A

Project Report
on

Smart Multilevel Car Parking System

Submitted to

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati

Submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Submitted by

Aishwarya R. Dhongdi Amruta A. Bobade

(PRN: 193120252) (PRN: 193120244)

Ashita A. Tikhe Manasi R. More

(PRN: 193120124) (PRN: 193120255)

Under the Guidance of

Dr.D.D. Nawgaje
Associate Professor, E & TC Dept.

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering,
Shegaon – 444 203 (M.S.)
2022-2023
 i

Abstract

The industrialization of the world increased with the population. City development and
mismanagement of the available parking space have resulted in parking-related problems.
There is a need for a secure, efficient, and reliable system that can be used for parking
facilities.

A Smart Multilevel Car Parking System is a mechanical system designed to minimize the
area or volume required for parking cars. It provides parking for cars on multiple levels
stacked vertically to maximize the number of parking spaces while minimizing land
usage. The system, however, utilizes a mechanical system to transport cars to and from
parking spaces (rather than the driver) in order to eliminate much of the space wasted in a
multi-story parking garage. So, we are using Arduino, LCD display, Motor driver, and
DC gear motor for the parking system and in order to access the parking system we are
using an RFID system.
 ii

Acknowledgement

We would like to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt thanks to our guide Prof.
Dr. D. D. Nawgaje for his esteemed guidance and encouragement, especially through
difficult times. His suggestions broaden our vision and guided us to succeed in this work.
We are also very grateful for his guidance and comments while designing part of our
project and learned many things under his leadership. Also, we would like to thank Dr.
M. N. Tibdewal, Head of the Electronics and Telecommunication Department, and all
teaching and non-teaching staff of the EXTC Department for their encouragement and
suggestions for our project.

We extend our thanks to Dr. S. B. Somani, Principal, Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj, College
of Engineering, for his valuable support.

We sincerely thank all our friends, who helped us directly or indirectly in completing our
project work. We would like to express our appreciation for the wonderful experience
while completions of this project work.

Aishwarya R. Dhongdi

Amruta A. Bobade

Ashita A. Tikhe

Manasi R. More
 iii

Abbreviations

LCD - Liquid Crystal Display

RFID - Radio Frequency Identification

IDE - Integrated Development Environment

DC - Direct Current

GND - Ground

PWM - Pulse Width Modulation

AREF - Analog Refrence

LED - Light Emitting Diode

EV - Electric Vehicle

MQTT - MQ Telemetry Transport

AWS - Closed Circuit Television

TX - Transmitter

RX - Receiver

IC - Integrated Circuit

EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

RPM - Rotation Per Minute

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange

SQL - Structured Query Language

DBMS - Data-Based Management System

HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language

CSS - Cascading Style Sheets

DOM - Document Object Model

 iv

List of Figures

Figure Page No.

Fig. 1.1 Multilevel Car Parking System 11

Fig 3.1 Arduino Uno 7

1

Fig.3.2. RFID Reader and Tags 99

Fig 3.3. Center shaft DC gear motor 13

Fig 3.4. L298N Motor Driver 14

14

Fig. 3.5 LCD Display 15

Fig. 4.1 Interfacing LCD with Arduino Uno 17

Fig. 4.2 Interfacing RFID with Arduino Uno 18

Fig. 6.1 HTML form data on Google Sheets 29

Fig. 6.2 HTML Code 32

Fig. 6.3 CSS Code 32

Fig. 6.4 JavaScript Code -1 33

Fig. 6.5 JavaScript Code -2 33

Fig. 6.6 Webpage with selected slot and RFID number 34

Fig. 6.7 Webpage with vacant slots 34

Fig. 7.1 Prototype model of Smart Multilevel Car Parking System-1 35

Fig. 7.2 Prototype model of Smart Multilevel Car Parking System-2 35

 v

List of Tables

Table Page No.

Table 3.1 Specifications of Arduino Uno 6

12
12
Table 3.2. Specifications of RFID

Table 3.3 Pin Configurations and Functions of LCD 15

Table 4.1 Arduino Interface with LCD 17

Table 4.2 Interfacing Arduino with RFID 18

 vi

Contents

Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
Abbreviations iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vii
Contents viii
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Motivation 2
1.2. Literature Review 2
1.3. Objectives 3
2. System Overview 4
2.1. Arduino Uno 4
2.2. RFID 4
2.3. Motor 4
2.4. Motor Driver 4
2.5. LCD Display 5
2.6. Software Required 5
3. Hardware Description 6
3.1. Arduino uno 6
3.2. RFID Module 9
3.2.1. RFID Frequency band 9
3.2.2. RFID Tag 9
3.2.2.1. Active Tags 10
3.2.2.2. Passive Tags 10
3.2.2.3. RFID Tag Structure 11
3.2.3. RFID Reader 11
3.2.4. RFID Communication 12
3.3. Center Shaft DC Motor 13
3.4. L298N Motor Driver 14
 vii

