ANSWER)(QN:1)

(i) The University of Dar es Salaam plans to use "Force Account" as the mode of construction for
the student hostel building, it is important to consider the methods and techniques of
construction, as well as the types of equipment required to facilitate the construction.i. Methods
and Techniques of Construction:
When constructing a building, it's important to choose the right method and techniques to ensure
quality, safety, and efficiency. The University of Dar es Salaam has chosen the Force Account
mode of construction, which involves using its own experts in the building sector to carry out the
construction works. This method can be beneficial as it allows the University to have greater
control over the construction process and can also help save costs. However, it's important to
ensure that the experts have the necessary skills and experience to carry out the construction
works effectively.

In terms of techniques, it's important to use techniques that ensure the durability and longevity of
the building. One technique that can be used is reinforced concrete construction, which involves
reinforcing concrete with steel bars to provide additional strength and support. This technique is
commonly used for high-rise buildings and can be suitable for the 8 storey student hostel.

One important method of construction is the use of prefabrication and modular construction
techniques. Prefabrication involves the manufacture of components of the building off-site,
which are then transported to the construction site and assembled. Modular construction involves
the construction of individual modules off-site, which are then transported to the construction
site and assembled to create the building. These techniques can significantly reduce construction
time as the components are already manufactured and ready to be assembled on site.

In terms of equipment, the construction of an 8 storey building will require a range of equipment,
including cranes, scaffolding, concrete mixers, and excavators. Cranes are essential for lifting
heavy materials to the upper floors of the building, while scaffolding is required to provide a safe
working platform for workers. Concrete mixers are necessary for mixing and pouring concrete,
while excavators are used to excavate the foundation and prepare the site for construction.

Other important considerations include the use of sustainable building materials and construction
practices, as well as ensuring the safety of workers and the public during the construction
process. The University should also ensure that the construction process adheres to all relevant
building codes and regulations.

Overall, the University of Dar es Salaam should carefully consider the methods and techniques
of construction, as well as the types of equipment required to facilitate the construction of the
student hostel building. By doing so, the University can ensure that the construction process is
efficient, safe, and sustainable, and that the building is of high quality and meets the needs of its
students.

(ii) In general, sourcing materials for a construction project can involve a variety of methods,
including:

1. Local Suppliers: The University can source materials from local suppliers in the region where
the construction project is taking place. This can help reduce transportation costs and ensure
timely delivery of materials.

2. International Suppliers: Depending on the availability and cost of materials, the University
may consider sourcing materials from international suppliers. This can involve additional
logistics and costs associated with transportation and customs clearance.

When it comes to transporting materials to the construction site, the University can consider the
following options:

1. Trucking: Trucks are a common mode of transportation for construction materials. The
University can hire local trucking companies to transport materials from suppliers to the
construction site.

2. Rail Transport: Depending on the location of the construction site, the University may
consider rail transport for larger quantities of materials. This can be a cost-effective option for
transporting heavy or bulky materials.

3. Water Transport: If the construction site is located near a waterway, the University can
consider using water transport. This can involve using barges or boats to transport materials to
the construction site.

It's important for the University to ensure that the transportation method used is safe,
cost-effective, and complies with local regulations. Additionally, the University should ensure
that the materials are properly packaged and labeled to prevent damage during transportation.
Construction of Student Hostel.

Sources of Materials and Transport:

To construct the student hostel, a range of materials will be required including cement, sand,
aggregates, steel bars, bricks, and roofing materials. The University of Dar es Salaam can source
these materials from local suppliers to help support the local economy. It's important to ensure
that the materials sourced meet the required standards and are of good quality.
For the University of Dar es Salaam transportation of materials to the construction site can be
carried out using trucks or other suitable vehicles. It's important to ensure that the vehicles used
are in good condition and are operated by skilled drivers to ensure safety. Additionally, it's
important to plan the transportation of materials carefully to ensure that they are delivered to the
construction site in a timely and efficient manner to avoid delays in the construction process.

In conclusion, the University of Dar es Salaam can effectively construct the student hostel using
the Force Account mode of construction. It's important to choose the right methods and
techniques of construction, use the right equipment, and source materials from reputable
suppliers. Proper planning of material transportation can also help ensure the construction
process is carried out efficiently and within the required timeframe.

