area, building or compound. Once an intruder tampers the circuitry,
the beam or radiated waves of the alarm system, it will activate an alarm signal.

1. Three Basic Parts of Alarm System

a. Sensor or Trigger Device – it emits the aural or visual signal or both.
b. Transmission Line – Circuits which carries messages to the signaling apparatus.
c. Enunciator – it is a signaling system that activates the alarm.

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2. Types of Protective Alarm System
a. Central Station System – a type of alarm system where the control station is
located outside the plant or installation.
b. Proprietary System – it is a centralized monitor of the proprietary alarm
system is located in the industrial firm itself with a duty operator.
c. Local Alarm – this system consist of ringing up a visual or audible alarm near
the object to be protected.
d. Auxiliary Alarm – it is a company-owned alarm system with a unit in the
nearest police station so that in case of need, direct call is possible.

D.FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

** Fire Alarms – are those devices installed to help detect fires or detect anything
that causes fire such as smoke or unusual rising of temperature. In large cities, alarms
are received at central dispatch office and then transmitted to fire stations, frequently
with the use of mobile teleprinters and computers. Apparatus is dispatched according
to the nature of the alarm and location of the fire. Many modern departments are now
equipped with computer-aided dispatch systems that can track the status of all units
and provide vital information about the buildings where fires occur.

**Automatic Sprinkling System – it is an integrated network of hydraulically

designed piping installed in a building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a
systematic pattern which automatically discharge water when activated by heat or
combustion products from a fire.

** Automatic Sprinkler – is a type of built-in sprinklers which works by the

increase of room temperature and which automatically operates the system to put
out the fire.

E. ALARM SYSTEM
-in buildings may be also be equipped with detection system that
will transmit an alarm. Some detectors are designed to respond to smoke and
others to heat.

F. PROTECTIVE LOCKS AND KEY CONTROL

a. Lock – a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device to prevent

entry into a building, room, container or hiding place and to prevent the
removal of items without the consent of the owner.
b. Key –maybe defined as:
- It is an instrument for locking and unlocking: a metal bar with notches
or grooves that, when inserted into a lock and turned, operates the lock’s
mechanism; or
- It is a door or lock opener: a device such as a plastic card with an encoded
magnetic strip that operates a door or lock.
c. Peterman – an English term used to describe a lock picker

G. SECURITY CABINET
The final line of defense at any facility is in the high security storage where papers,
records, plans or cashable instrument, precious metals or other especially valuable
assets are protected. These security containers will be of a size and quantity, which
the nature of the business dictates.

1. Types of Security Cabinet

a. Safe - it is a metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small

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items in an office or installation. Safe can be classified as either robbery or burglary
resistance depending upon the use and need.Its weight must be at least 750 lbs, and
should be anchored to a building structure. Its body should at least one inch thick
steel.
b. Vault – it is heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually a
part of the building structure used to keep and protect cash, documents and
negotiable instruments. Vaults are bigger than safe but smaller than a file room.The
vault door should be made of steel at least 6 inches in thickness.The vault walls,
ceiling, floor reinforce concrete at least 12 inches in thickness. The vault must be
resistive up to 6 hours.
c. File Room – it is a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but
of bigger size to accommodate limited people to work on the records inside.The file
room should at most be 12 feet high. It must have a watertight door and at least fire
proof for one hour.

Introduction to Criminology
CHAPTER 11
INTRODUCTION TO POLICE PATROL OPERATION WITH
POLICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

PATROL is derived from the French word “PATROUILLER” which means to tramp
about through the mud of a military camp or roughly to travel on foot.
-is the backbone of the Police department because of the following reasons:
1. First of all, it is the only division that cannot be eliminated. All other divisions of
the police department may, if necessary, be eliminated. Patrol officers can, and
have, assumed the duties of other police elements in times of financial crises
requiring agency cutbacks.
2. Patrol officer is the primary agency representative. The majority of contacts
between the public and police occur between citizen and patrol. The first and
foremost police element is patrol; all other units exist to augment and support
this function. This is the only police element to be distributed in a geographic
manner calculated to provide rapid service anywhere in the jurisdiction.
3. Patrol provides the initial response every event requiring police presence;
whether this is a major crime, serious injury, or a cat up a telephone pole.
The patrol officer is the only member of the law enforcement agency to be
involved in practically every incident calling for police action.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:

1.Primary goals and objectives
The primary goals and objectives of police patrol are; maintaining order and
protecting life and property. These are among the most basic roles of government,
and government hires the police to perform these activities.

