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Investgory Physics

The document is a project report on projectile motion submitted by Aditya More for class 11, guided by Mrs. Manju Mam. It covers the definition, historical theories, and evolution of projectile motion, including contributions from Aristotle, medieval scientists, and Galileo. Additionally, it discusses applications of projectile motion in various fields such as ballistics and sports, along with the factors influencing projectile trajectory.

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8 views13 pages

Investgory Physics

The document is a project report on projectile motion submitted by Aditya More for class 11, guided by Mrs. Manju Mam. It covers the definition, historical theories, and evolution of projectile motion, including contributions from Aristotle, medieval scientists, and Galileo. Additionally, it discusses applications of projectile motion in various fields such as ballistics and sports, along with the factors influencing projectile trajectory.

Uploaded by

brownboyadityamore
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

ST.

NORBERT
SCHOOL

PROJECTILE
MOTION

SUBMITTED BY - ADITYA MORE GUIDED BY-


MRS. MANJU MAM

CLASS -XI “A”


ROLL NO – 07
1
Page
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Physics
project Projectile Motion has been
submitted by the candidate Aditya
More for class 11 in the year 2024.
It is further certified that this
project is the candidate's individual
work.

Teacher’s signature
Principal signature

DATE-
2
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the accomplishment of this project, many
people have provided me with heart-
pledged support and I want to thank all the
people who have been concerned with this
project. I would like to thank my Physics
teacher Mrs. manju mam who guided me to
complete the project.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my


parents and friends for their help and
suggestions.

3
Page
INDEX

• Projectile Motion
• Definition
• Discovery and Evolution
• Aristotle's Theory of Motion
 Medieval Scientists
 The Renaissance
 Galileo's Work

• Applications
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
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PROJECTILE MOTION
______________________________________________________
_____
DEFINITION
PROJECTILE MOTION IS A FORM OF MOTION EXPERIENCED
BY AN OBJECT OR PARTICLE THAT IS THROWN NEAR THE
EARTH'S SURFACE AND MOVES ALONG A CURVED PATH
UNDER THE ACTION OF GRAVITY ONLY.

______________________________________________________
_____

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DISCOVERY AND EVOLUTION

ARISTOTLE'S THEORY OF MOTION

THE GREEK THINKER STATED THAT IF A BODY IS


MOVING, SOMETHING EXTERNAL IS REQUIRED TO
KEEP IT MOVING.

E.G.- AN ARROW SHOT FROM A BOW KEEPS FLYING


SINCE THE AIR BEHIND THE ARROW KEEPS PUSHING
IT.

6
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Medieval Scientists

Aristotle's medieval successors internalized this force in


the projectile itself and called it "impetus." This impetus
caused the object to move in a straight line until it was
expended, at which point the object fell straight to the
ground. While objects projected through small distances
may appear to behave in this manner, under closer
inspection and when viewing projectiles traveling greater
distances, it becomes clear that projectiles do not behave
in this manner.

___________________________________________________________________________
______

The Renaissance

During the Renaissance, the focus, especially in the arts, was


on representing as accurately as possible the real world
whether on a 2-dimensional surface or a solid such as marble
or granite. This required two things. The first was new methods
for drawing or painting, e.g., perspective. The second, relevant
to this topic, was careful observation.

With the spread of cannons in warfare, the study of projectile


motion had taken on greater importance, and now, with more
careful observation and more accurate representation, came
the realization that projectiles did not move the way Aristotle
and his followers had said they did: the path of a projectile did
not consist of two consecutive straight line components but
was instead a smooth curve.
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Galileo's Work

Now someone needed to come up with a method to determine


if there was a special curve a projectile followed. However
measuring the path of a projectile was not easy.