3.5. LCD Display 15

4. Hardware Interface 17
4.1. Interfacing LCD with Arduino Uno 17
4.2. Interfacing RFID with Arduino Uno 18
5. Software Aspects 19
5.1. Arduino IDE 19
5.1.1. Sketches 19
5.1.2. Arduino Programming 20
6. User Webpage 26
6.1. User Website 26
6.1.1. Frontend (client-side) technologies 26
6.1.2. Backend (server-side) technologies 26
6.2. HTML 27
6.3. CSS 27
6.4. JavaScript 27
6.5. Sharing HTML form data on Google Sheet 29
6.6. Visual Studio Code 30
6.7. MongoDB 30
6.8. Frontend and Backend Coding 32
6.9. Webpage 34
7. Photographs Related to Project 35
8. Dissemination of Work 36
9. Conclusion 40
References 41
 Introduction

Chapter 1

Introduction

In today's world vehicle parking is becoming a big problem. As the population is

increasing, the number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park the vehicle is
not increasing. And this creates a big problem for vehicles like car and minivans
for parking People end up parking cars on roads which further leads to traffic jams.
The multi-storied car parking system will help in parking a large number of cars in
smaller parking land. This Smart Multilevel Car Parking System enables the parking
of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used Also automating this
will help in less manual intervention and thus will lead to fewer problems.
A Smart Multilevel multi-stored car parking system is a very good substitute for a car
parking area. In the modern world, where space has become a very big problem and in
the era of miniaturization it become a very crucial necessity to avoid the wastage of
space in modern. big companies and apartments etc. In a space where more than 100
cars need to be parked, it is a very difficult task to do, and also to reduce the wastage
of area, this system can be used. This Car Parking enables the parking of vehicles
floor after floor and thus reduces the space used here any number of cars can be
parked according to requirement. This makes the system modernized and even a
space-saving one.

Fig. 1.1 Multilevel Car Parking System

SSGMCE, Shegaon 1
 Introduction

Smart parking solutions can be used to locate available parking spaces with the help
of sensors. This saves customers time as well as minimizes the wastage of fuel
Various technologies are being used to ease parking problems in public places. For
example, using RFID technology, the check-in and checkout time for the vehicle can
be reduced and also the payment system can be automated. Similarly using wireless
sensors information like parking duration, available slot, billing details, directional
details, etc. can be obtained which will help the drivers and will thus ease out parking
vows Using the software, short messages can also be used to provide drivers with
relevant parking information. In Smart multilevel car parking, the car is lifted and
placed at the available slot.
1.1 Motivation

The aim of the work is to design an Automatic Multi-level car parking system that can
help the common public to park their vehicles in less space and secure the aim of the
work is to design an Automatic Multi-level car parking system which can help the
common public to park their vehicles in less space and secure environment. An
innovation to design something which can avoid the wastage of space in big
companies and apartments is needed. This leads to the following parameters, which
are required in day-to-day life.

• Traffic management
• Fuel Saving
• Time-saving
• System reduces maintenance cost
• Safe parking of cars as compared to a traditional system
1.2 Literature review

An EV charging point in a crowd-sensing area was developed by Dr.V.S.

Arulmurugan (2021) [1]. This smart parking improvement suggests an IoT founded
scheme that directs information about open and full parking spaces via mobile or web
application. The IoT is expedient, and includes microcontroller and sensor devices
with Electric Vehicle (EV)–charging point, is situated in respective car parks place.
HC-SR04 distance dimension instrument, ESP8266 microcontroller, MQTT grid
rules, and AWS IoT, AWS Lambda cloud analytics are utilized.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 2
 Introduction

P. Mrunalini proposed Multilevel Smart Parking system based on IOT that assigns a
parking lot in multiple level parking structure in 2018 [2]. IR sensors detect changes
within the lot and help maintain a database of lots where we can easily identify free
and parked lots. This is done by dividing a parking lot into multiple sectors and
maintaining an array of Arduino’s to monitor them and interface them with a
Raspberry Pi so that changes can be pushed into the database through the network
module. The system assigns a spot to a customer in an efficient manner prior to entry
into the complex by dynamically monitoring and update its state according to the
changes internally.

A. Olowolayemo 2018 constructed “SPOT: A Low-Cost Intelligent Parking System

for Urban Malls” [3]. This work is aimed at providing a low-cost intelligent parking
system for shopping mall consumers to conveniently reserve parking spots just before
arrival at the mall and an easier way of making payment during their visits. Using this
system, they are also able to keep track of consumers activities of entering and
leaving the car park and may be able to forecast the usage or demand for parking
spots.