2.Secondary goals and objectives:

1. Preventing crimes – the police attempt to prevent crime by trying to create a
sense of omnipresence through routine patrol; responding to calls by citizens with
problems that may cause crime; and establishing and participating in police-
citizens partnerships designed to prevent crime.
2. Arresting and prosecuting offenders – arresting offenders and assisting
prosecutors in bringing charges against defendants is one of the primary methods
used by the police to maintain order and protect life and property.

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 3. Recovering stolen and missing property – when people find property on
the street, they generally bring it to a police officer or to a police station. When
people lose property, they generally go to the police station in the hopes that
someone has turned it in. Besides all of their other duties then, the police serve as
society’s foremost lost and found department.
4. Assisting the sick and injured – because they are available seven days a
week and 24 hours a day and because they are highly mobile, the police generally
are the closest government agency to any problem.
5. Enforcing non-criminal regulations – when government offices close, the
police become roving representative of the government who assist people with
problems no one else is available to handle. When lights go off in an apartment
building, the water main breaks, people call the police.
6. Delivering services not available elsewhere in the community – the
police respond and take whatever actions they can to ameliorate problems and
deal with emergencies. They direct traffic, evacuate residents, and decide whom
to call for assistance. Because of the diverse activities performed by the police
specifically
the patrol officers in their daily contact with the public, their responsibilities are
categorized into two, namely:
a. Law Enforcement – this embraces crime prevention and crime control role,
including the customary police functions.
b. Order Maintenance – peace keeping on community service role or social
services.

FACTORS AFFECTING PATROL OPERATIONS

A. Factors affecting police performance
1. External factors
a. trust and confidence of the people
b. participation of the public in patrol activities
c. support of the barangay officials
2. Internal factors
a. higher pay
b. endorsement by higher authorities

B. Factors influencing decision making at an operational level

Operational level decision makers’ judgments are governed by the same kinds of
influences that affect decisions of higher level administrators. But,because officers
operate within a much smaller political sphere, they find their relationships with the
more limited community potentially more intense. The reciprocal impact of both
officer and community becomes clearer. It is easier to “bargain” within these more
intimate relationships.

1. Community input – if citizens do not report crimes to the police or summon on

officer when service is needed, police will intervene only in those situations that they
personally observe. Witnesses and victims who do not cooperate with the police limit
police discretion.
A common reason why citizen do not report auto accidents or burglaries to the police
is that their insurance might be canceled or their rate increased if the report is made.
Conversely, they might report if they believe such report is necessary in order for
them to collect the insurance. The relationship between the victim and offender and
the attitude of the citizen toward police also have a great influence on the willingness
of the citizen to report. In a sense, the community members express their

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expectations to police in their interactions with them….The clearer the statement, the
better police can structure their discretion to meet the community’s need.

2. Situational factors – several studies have found specific situational factors to be

influential in discretionary decision making. Major factors include the attitude and
appearance of the offender, political factors such as community attitudes, pressures,
and biases.

3. Environmental factors
a. personal values
b. pressure of police supervisors and peers
c. personal perception of what alternatives to assess are available

4. Educational and experiential factors – college-educated police recruits

were slightly more likely to choose alternative to arrest. Their findings
suggest that education does have some effect upon discretionary
decision making. (Carter, Sapp and Stephens 1989)

The Police Exercise of Discretion

Discretion is the wise use of one’s judgment, personal experience and common sense
to decide a particular situation. The police are decision makers, and most of the
decisions they make involves discretion. Discretion is part and parcel of the police
role.
The policeman on the beat, or in the patrol car, makes more decisions and exercise
broader discretion affecting the daily life of people every day, and to a greater extent
in many respects than a judge who will ordinarily exercise in a week. No law book, no
lawyer, no judge can readily tell how the police officer on the beat exercise his
discretion perfectly in everyone of the thousands of hour to hour work of a police
officer.
The police are trained to be self-reliant and make decisions. Most of the decisions they
make involve discretion. The police exercise discretion whenever they must use their
own judgment and personal experience in deciding when to act when confronted with
specific situations. Should there be full enforcement of the law by the police or can
selective enforcement be restored to as a result of discretion. The fact of the matter is
that the police do not enforce all laws all the time against all law violators.