Using an inclined plane, Galileo had performed experiments on


uniformly accelerated motion, and he now used the same
apparatus to study projectile motion. He placed an inclined
plane on a table and provided it with a curved piece at the
bottom which deflected an inked bronze ball into a horizontal
direction. The ball thus accelerated rolled over the table-top
with uniform motion and then fell off the edge of the table
Where it hit the floor, it left a small mark. The mark allowed the
horizontal and vertical distances travelled by the ball to be
measured.

By varying the ball's horizontal velocity and vertical drop,


Galileo was able to determine that the path of a projectile is
parabolic.

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Applications

1. Ballistics is the science of mechanics that deals with the


flight, behavior, and effects of projectiles, especially bullets,
unguided bombs, rockets, or the like; the science or art of
designing and accelerating projectiles to achieve a desired
performance.

2. A ballistic missile is a missile only guided during the


relatively brief initial
powered phase of flight, and whose subsequent course is
governed by the
laws of classical mechanics (which includes projectile motion).
It plays an
important role in sports.

E.g.- Football, baseball, golf, javelin throw, discus throw,


cricket, tennis, table tennis, basketball, and rugby.

3. In materials handling industries, oftentimes, a designer will


use projectile motion to determine the anticipated trajectory of
the discharge from bulk solids belt conveyors and bucket
elevators. They use the predicted trajectories to aid in
designing material collection chutes, etc.

4. Many weapons are based on projectile motion, like catapults,


slingshots, and trebuchets
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Any object thrown into the atmosphere so that it falls under the
effect of gravity alone is called a projectile. Path of the
projectile is called trajectory. Air Resistance is neglected and
the direction of acceleration due to gravity is downward and
constant. Some of the examples of projectiles are: A bullet fired
from a gun, A bomb dropped from an airplane, A football kicked
during a game, etc.
A projectile has two velocities ie., horizontal and vertical
velocities, when it is moving in the air. The horizontal velocity
remains constant throughout the motion whereas the vertical
motion is affected by the gravity. Hence, the trajectory of the
projectile is determined by the combined velocity due to
gravity and horizontal velocity of the projectile. Motion of the
projectile takes place on a plane i.e. two dimensional motion. It
is of two types;

1. Horizontal Projectile
2. Projectile fired at an angle with the horizontal

Horizontal Projectile
I.et an object be projected horizontally from a height ofh above
the ground giving initial horizontal velocity u. The projectile is
under the action of gravity, So, the horizontal velocity remains
constant, whereas its vertical velocity goes on increasing
(initial vertical velocity 0). The path of the projectile is neither
horizontal nor vertical but it as shown in fig(a).

Path of Projectile
Let the position coordinate of the projectile at P be (x,y) after
time t of its projection.
10
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For horizontal distance.


x=uxt t=x/u
y=gx (x/u)
From the above equations, we have,
Y=(g/2u²)x
This is an equation of parabola. Hence, the path of the
horizontal projectile is parabolic.
From the above equation, the position of the projectile at time t
is (x,y)=(ut, ½ gr).

Time of flight
The vertical distance covered by the projectile is equal to the
height of the point of projection above the ground. If T is the
time of flight, then
H=0+1/2gt2
T =√ 2 h÷ g

Horizontal Range

The horizontal range is the distance covered in horizontal


direction in the time of flight .

R=ut

R=u √ 2 h ÷ g
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Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory

• Trajectory shape dependent on angle of projection in


absence of air resistance.

• If angle perfectly vertical, trajectory also vertical.

• If angle oblique, trajectory is parabolic.

• If angle horizontal, trajectory is half parabola.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:
 Physics (Part 1)-Textbook for class 11 (NCERT)
 Galileo's Notes on Motion by Stillman Drake
 The Art of Renaissance Science Galileo and Perspective featuring
Joseph W.Dauben
 Galileo Gleanings XXII: Galileo's Experimental Confirmation of
Horizontal Inertia: Unpublished Manuscripts by S. Drake

Websites
 Wikipedia.org
 Galileo.edu
 Scienceexplained.com
 Quora.com
 Sciencebuddies.com
 Real-world-physics-problems.com
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