1.3 Objectives

The objective of a smart multilevel car parking system is to optimize the use of space,
reduce traffic congestion, and improve the efficiency of parking for drivers. This can
be achieved through the implementation of cutting-edge technology and automation,
such as:

1. Real-time monitoring of parking space availability, allowing drivers to easily

locate available parking spots.

2. Smart payment processing that eliminates the need for cash transactions and
reduces waiting times.

3. Integration with mobile applications and other platforms to provide drivers

with a seamless parking experience.

Overall, the objective of a smart multilevel car parking system is to provide a

comprehensive solution to parking management that improves traffic flow, reduces
waiting times, and increases customer satisfaction.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 3
 System overview
`System Overview

Chapter 2

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

2.1 Arduino Uno

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino

consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a
microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on your computer, is used to write, and upload computer code
to the physical board.

2.2 RFID

An RFID system can be broken down into two key dimensions The technical
infrastructure includes the actual data capture technology comprised of tags, readers,
and transmission medium.

The logical infrastructure refers to the overall identification (ID) scheme used in
representing objects. The ID scheme includes the actual coding or naming system for
objects, the database or registry that contains the information relating to the codes or
IDs, and lastly an ID resolution mechanism for matching the ID data with
object information.

2.3 Motor

Center shaft DC motors are simple DC Motors featuring gears for the shaft for
obtaining the optimal performance characteristics. They are known as Center Shaft
DC Geared Motors because their shaft extends through the center of their gearbox
assembly.

2.4 Motor Driver

L298N Motor Driver Module is a high-power motor driver module for driving DC
and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05
5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with
directional and speed control.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 4
 System overview
`System Overview

2.5 LCD Display

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It uses very
small amounts of electric power and is, therefore, suitable for use in battery-powered
electronic devices.

2.6 Software Required

• Arduino IDE
• Visual Studio Code
• MongoDB

SSGMCE, Shegaon 5
 Hardware Description
`System Overview

Chapter 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a low-cost, flexible, and easy-to-use programmable open-source

microcontroller board. Specifications of Arduino-

Table 3.1 Specifications of Arduino Uno

The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board
and used for different functions.

• GND (3): Short for 'Ground". There are several GND pins on the Arduino,
any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
• 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the SV pin supplies 5 volts of power,
and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components
used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
• Analog (6): The area of pins under the "Analog In' label (A0 through AS on
the UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog
sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we
can read.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 6
 Hardware Description
`System Overview

• Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on
the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button
is pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED).
• PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (-) next to some of the digital pins
(3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but
can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). We
have a tutorial on PWM, but for now, think of these pins as being able to
simulate analog output (like fading an LED in and out).
• AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this
pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0
and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

Fig 3.1 Arduino Uno

Reset Button

Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will
temporarily connect the reset pin to the ground and restart any code that is loaded on
the Arduino. This can be very useful if your code does not repeat, but you want to test
it multiple times. Unlike the original Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino does
not usually fix any problems.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 7
 Hardware Description
`System Overview

Power LED Indicator

Just beneath and to the right of the word "UNO" on your circuit board, there's a tiny
LED next to the word 'ON' (11). This LED should light up whenever you plug your
Arduino into a power source. If this light does not turn on, there's a good chance
something is wrong. Time to re-check your circuit.

TX RX LEDS

TX is short for transmit; RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite a bit in
electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In our case,
there are two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear - once by digital
pins 0 and 1, and a second time next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12). These
LEDs will give us some nice visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or
transmitting data (like when we are loading a new program onto the board).

Main IC

The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13) Think of it
as the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from
board type to board type but is usually from the ATmega line of ICs from the ATMEL
company. This can be important, as you may need to know the IC type (along with
your board type) before loading up a new program from the Arduino software. This
information can usually be found in writing on the top side of the IC. If you want to
know more about the difference between various ICs, reading the datasheets is often a
good idea.

Voltage Regulator

The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should) interact with
on the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it is for.
The voltage regulator does exactly what it says -- it controls the amount of voltage
that is let into the Arduino board.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 8
 Hardware Description
`System Overview

3.2 RFID Module

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless non-contact method, that uses a

radio frequency electromagnetic field as a medium for communication for the purpose
of identifying and tracking a tag attached to an object. The RFID system is a
combination of an RFID reader and a transponder also known as a tag.

Fig.3.2. RFID Reader and Tags

3.2.1 RFID Frequency Bands

RFID systems can be classified according to the radio frequency used to communicate
between the RFID systems components. Radio frequency is defined as the frequency
of the sine wave generated by the reader to send a request to the tag. The rate of data
transfer is influenced by the frequency of the carrier wave used to carry the data
between the tag and its reader RFID tags and readers must tune to the same frequency
in order to communicate effectively. An RFID system typically uses one of the
following ranges. The frequency range and some features are shown in the table.