Several factors can be attributed for the lack of full, strict, or total law
enforcement such as:
• Broadness and inflexibility of the criminal statutes
• Ambiguity and vagueness of the law
• Over criminalization of the criminal law, or too many laws
• The need to individualize the law in action (selective enforcement)

Main Problems arising from uncontrolled discretion are:

• it lacks uniformity for implementation
• it may be discriminatory
• it fosters police corruption in victimless crimes
• it converts the law into a personal instrument of social control through the so
called “sidewalk justice

ORGANIZATION AND STAFFING OF THE PATROL

FUNCTIONS CONCEPT OF ORGANIZATION

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Basically, organization consists of arranging personnel, and functions in a systematic
manner designed to accommodate stated goals and objectives in the most efficient
manner possible. A poorly organized police department cannot function effectively
even with the best management. Similarly, an organized police agency will not
operate with maximum efficiency if it is not well managed.
The act of organizing is indispensable to proper management, and without some form
or organizational structure, most police operations could not be carried out. If the
organization is poor and if the organizational concepts are poorly understood or
applied, the efficiency of the department will severely affected.

ORGANIZING FOR PATROL

The organization and operation of the patrol force is said to be a semblance of the
pattern of organization of a police department because patrol is the police. Due to the
nature of work they perform, they adhere very closely to rigid chain of command,
specific assignment of duties and responsibilities, and functional job description that
distinguishes between line and staff authority.

PATROL FORCE STAFFING

It is not possible, of course, to retain all competent patrol officers within the
patrol division. Even though the administrator must make conscientious efforts to
avoid draining the patrol force to supply manpower for specialized units, the fact
remains that the patrol division must usually accommodate most of the new
officers who join the department. The patrol division is also the largest division, and
thus there are far more basic police-officer positions within the patrol force than in
any other division. Since it is therefore inevitable that good patrol officers will
gravitate away from patrol, even in the best of systems, the department should
compensate for their loss by staffing middle-level and command-level positions in
patrol with the very best talent available in the department

TYPES OF PATROL
1. Foot Patrol
2. Automobile Patrol
3. Horse Patrol (Mounted Patrol)
4. Dog Patrol
5. Aircraft Patrol
6. Bicycle Patrol
7. Motorcycle Patrol
8. Marine Patrol/Bay/River/Boat Patrol

EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is the exchange of information between individuals, for example, by
means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or behavior. It is the
act of giving or sending information. It refers to the transfer of thought or idea from
one person to another. It is the process of sharing ideas, information, and messages
with others in a particular time and place.

Communication among animals

Humans are not the only creatures that communicate; many other animals
exchange signals and signs that help them find food, migrate, or reproduce. The
19th century biologist Charles Darwin showed that the ability of species to

PATROL OPERATION WITH POLICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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exchange information or signals about its environment is an important factor in its
biological survival.
**Language -while other animals use limited range of sounds or signals to
communicate, humans have developed complex systems of language that are used to
ensure survival; express ideas and emotions; tell stories and remember the past
negotiate with one another. Oral language is a feature of every human society or
culture.
**Symbols and Alphabets -Most languages also have a written form. The oldest
records of written language are about 5000 years old. However, written
communication began much earlier in the form of drawings or marks made to indicate
meaningful information about the nature world. The earliest artificially created visual
images that have been discovered to date are paintings of bears, mammoths, wooly
winos, and other Ice Age animals on cave walls near Avignon, France.

Systems of Communication
A. Paper and Printing – the first lightweight medium was papyrus, an early form of
paper used by the Egyptians that was made from grasses called reeds. Until the
1400s in Europe, all documents were handwritten. Copyists and editors called
scribes recorded commercial transactions, legal decisions and pronouncements,
and manuscript copies of religious books – many scribes were working in
monasteries. In Asia, block printing had already been developed by Buddhist
monks in China in about the 8th century. A similar technique was later used in the
15th century by Europeans to make illustrations for printed books.

B. Postal Services – different societies have devised systems for transporting

messages from place to place and from person to person. The earliest were courier
type services whereby messengers carried memorized or written messages from
one person to another, and returned with the reply. The postal service was
established in the United States in 1789.

C. The Telegraphy – it is the first electronic medium which sends and received
electrical signals over long distance wires. Telegraph systems were immediately
useful for businesses that needed to transmit messages quickly over long
distances, such as newspapers and railroads.

