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Handout. 10 - Nervous System

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8 views6 pages

Handout. 10 - Nervous System

Uploaded by

mohamedgamexyx0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Anatomy

DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM


1. Central nervous system (C.N.S): formed of:
▪ Brain
▪ Spinal cord
2. Peripheral somatic nervous system:
▪ Cranial nerves: 12 pairs, from brain.
▪ Spinal nerves: 31 pairs, from spinal cord.
3. Peripheral Autonomic nervous system:
▪ Sympathetic part
▪ Parasympathetic part
General Anatomy

Some definitions in the nervous system


Nucleus: aggregation of nerve cells inside the central nervous system
(CNS).

Ganglion: aggregation of nerve cells outside the C.N.S.

Tract: collection of nerve fibers which have the same origin, termination,
and function.

Bundle: collection of nerve fibers which do not all have the same origin,
termination, or function.

Synapse: the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two


nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell
(effector).
General Anatomy

Central Nervous System (CNS)


1. The Brain:
It is formed of:
1) Cerebrum: formed of 2 hemispheres (right &
left) which contain different cortical areas (motor
and sensory). Each cerebral hemisphere has:
▪ 3 Surfaces; medial, lateral and inferior.
▪ 4 Major Sulci.
▪ 4 Lobes; frontal, parietal, temporal and
occipital.
2) Cerebellum: responsible for equilibrium,
muscle tone and coordination of movements.
3) Brain stem: which includes:
▪ Midbrain (upper part).
▪ Pons (middle part).
▪ Medulla oblongata (lower part).
In cross sections, the cerebrum and the
cerebellum shows:
▪ Grey matter (cortex): dark outer areas
which contain the cell bodies of neurons.
▪ White matter: light inner areas which
contain nerve fibers (axons).
▪ Cavities: the brain contains cavities called
ventricles (2 lateral, 3rd and 4th) which
contain CSF.
General Anatomy

2. The Spinal Cord:


❖ Length: about 45 cm in males & 42 cm in
females.
❖ Site: occupies the upper 2/3 of vertebral
canal.
❖ Its lower end is called conus medullaris which
reaches in adults to the lower border of 1st
lumbar vertebra.
❖ It is divided into 31 segments;
▪ 8 cervical segments,
▪ 12 thoracic segments,
▪ 5 lumbar segments,
▪ 5 sacral segments
▪ one coccygeal segment.
❖ In cross sections, the spinal cord shows:
1) Grey matter: The inner part.
▪ It appears H-shaped having 2 dorsal
horns (sensory) and 2 ventral horns
(motor).
2) White matter: Surrounds the grey matter
and contains nerve fibers.
3) Cavity: known as the central canal which
contain CSF.
General Anatomy

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)


The PNS consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

1. Spinal nerves:
❖ Each spinal nerve is attached to its own segment of the spinal cord by 2
roots:
1) Ventral (anterior) root: arises from the ventral horn & contains
motor fibers.
2) Dorsal (posterior) root: arises from the dorsal horn & contains
sensory fibers. Each dorsal root carries a dorsal root ganglion.
❖ The 2 roots join to form the trunk of the spinal nerve which is a mixed
nerve containing both sensory and motor fibers.
❖ The spinal nerve divides into 2 rami; anterior and posterior primary
rami.
Posterior primary (Dorsal) ramus Anterior primary (Ventral) ramus
Small in size Large in size.
Passes posteriorly to supply the muscles Passes anteriorly to supply the muscles
& skin of back and skin of the rest of the body.
Does not share in formation of plexuses. May join each other to form plexuses.
Not connected to sympathetic chain Connected to sympathetic chain
2. Cranial nerves:
❖ They are 12 pairs connected to the brain and brain stem. They have
Latin numbers (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII).
General Anatomy

Autonomic Nervous System


❖ It is the involuntary component of the nervous system.
❖ It is responsible for control of smooth muscles, heart & glands.
❖ It is divided into 2 parts; sympathetic & parasympathetic.
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
(Thoracolumbar) (Craniosacral)
Origin: ▪ Lateral horn cells of (T1 to L3) ▪ Cranial Outflow: from the
spinal cord segments. brainstem.
▪ Sacral Outflow: from spinal
cord segments S2, 3, 4.
Function: ▪ Fight and flight. ▪ Rest and digest.
▪ Inhibitory to everything except ▪ Excitatory to everything except
the heart. the heart
▪ Decrease glandular secretion & ▪ Increases glandular secretion
peristalsis of the gut. & peristalsis of the gut.
▪ Contraction of the sphincters. ▪ Relaxation of the sphincters.
▪ Bronchodilatation. ▪ Bronchoconstriction

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