3.2.2 RFID Tag

An RFID tag is a microchip combined with an antenna in a compact package: the

packaging is structured to allow the RFID tag to be attached to an object to be tracked
“RFID” stands for Radio Frequency Identification. Tags are classified by the manner

SSGMCE, Shegaon 9
 Hardware Description
`System Overview

in which they derive their operating power, even though the power levels required are
invariably very small (micro to milli-watts) Tags are either passive or active

3.2.2.1 Active Tags

An RFID tag is an active tag when it is equipped with a battery that can be used as a
partial or complete source of power for the tag’s circuitry and antenna. Some active
tags connect the tag to an external power source.

The advantages of an active RFID tag are:

• It can be read at longer distances than a passive tag.

• It may have other sensors that can use electricity for power.

The disadvantages of an active RFID tag are:

• The tag cannot function without battery power, which limits the lifetime of
the tag.
• The tag is typically more expensive.
• The tag is physically larger, which may limit applications.

3.2.2.2 Passive Tag

A passive tag is an RFID tag that does not contain a battery: the power is supplied by
the reader and thus has a low range limited up to a few meters. When radio waves
from the reader reach the chip’s antenna, the coiled antenna within the tag forms
magnetic field electricity and energizes the circuit that can power up the microchip in
the tag. The tag can send back any information stored on the tag by reflecting the
electromagnetic waves

The advantages of a passive tag are

• The tag functions without a battery, these tags have a useful life of twenty
years or more.
• The tag is typically much less expensive to manufacture
• The tag is much smaller and lighter in size than active tag

The disadvantages of a passive RFID tag are

SSGMCE, Shegaon 10
 Hardware Description
`System Overview

• The tag can be read only at very short distances, typically a few feet at most.
This greatly limits the device for certain applications
• It may not be possible to include sensors that can use electricity for power
• The tag remains readable for a very long time, even after the product to which
the tag is attached has been sold and is no longer being tracked.

3.2.2.3 RFID TAG STRUCTURE

The RFID tag is a small device that stores and sends data to RFID readers. The tag’s
antenna picks up signals from an RFID reader and then returns the signal, usually
with some additional data (like a unique serial number or other customized
information. The basic internal structure of the RFID transponder RFID tag contains a
copper coil known as an antenna. The main function of the coil is to provide power to
the

chip as well as to work as an antenna to receive and transmit data. Two wires from the
coil relate to a chip i.e., a microchip is attached to an antenna. The chip is the heart of
the RFID tag. The microchip stores the unique ID and incorporates the necessary
logic circuitry for the functioning of the tag. It has an internal EEPROM to store the
unique ID. The antenna in an RFID tag is a conductive element that permits the tag to
exchange data with the reader. Passive RFID tags make use of a coiled antenna that
can create a magnetic field using the energy provided by the reader’s carrier signal.

3.2.3 RFID Reader

The reader has an antenna that emits radio waves, and the tag responds by sending
back its data. The reader receives the modulated waves and converts them into digital
data. Several factors can affect the distance at which a tag can be read (the read
range), RFID readers are usually a microcontroller-based unit with a wound output
coil. The overall function of an RFID reader is to provide a way of communicating
with the tags and facilitating data transfer. The reader continuously emits radio waves
called an active reader, which works with a passing tag, and a reader which does not
emit the radio wave is called a passive reader, it only receives the signal from an
active tag.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 11
 Hardware Description
`System Overview

3.2.4 RFID Communication

The communication between the RFID reader and tag is done by electronic coupling.
Electromagnetic couplings systems are systems in which a magnetic field is used to
transfer data or power. Electromagnetic coupling techniques are generally applied to
RFID systems operating in the low to medium frequency bands, with relatively short
reading distances. The reader antenna loop and the tag coil windings establish a
loosely connected “space transformer” resulting in power transfer across short
bidirectional reading distances, Maximum power transfer between the reader antenna
coil and the tag coil occurs when the two coupled coils are placed or aligned
in the same plane.

Table 3.2. Specifications of RFID

SSGMCE, Shegaon 12
 Hardware
`SystemDescription
Overview

3.3 Center Shaft DC Gear Motor

These motors are simple DC Motors featuring gears for the shaft for obtaining
optimal performance characteristics. They are known as Center Shaft DC Geared
Motors because their shaft extends through the center of their gearbox assembly.