D.The Telephone –it is a device that would transmit the human voice over wires
instead of electrical clicks or other signals. The telephone network has also
provided the electronic network for new computer-based systems like the:
internet; facsimile transmissions; and world wide web.

E.The Radio – the earliest systems for sending electrical signals through the air via
electromagnetic waves was called wireless and later radio.
The Television –it is the transmission of visual images by means of
electromagnetic waves.

F.The Computers – the earliest computers were machines built to make repetitive
numerical calculations that had previously been done by hand. Computer networks
can carry and digital signals, including video images, sounds, graphics, animations,
and text

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Introduction to Criminology
CHAPTER 12
INTRODUCTION TO POLICE PERSONNEL AND RECORDS
MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT pertains to the utilization of available resources in an organization

to achieve its organizational objectives. It also refers to the process of directing and
facilitating the work of people organized in formal groups in order to achieve a desired
goal. It is concerned in placing the right people on the right job and in maintaining a
satisfied work force.

ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT
1. Authority – is the right to command and control the behavior of employees in
lower positions within an organizational hierarchy. A particular position within an
organization carries the same regardless of who occupies that position.
SOURCES OF MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
1. Law
2. Tradition
3. Delegation

2. Responsibility – means that the management shall be held accountable for

whatever result that may arise in the exercise of authority. Thus, responsibility limits
the exercise of one’s authority.
Command Responsibility -is the doctrine that imposes commensurate accountability
to one who is vested with management and leadership functions.

ADMINISTRATION

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- is an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives and
plans and internal operating efficiency. It connotes bureaucratic structure and
behavior, relatively routine decision making and maintenance of the internal status
quo.

MANAGEMENT OR ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS

1. PLANNING - refers to the determination in advance of how the objectives of the
organization will be attained.
2. ORGANIZING - involves the determination and allocation of the men and women as
well as the resource of an organization to achieve pre-determined goals or objectives
of the organization.
3. DIRECTING - involves the overseeing and supervising of the human resources and
the various activities in an organization to achieve through cooperative efforts the
pre-determined goals or objectives of the organization.
4. STAFFING - the task of providing competent men to do the job and choosing the
right men for the right job. It involves good selection and processing of reliable and
well-trained personnel.
5. CONTROLLING - involves the checking or evaluation and measurement of work
performance and comparing it with planned goals or objectives of the organization,
and making the necessary corrective actions so that work is accomplished as planned.
6. REPORTING - the making of detailed account of activities, work progress,
investigations and unusual
in order to keep everyone informed or what is going on.
7. BUDGETING - the forecasting in detail of the results of an officially recognized
program of operations based on the highest reasonable expectations of operating
efficiency.

POLICE PERSONNEL MAMANGEMENT

- the art of preparing, organizing and directing the efforts of members of a police force
in order that they may achieve the accomplishment of the police purpose. The
primary objective of an effective police personnel management is the establishment
and maintenance for the public service of a competent and well-trained police force.

FUNCTIONS OF POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

1. Police Personnel Planning – study of the labor supply of jobs which are
composed of the demands for employees in an organization to determine future
personnel requirements which either increase or decrease.
2. Police Recruitment – is the process of encouraging police applicant form outside
an organization to seek employment in an organization. It consists of developing a
recruitment plan, recruitment strategy and maintaining a list of qualified applicants.
3. Police Screening/Selection – the process of determining the most qualified
police applicant for a given position in the police organization.
4. Police Placement – the process of making police officers adjusted and
knowledgeable in a new job and/or working environment.
5. Police Training and Development – refers to any method used to improve the
attitude, knowledge and skill or behavior pattern of an employee for adequate
performance of a given job.
6. Police Appraisal – process of measuring the performance of people in achieving
goals and objectives. Also known as Performance Evaluation System
7. Police Compensation – constitute the largest single expenditure for most
organizations

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RECRUITMENT - the process of attracting candidates who have maximum
qualifications to be eligible for selection procedure. It is the process of searching the
candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization.
SELECTION - the process of screening out or eliminating undesirable applicants who
do not meet the organization’s criteria.
In the Philippine National Police, the recruitment and selection of applicants who will
be appointed to the police service is the responsibility of the Directorate for Personnel
and Records Management(DPRM). DPRM is tasked in the management of PNP
uniformed and non-uniformed personnel as individuals, manpower procurement and
control and in the records management of the organization.