(b).
(i) Based on the soil conditions described, the consultants should consider the following in the
design of the building:

Foundation design: The foundation design should take into consideration the soil conditions to
ensure that the building has a stable foundation. The type of foundation to be used will depend
on the soil properties and the weight of the building. For instance, a shallow foundation may be
suitable if the soil is firm and stable, while a deep foundation may be necessary if the soil is
weak or has a low bearing capacity.

Earthworks: The soil conditions can be utilized in earthworks, such as grading and leveling of
the site. The silt and silt-clay soil can be compacted and used to create an even surface for the
foundation.

Drainage: Proper drainage is crucial to prevent waterlogging and soil instability. The design
should take into account the soil's permeability, slope, and water table to ensure efficient
drainage.

Building materials: The soil conditions may affect the choice of building materials. For instance,
if the soil is expansive, it may cause foundation movement, and thus, it is advisable to use
materials that can accommodate such movement, such as reinforced concrete.

(ii) The earth spoil from the excavations can be handled and used in several ways, including:

Backfilling: The excavated soil can be used to backfill the foundation and create a stable base for
the building.
Landscaping: The soil can be used in landscaping, such as creating mounds or building retaining
walls.

Erosion control: The soil can be used to control erosion by creating berms or constructing
embankments.

Soil improvement: The soil can be mixed with other materials to improve its properties, such as
adding sand to improve drainage or cement to increase stability.

In conclusion, the consultants should consider the soil conditions when designing the building,
and the earth spoil from the excavations can be handled and utilized in various ways.

ANSWER (qn 2)
2. (a) As a Class One Contractor, it is important to be transparent with the client and advise them
of the incomplete design details in the drawings and BOQ. The following advice can be given to
the client:

1. Request for additional design details: The contractor can request the client to request the
consultants (architects, engineers and quantity surveyors) to provide additional design details that
are necessary for the construction process.

2. Review of the BOQ: The contractor can review the BOQ to identify areas where the lump sum
cost figures are used, and seek clarification from the client or the consultants on the specific
items that need to be included in the BOQ.

3. Allowances in the contract: The contractor can also include allowances in the contract to cater
for any design changes or additional work that may be required due to incomplete design details.

To do the construction without many variations on site, the contractor needs most of the
following information:

1. Detailed design drawings: The contractor needs detailed design drawings that include
architectural, structural, mechanical, and electrical drawings to have a clear understanding of the
design requirements and the scope of work.

2. Detailed BOQ: A detailed BOQ that includes all the necessary construction items with
accurate measurements and quantities is essential to prevent any variations on site.

3. Regular site visits: Regular site visits by the contractor and the consultants can help to identify
any design issues or discrepancies that may need to be addressed.
(b) To set out a building on a sloping site, the following steps can be followed:

1. Conduct a site survey: A site survey is necessary to determine the slope and topography of the
site. This will help in the determination of the most suitable building layout.

2. Determine the orientation: The building should be oriented in a way that takes advantage of
the slope and natural light.

3. Establish the building levels: The building levels should be established based on the slope of
the site. The levels can be established by using a survey instrument such as a theodolite or a laser
level.

4. Determine the foundation type: The foundation type will depend on the slope and soil
conditions of the site. A sloping site may require a stepped foundation or a retaining wall.

(c) The following are the architectural and engineering drawings needed for the setting out and
construction of a building, stating the use/purpose of each drawing to the construction team:

1. Site plan: This shows the location of the building on the site, the boundaries, access roads,
parking, and landscaping.

2. Floor plans: These drawings show the layout of each floor of the building, including the
rooms, doors, windows, and other features.

3. Elevations: These drawings show the external appearance of the building, including the height,
roof design, and external finishes.

4. Sections: These drawings show the internal and external details of the building, including the
ceiling height, wall thickness, and roof construction.

5. Structural drawings: These drawings show the design and detailing of the structural elements
of the building, including the columns, beams, and foundations.

6. Mechanical drawings: These drawings show the design and layout of the mechanical systems,
including HVAC, plumbing, and electrical.

(d) The following equipment and tools are needed for the successful setting out of a building:
1. Survey equipment: A theodolite, a laser level, and a measuring tape are necessary for
establishing the building levels and ensuring accurate measurements.

2. Marking tools: Chalk, paint, and survey pegs are needed for marking out the building layout
and levels.

3. Safety equipment: Hard hats, safety boots, and high visibility vests are necessary for ensuring
the safety of the workers on the site.