The L298N H-bridge module with onboard voltage regulator. These motors are
simple DC Motors featuring gears for the shaft for obtaining optimal performance
characteristics. They are known as Center Shaft DC Geared Motors because their
shaft extends through the center of their gearbox assembly. The L298N H-bridge
module with onboard voltage regulator motor driver can be used with this motor that
has a voltage of between 5 and 35V DC. This DC Motor – 300 RPM – 12Volts can be
used in all-terrain robots and a variety of robotic applications.

Fig 3.3. Center shaft DC gear motor

This DC Motor with Metal Gear Head is ideal for low RPM, High Torque
applications like lifting an object through a Hookator motor driver can be used with
this motor that has a voltage of between 5 and 35V DC. This DC Motor – 60 RPM –
12Volts can be used in all-terrain robots and a variety of robotic applications. This
DC Motor with Metal Gear Head is ideal for low RPM, High Torque applications like
lifting an object through a Hook.

• 60 Rpm 12V Dc Motors with Gearbox

• 6mm Shaft Diameter with Internal Hole
• 125Gm Weight
• Stall Torque = 1.5Kgcm Torque
• No-Load Current = 60 Ma (Max), Load Current =60 Ma (Max)

SSGMCE, Shegaon 13
 Hardware
`SystemDescription
Overview

3.4 L298N Motor driver

This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high-power motor driver module for driving
DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a
78M05 5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors
with directional and speed control. The L298N Motor Driver module consists of an
L298 Motor Driver IC, 78M05 Voltage Regulator, resistors, capacitor, Power LED,
and 5V jumper in an integrated circuit.

Fig 3.4. L298N Motor Driver

Features and Specifications:

• Driver Model: L298N 2A

• Driver Chip: Double H Bridge L298N
• Motor Supply Voltage (Maximum): 46V
• Motor Supply Current (Maximum): 2A
• Logic Voltage: 5V
• Driver Voltage: 5-35V
• Driver Current:2A
• Logical Current:0-36mA
• Maximum Power (W): 25W
• Current Sense for each motor

SSGMCE, Shegaon 14
 Hardware Description
`System Overview

• Heatsink for better performance

• Power-On LED indicator

3.5 LCD Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and finds a wide
range of applications A 16x2 1CD display is a very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over
seven segments and other multi-segment LEDs. The reason is LCDs are economical:
easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special and even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations, and so on. In this system, we are
using these 16x2 LCDs for displaying various messages for customer information. It
is possible by interfacing these LCDs with corresponding core controllers.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5-8 dots with the cursor. This LCD has two
registers to operate the LCD module, namely, Command, and Data. The command
register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling the display, etc. The data register stores the
data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value (8 bits) of the character
to be displayed on the LCD.

Fig. 3.5 LCD Display

The interface consists of the following pins:

• A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory you're
writing data to. You can select either the data register, which holds what goes

SSGMCE, Shegaon 15
 Hardware Description
`System Overview

on the screen or an instruction register, which is where the LCD's controller

looks for instructions on what to do next.
• A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode
• An Enable pin that enables writing to the registers
• 8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are the bits that
you are writing to a register when you write or the values you're reading when
you read.

There's also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and GND), and
LED Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control
the display contrast, and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively.

Table 3.3 Pin Configurations and Functions of LCD

SSGMCE, Shegaon 16
 Hardware
`SystemInterfacing
Overview

Chapter 4
HARDWARE INTERFACING

4.1 Interfacing LCD with Arduino Uno

Fig. 4.1 Interfacing LCD with Arduino Uno

Table 4.1 Arduino Interface with LCD

SSGMCE, Shegaon 17
 Hardware
`SystemInterfacing
Overview

3.2 Interfacing RFID with Arduino Uno

Fig. 4.2 Interfacing RFID with Arduino Uno

Table 4.2 Interfacing Arduino with RFID

SSGMCE, Shegaon 18
 SoftwareOverview
`System Aspects

Chapter 5
SOFTWARE ASPECTS

5.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino integrated development platform application (for Windows, macOS,

Linux) is written in the programming language Java. It is used to write and upload
programs to Arduino-compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores,
and other vendor development boards The source code for the IDE is released under
the GNU General Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages
C and C++ using special rules of code structuring The Arduino IDE supplies a
software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and
output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting
the sketch and the main program loop, which is compiled and linked with a program
stub mam) into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also
included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program
AVRDUDESS to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding
that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

5.1.1 Sketches:

A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE. Sketches are saved on the
development computer as text files with the file extension ino" Arduino Software
(IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension" pde".