Introduction to Criminology
CHAPTER 13
INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

Police - The governmental department charged with the regulation and control of the
affairs of a community, now chiefly the department established to maintain order,
enforce the law, and prevent and detect crime. (French word)
Comparative - an estimate of relative likeness or unlikeness of two objects or event
Globalization-package of transnational flow of people, production, investment,
information, ideas and authority.
- growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas.
- The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems effort to
form and sustain a global economy.

1. LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829

Henry Fielding - appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force,
known as the Bow Street Runners
Bow Runners- a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother
John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers identified by carrying a Tip staff with
the Royal Crown
-made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by
the volunteer constables and watchmen.

2. METROPOLITAN POLICE- organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan

Police Act of 1829)
- the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include
the City of London Police and the British Transport Police)
- finest police force around the world.

Tasks of London Metropolitan Police

1. Stable and effective civil police under government control
2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency
3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential.
 Commissioner = highest rank in the Metropolitan Police
 Police Constable = lowest rank
Contributions of the French in Policing
 Assigning house numbers

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 Installing street lights
 Use of police ambulances
 Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest

I.UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

TYPES OF US POLICE
1. Municipal Police - includes village, township, city and country police departments,
sheriff departments.
Types of Local Police
a. Country Sheriff - in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as
service of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters
that occur in an incorporated municipality.
2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide
law enforcement
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level.

The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although
the large and varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and
sheriff's office have different ranks,
a general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:
  Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff
  Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy
Superintendent/Undersheriff
  Inspector/Commander/Colonel
  Major/Deputy Inspector
  Captain
  Lieutenant
  Sergeant
  Detective/Inspector/Investigator
  Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corpora

II. CANADA -Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

- colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”.
- is the national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in
the word being a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. It is
founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police(1873) with the
Dominion Police (1868).
-headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety
Canada.
**Commissioner - highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
**Police Constable 4th Class = lowest rank

III. AUSTRALIA POLICE

Australian Police = a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization,
taking strong lead in the fight against 21st century crime.
 **Commissioner = highest rank
 **Constable = lowest rank

IV.HONGKONG POLICE FORCE

Hong Kong Police Force
- is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the
world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing
system. It was formed on 1 May 1844. In 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal
Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots
— renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.

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Structure of HKPF
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two
deputy commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations = supervises all operational matters including
crime and
b. Deputy Commissioner – Management = is responsible for the direction and
coordination of force management including personnel, training, and management
services.

V.TAIWAN POLICE FORCE - is the unified police force of taiwan

- under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY which is directly under the
MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
- under effective civilian control
Functions:
1) to maintain public order,
2) 2) to protect social security,
3) 3) to prevent all dangers, and
4) ) to promote the welfare of all people.

VI.MYANMAR POLICE FORCE - formally known as The People's Police Force

(Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)
- established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It
was reorganized on 1 October 1995.
-There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division
Police Force

VII. INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM

Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia) is the official
police force of Indonesia
- organized 1946 and also known as Polri

VIII. JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM

 Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)
 Japanese Colonial Government - the one which organized the first formal policing in
China.
 Japanese Yakuza - considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.

IX.CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

  Ministry of National Defense - is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public
security agencies such as Ministry of Public safety and the Ministry of State
Security.
  Ministry of Public Security- is the principal police authority of the mainland of the
People’s Republic of China which oversee the day to day law enforcement. (It is
the equivalent of the National Police Agency in Japan).
  Ministry of State Security - the Chinese government’s largest and most active
foreign intelligence agency, though it is also involved in domestic security
matters.

X. THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Thai Police - formerly known as THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENT
(TNPD)
- In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly
under the Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police. The position
of its supreme head was changed from that of the Director-General of the TNPD to the
Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police.

CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology

XI.BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM
 Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei – PDRB) - created in 1921 which is
responsible for keeping law and order and providing law enforcement services
throughout Brunei
 ** Inspector-General of Police = highest rank
** Lance Corporal = lowest rank

Introduction to Criminology
CHAPTER 14
VICTIMOLOGY

‘The forgotten person’

  Historically victims were neglected in CJS and criminology
  Tended to focus on the prosecution (the state) and the defendant (the person up
for prosecution)
  Historically the victim has been neglected within criminology too (Rock, 2007)
more interested in different fields- positivist (interested with the body/mind of
criminal), interactionist (concerned with victimless crime, such as drug use) and
radicals (concerned with structural crime)
  Early criminology focused on the criminal and the crime and the victim was
forgotten as they saw the crime and the criminals as a more pressing and urgent
issue.