4. Power tools: A hammer drill, a circular saw.

ANSWER (qn3)
(a)(i) Site organization refers to the planning and management of the construction site to ensure
that the project is completed safely, efficiently, and within budget. This involves the allocation of
resources, coordination of activities, and establishment of communication channels among the
project stakeholders.

For example, in the construction of a multi-story building, site organization may involve the
establishment of a site office, the demarcation of the construction site, and the provision of
access roads and parking facilities for workers and suppliers. It may also involve the allocation
of space for material storage, the provision of welfare facilities such as restrooms and canteens,
and the establishment of security procedures to prevent theft and unauthorized access.

ii) Site safety and security are critical considerations in any construction project. The
construction site is a high-risk environment, and it is essential to implement measures to prevent
accidents, injuries, and damage to property.
Examples of safety measures include providing safety equipment such as hard hats, safety
goggles, and safety harnesses for workers. Other safety measures include fencing off hazardous
areas, marking out safety zones, and providing safety training to workers.
In terms of security, measures include securing the construction site against theft and vandalism,
controlling access to the site, and monitoring the site with security cameras. Additionally, safety
and security audits can be conducted regularly to identify and address potential safety and
security hazards.l
iii) Tools and equipment are crucial in road works, and their selection should be based on the
nature and scope of the project. The tools and equipment required for road works include hand
tools such as shovels, picks, and hammers for manual excavation and leveling.

Heavy machinery such as excavators, bulldozers, and graders are used for larger scale
excavation, grading, and leveling. Other equipment includes rollers for compacting the road
surface, asphalt mixers, and pavers for laying and finishing the road surface.
It is essential to ensure that the tools and equipment used in road works are in good condition and
are properly maintained to prevent breakdowns and accidents. Additionally, workers should
receive training on the safe operation of the tools and equipment they use.

(b) Method Statement for the Construction of a Hydropower Plant at the Rusumo River in
Ngara/Karagwe Districts:

Introduction:
Our company, as a Class One Contractor, is pleased to present our Method Statement for the
construction of a Hydropower Plant at the Rusumo River in Ngara/Karagwe Districts. The
proposed project will include the construction of a dam, powerhouse, and associated
infrastructure.

Site Preparation:
The first step will be to prepare the site for construction. This will involve clearing the area,
establishing access roads, and constructing a temporary camp for workers. The site will be
surveyed to determine the topography, geology, and soil conditions to inform the design and
construction of the dam and powerhouse.

Construction of the Dam:

The dam will be constructed using a roller-compacted concrete (RCC) method. This involves the
use of heavy machinery to compact layers of concrete to form the dam structure. The necessary
equipment and machinery for this stage will include:
- Excavators for excavation and preparation of the dam foundation.
- Bulldozers for leveling and compacting the ground.
- Concrete mixers for producing the concrete.
- RCC compactors for compacting the concrete layers.
- Cranes for lifting and placing formwork and reinforcement steel.
- Dump trucks for transporting the concrete to the construction site.

Powerhouse Construction:
The powerhouse will be constructed near the base of the dam. The powerhouse will house the
turbines, generators, and control systems. The necessary equipment and machinery for this stage
will include:
- Excavators for excavation and preparation of the powerhouse foundation.
- Concrete mixers for producing the concrete.
- Cranes for lifting and placing formwork and reinforcement steel.
- Concrete pumps for pumping the concrete to the construction site.
- Electrical equipment and control systems for the operation of the turbines and generators.
Transmission Line Construction:
The transmission line will be constructed to connect the power plant to the national grid. The
necessary equipment and machinery for this stage will include:
- Poles and conductors for the transmission line.
- Excavators for excavation of the pole foundation.
- Concrete mixers for producing the concrete for the pole foundation.
- Cranes for lifting and placing poles.

Health, Safety, and Environmental Considerations:

Our company places a high priority on health, safety, and environmental considerations. All
workers will receive training on safety and environmental protection measures. Adequate
personal protective equipment will be provided, and all machinery and equipment will be
maintained and operated according to industry standards.

Conclusion:
Our company is confident in our ability to deliver a high-quality Hydropower Plant at the
Rusumo River in Ngara/Karagwe Districts. We have the necessary equipment and machinery,
experienced personnel, and a commitment to health, safety, and environmental considerations.