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:

• Setup (): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or
reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other
libraries needed in the sketch
• Loop (): After the setup () function exits (ends), the loop () function is
executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board
is powered off or is reset.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 19
 Software
`System Aspects
Overview

5.1.2 Arduino Programming

#include <SPI.h>

#include <MFRC522.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

#define SS_PIN 10

#define RST_PIN 9

MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);

int EN_A = 5; //Enable pin for first motor

int IN1 = 3; //control pin for first motor

int IN2 = 4; //control pin for first motor

int IN3 = 7; //control pin for second motor

int IN4 = 8; //control pin for second motor

int EN_B = 6; //Enable pin for second motor

void setup()

lcd.init();

lcd.clear();

lcd.backlight(); // Make sure backlight is on

SPI.begin();

mfrc522.PCD_Init();

lcd.print("Scan RFID Card");

pinMode(EN_A, OUTPUT);

pinMode(IN1, OUTPUT);

SSGMCE, Shegaon 20
 Software
`System Aspects
Overview

pinMode(IN2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(IN3, OUTPUT);

pinMode(IN4, OUTPUT);

pinMode(EN_B, OUTPUT);

int x=0;

void loop()

if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent())

return;

if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial())

return;

lcd.print("UID tag :");

String content= "";

byte letter;

for (byte i = 0; i < mfrc522.uid.size; i++)

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");

lcd.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);

SSGMCE, Shegaon 21
 Software
`System Aspects
Overview

content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " "));

content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX));

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Message : ");

content.toUpperCase();

if (content.substring(1) == "BA A2 61 A3") //Plz change to your cards UID

if (x==0)

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Authorized");

delay(100);

digitalWrite(IN1, HIGH); // control motor A spins clockwise(uppar)

digitalWrite(IN2, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

analogWrite(EN_A, 255);

delay(30000);

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);

delay(200);

digitalWrite(IN3, HIGH); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);

analogWrite(EN_B, 255);

delay(23000);

digitalWrite(IN3, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);

SSGMCE, Shegaon 22
 Software
`System Aspects
Overview

delay(100);

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN2, HIGH);

analogWrite(EN_A, 255);

delay(30000);

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(IN3, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN4, HIGH);

analogWrite(EN_B, 255);

delay(23000);

digitalWrite(IN3, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);

setup();

x=1;

return;

else (x==1);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Authorized");

delay(100);

digitalWrite(IN1, HIGH); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN2, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

SSGMCE, Shegaon 23
 Software
`System Aspects
Overview

analogWrite(EN_A, 255);

delay(8000);

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);

delay(200);

digitalWrite(IN3, HIGH); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);

analogWrite(EN_B, 255);

delay(25000);

digitalWrite(IN3, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(IN1, HIGH); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);

analogWrite(EN_A, 255);

delay(26000);

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(IN3, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN4, HIGH);

analogWrite(EN_B, 255);

delay(23000);

digitalWrite(IN3, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);

delay(100);

SSGMCE, Shegaon 24
 Software
`System Aspects
Overview

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise(niche)

digitalWrite(IN2, HIGH);

analogWrite(EN_A, 255);

delay(40000);

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW); // control motor A spins clockwise

digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);

delay(100);

setup();

x=0;

return;

} else

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(" Access denied");

delay(1000);

setup();

SSGMCE, Shegaon 25
 UserOverview
`System webpage

Chapter 6

USER WEBPAGE

6.1 User website

To make a web page, we need to have knowledge of Frontend and Backend

technologies.

6.1.1 Front-end (client-side) technologies.

Front-end technologies are for the “client side” of your website or application.
They’re used to develop the interactive components of your website, and produce the
elements that users see and interact with. This includes text colours and styles,
images, buttons, and navigation menus.

6.1.2 Back-end (server-side) technologies.

Back-end technologies are for the “server-side” of your website or application. They
are for developing the technical foundation. They store and arrange data and make
sure everything on the front-end works. For example, when a user provides login
credentials to a social media application, back-end technologies are used to check if
those credentials are accurate. Once the credentials are verified, the server will send
back the profile name, picture, and other associated information.

Back-end technologies are also used to streamline core business processes. In cases
where you have lots of data that needs to be processed, you could run a script in the
back end to generate a meaningful report on the front end. You can also send
automatic emails to groups of users. Emails can be triggered by certain dates, such as
the expiration of a user’s free website trial.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 26
 UserOverview
`System webpage

6.2 HTML

HTML is the language for describing the structure of Web pages. HTML gives
authors the means to:

• Publish online documents with headings, text, tables, lists, photos, etc.

• Retrieve online information via hypertext links, at the click of a button.

• Design forms for conducting transactions with remote services, for use in
searching for information, making reservations, ordering products, etc.

• Include spread-sheets, video clips, sound clips, and other applications directly
in their documents.

With HTML, authors describe the structure of pages using markup. The elements of
the language label pieces of content such as “paragraph,” “list,” “table,” and so on.

6.3 CSS

CSS is the language for describing the presentation of Web pages, including colors,
layout, and fonts. It allows one to adapt the presentation to different types of devices,
such as large screens, small screens, or printers. CSS is independent of HTML and
can be used with any XML-based markup language. The separation of HTML from
CSS makes it easier to maintain sites, share style sheets across pages, and tailor pages
to different environments. This is referred to as the separation of structure (or:
content) from presentation.

6.4 JavaScript

JavaScript is a lightweight, cross-platform, single-threaded, and interpreted compiled

programming language which is also known as the scripting language for webpages.
It is well-known for the development of web pages, and many non-browser
environments also use it. JavaScript is a weakly typed language (dynamically typed).
JavaScript can be used for Client-side developments as well as Server-side
developments. JavaScript is both an imperative and declarative type of language.
JavaScript contains a standard library of objects, like Array, Date, and Math, and a
core set of language elements like operators, control structures, and statements

JavaScript can be used for Client-side developments as well as Server-

side developments. JavaScript is both an imperative and declarative type of language.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 27
 UserOverview
`System webpage

JavaScript contains a standard library of objects, like Array, Date, and Math, and a
core set of language elements like operators, control structures, and statements.

• Client-side: It supplies objects to control a browser and its Document Object

Model (DOM). Like if client-side extensions allow an application to place
elements on an HTML form and respond to user events such as mouse
clicks, form input, and page navigation. Useful libraries for the client side
are AngularJS, ReactJS, VueJS, and so many others.

• Server-side: It supplies objects relevant to running JavaScript on a server. For

if the server-side extensions allow an application to communicate with a
database, and provide continuity of information from one invocation to
another of the application, or perform file manipulations on a server. The
useful framework which is the most famous these days is node.js.

• Imperative language – In this type of language we are mostly concerned about

how it is to be done. It simply controls the flow of computation. The
procedural programming approach, object, oriented approach comes under this
as async await we are thinking about what is to be done further after the async
call.

• Declarative programming – In this type of language we are concerned about

how it is to be done; basically,

• here logical computation requires. Her main goal is to describe the desired
result without direct dictation on how to get it as the arrow function does.

JavaScript can be added to your HTML file in two ways:

• Internal JS: We can add JavaScript directly to our HTML file by writing the
code inside the <script> tag. The <script> tag can either be placed inside the
<head> or the <body> tag according to the requirement.

• External JS: We can write JavaScript code in other files having an extension.js
and then link this file inside the <head> tag of the HTML file in which we
want to add this code.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 28
 UserOverview
`System webpage

6.5 Sharing HTML form data on Google Sheet

HTML forms are one part of the frontend development cycle that every web
developer has had to deal with.

The steps below are used to link the forms and Sheet together:

1.) Create your HTML Form and add the appropriate input fields.

2.) Then log in to your Google account and create a Spreadsheet, fill in the first row
of the sheet with the name of the input fields in your HTML form. OMIT THE FIRST
COLUMN; it would be used to track the date of each entry.

3.) While still on the sheet, click on the extension menu and select app script. This
would open in another browser tab.

4.) Rename the app script from “untitled project” to whatever you want. After
replacing the myFunction function with the one below. Save the project (Ctrl + S or
click the floppy disk icon).

5.) Run the script. This should bring up a permission dialog, follow the steps and
grant all permissions required. When you get to this part click in advance and
continue to the form. If permissions have been given properly, then you should see
this.

The above script submits the form data and prevents the page from reloading.

Fig. 6.1 HTML form data on Google Sheet

SSGMCE, Shegaon 29
 UserOverview
`System webpage

6.6 Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code is a source code editor that can be used with a variety of
programming languages, including C, C#, C++, Fortran, Go, Java, JavaScript,
Node.js, Python, etc. It is based on the Electron framework, which is used to develop
web applications.

Visual Studio Code includes basic support for most common programming languages.
This basic support includes syntax highlighting, bracket matching, code folding, and
configurable snippets. Visual Studio Code also ships with IntelliSense for JavaScript,
TypeScript, JSON, CSS, and HTML, as well as debugging support for Node.js.
Support for additional languages can be provided by freely available extensions on the
VS Code Marketplace.

6.7 MongoDB

MongoDB is a popular NoSQL document-oriented database management system

(DBMS) that is designed to handle large volumes of structured and unstructured data.
It is an open-source database that is used to store and manage data in JSON-like
documents, which are called BSON (Binary JSON) documents. MongoDB allows for
flexible schema design and has built-in features that allow for scalability, high
availability, and easy integration with other applications.

Key features of MongoDB:

• Schema-less Design: MongoDB uses a flexible document model, which allows

for dynamic schema design. Unlike traditional relational databases, MongoDB
does not require you to define a strict schema before storing data. This means
that you can store data of varying types and structures within the same
collection.
• Document-Oriented: In MongoDB, data is stored in collections, which are
made up of documents. A document is a set of key-value pairs that represent
the data being stored. This document-oriented approach is well-suited for
handling complex and hierarchical data structures.
• High Scalability: MongoDB is designed to scale horizontally, which means
that you can add more servers to your cluster to handle increased traffic or
data volume. MongoDB can also share your data across multiple servers to
distribute the load evenly.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 30
 UserOverview
`System webpage

• Automatic Sharing: MongoDB has built-in support for automatic sharing,

which allows you to scale your database horizontally by automatically
partitioning data across multiple servers.
• Aggregation Framework: MongoDB provides a powerful aggregation
framework that allows you to perform complex queries and aggregations on
your data.
• Indexing: MongoDB supports a variety of indexing options, including
geospatial, text, and compound indexes. Indexing can significantly improve
query performance.
• Document Validation: MongoDB allows you to define rules for data
validation, which helps ensure data integrity and consistency.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 31
 UserOverview
`System webpage

6.8 Frontend and Backend Coding

Fig. 6.2 HTML Code

Fig. 6.3 CSS Code

SSGMCE, Shegaon 32
 User Overview
`System webpage

Fig. 6.4 JavaScript Code-1

Fig. 6.5 JavaScript Code-2

SSGMCE, Shegaon 33
 User Overview
`System webpage

6.9 Webpage

Fig. 6.6 Webpage with selected slot and RFID number

Fig. 6.7 Webpage with vacant slots

SSGMCE, Shegaon 34
 Photographs`System
related Overview
to Project

Chapter 7
PHOTOGRAPHS RELATED TO PROJECT

Fig. 7.1 Prototype model of Smart Multilevel Car Parking System-1

Fig. 7.2 Prototype model of Smart Multilevel Car Parking System-2

SSGMCE, Shegaon 35
 Dissemination of Work
`System Overview

Chapter 8
DISSEMINATION OF WORK

Certificates of Paper Publication at International Conference, KDK College of

Engineering Nagpur

SSGMCE, Shegaon 36
 Dissemination of Work
`System Overview

SSGMCE, Shegaon 37
 Dissemination of Work
`System Overview

SSGMCE, Shegaon 38
 Dissemination of Work
`System Overview

SSGMCE, Shegaon 39
 `SystemConclusion
Overview

Chapter 9
CONCLUSION

To conclude, we have designed an efficient, smart multilevel car parking system to

aid in the dissolution of crowded and poorly managed parking lots in today’s growing
cities. Using RFID technology and powerful embedded processors, we can provide
users with a lag-free and “no-wait” scenario at parking entrances. Our product can be
adapted to suit the needs of any parking vendor. Be it a mall, a shopping complex or
even a theater, our product can be molded to fit very specific needs. We have used of
website to pre-book or locate parking spots.
Our future work will be aimed towards making the system more user-oriented. We
also aspire to further research the field with extra in-flows such as traffic moderation,
user error control and rectification and more precise duration and sensor
computations.

SSGMCE, Shegaon 40
 References

References

[1] D. D. A. . Dr.V.S.Arulmurugan,(2021) “IoT based Automatic Smart Parking System with EV-
Charging Point in Crowd Sensing Area”, Annals of RSCB, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 6398–6409
[2] P. Mirunalini, B. Bharathi, N. Ananthamurugan, S. Suresh and S. Gopal,(2018) "Multi-Level
Smart Parking System," 2018 International Conference on Computer, Communication, and
Signal Processing (ICCCSP), Chennai, India, pp. 1-4
[3] A. Olowolayemo, A. A. Alarood, S. N. Yap and T. Mantoro,(2018) "SPOT: A Low Cost
Intelligent Parking System for Urban Malls," 2018 Third International Conference on
Informatics and Computing (ICIC), Palembang, Indonesia, pp. 1-5
[4] Y. Pankiv, N. Kunanets, O. Artemenko, N. Veretennikova and R. Nebesnyi, (2021) "Project of
an Intelligent Recommender System for Parking Vehicles in Smart Cities," 2021 IEEE 16th
International Conference on Computer Sciences and Information Technologies (CSIT), LVIV,
Ukraine, pp. 419-422
[5] W. Hong, Z. You, B. Xiao, J. Ma, and K. Hong,(2021) "Intelligent Parking Space Sharing
System," 2021 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Advanced
Manufacture (AIAM), Manchester, United Kingdom, pp. 567-570
[6] T. N. Pham, M. -F. Tsai, D. B. Nguyen, C. -R. Dow and D. -J. Deng,(2015) "A Cloud-Based
SmartParking System Based on Internet-of-Things Technologies," in IEEE Access, vol. 3, pp.
1581-1591

SSGMCE,Shegaon 48