History of Victimology
Widely accepted that there are 4 founding ‘fathers’ of victimology, the early work of
these people focused on how the victim is different to ‘the normal person’.
  4 founding fathers in the 1940’s: von Hentig, Mendelsohn, Schafer and Wertham
  Von Hentig- was the first to deeply research the interaction between the victim
and the offender, how it happened and how the victim could have provoked (seen
as a positivist victimology)
  1960’s-1970’s: rise of the large victimisation surveys (this gave way to radical
victimology)

CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology

  1980’s-1990’s: period of evolution and consolidation (greater question of the
construction of the victim as a person and how they are used from a political
sense, a critical approach to victimology)
  Now victimology is an established discipline (Goodey, 2005)

A. Positivist Victimology
Three features of positivist criminology (Miers, 1989)
 Factors that produce pattens of victimisation- especially those that make some
individuals or groups more likely to become victims, they explore how the victim
is different to the non victim
 Focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence (between 2 people)
 Identify victims who have contributed to their own victimisation

B. Radical Victimology
 They look at the role of the state and the law in producing victims, looking at social
factors and those in positions of power, that make other people more likely to
become a victim.. Whilst a positivist victimologists would say the definition is clear cut
and is someone who has experienced a crime, radical say it is more complicated than
that Quinney is the founding figure of radical victimology, he asked ‘who is the
victim?’ (1972).
 Say victims are not easy to identify and define- people may be victimised by the
state e.g. the police/prison service but this would not be seen as a crime as such so
people may not see them as a victim, this can be linked to secondary victimisation
(Wolhunter et al, 2009:33)
 People are harmed by everyday social and economic relations, focus on how
structural factors affect victimisation and role of the capitalist state
 Lea and Young (1984) say its mainly the poor who are victimised, most likely to be
victims but also most likely to be criminals too . Some radicals were feminists and
sought to draw attention to the ‘dark figure of crime’ this unknown area of victims we
are not aware of- victims of rape or domestic violence who may not report to the
police

C.Critical victimology
Arised from a dissatisfaction with earlier victimological theories, concerned with the
idea that early theories said that there was an objective victim without considering
the labelling process of becoming a victim, this labelling idea is critical victimology
 They argue the victim label is not objective and changes over time and from place
to place . For example, there is growing information around child exploitation and
modern slavery, things that once received very little attention, so people experienced
these things but were not always recognised as a victim although they are now
 Argue the victim label can be used politically, for political gain (Dignan, 2004): the
home office via state agencies, are labelling people who are voluntarily selling sex, as
victims of sex trafficking because if you label someone as a victim, they are easier to
deport, people wouldn’t question why someone ‘in need of help’ is given help to get
back to their home country; political agenda, no unrest with in the media
 There is also a critical feminist tradition, which looks at the impact of structure and
agency (McGarry and Walklate, 2015) i.e. gender, age, sexuality, how these factors
shape victimization
 Put victims first and give those victims an agency and allow them to speak for
themselves Shift away from victimisation patterns to look at instead what produces
those patterns Ideal victims

CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology

A key idea in critical victimology coined by Christie (1986), interested in how a victim
acquires the label of victim and is therefore deeply believes in the labelling process,
he argues not everyone finds it equal to gain this victim status as society has a
certain view of who is this ideal victim and can easily acquire this victim label

Key characteristics of an ideal victim:

1. Victim is weak compared to offender
2. Innocent or merely going about their daily business
3. Blameless for their victimisation
4. Does not know the stranger who victimised them
5. The offender is big and bad
6. The victim has the right combination of power, influence, and sympathy to acquire
victim
status

Thank you and Good luck for next Semester!!!!

References:
 Criminal Law Book 1 Articles
 Criminal Law Book 2 Articles
 PNP Manual
 DIDM Criminal Investigation Manual Revised 2010.
 Revised 2013 PNP Police Operational Procedures.
 SOCO Manual.
 McGarry, R. and Walklate, S. (2015) Chapter 1: Exploring the concept of 'victim' in
Victims: Trauma, Testimony and Justice. London: Routledge. Available as an E-
Book via the Library and as a linked resource via the module Reading List

CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology