RAWAL COMMERCE CLASSES

FULL STATISTICS IMPORTANT ( CAPSULE)

1. What do you mean by distrust of statistics? (notes)
2. What is empirical analysis ?
It refers to method in which a subject is studied on the basis of observations or
experiments.
3. What are statistical tools?
These are those by which means of statistical methods are applied.
4. Define statistics in plural sense. Point out its characteristics (notes)
5. Define statistics as singular sense. Discuss various statistical methods involved in it? (
notes)
6. Explain the limitations of statistics? ( notes)
7. Discuss the importance of statistics in economic planning (notes)

8. Name an important government agency which collects, process and tabulate data at
national level? National sample survey organization.
9. Difference between questionnaire and schedule ? ( notes)
10. Difference between investigator, enumerator and respondent? ( notes)
11. Explain the 3 main economic activities? ( notes)
12. Explain the Marshall (welfare) definition of economics?
Economics is study of man in ordinary course of life. It enquires how he gets his income
and how he uses it.
13. Explain Lionel robbins (scarcity) definition of economics?
Economics is science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and
scarce means which have alternative uses.
14. Explain Adam smith (wealth) definition of economics?
Economics is study of wealth, wealth refers to those goods which satisfy human wants.
15. Explain Samuelson ( growth) definition of economics?
Economics is study of how man and society choose with or without use of money, to
employ scarce resources, which have alternative uses, to produce goods and services
and to distribute them among different groups of society.
16.What do you mean by primary and secondary data? Mention its sources (notes)
17.What is meant by direct personal investigation? Give its merits and demerits . ( notes)
18.Discuss the method of collecting data through “ questionnaire filled by enumerator”.
Also give its 2 merits and demerits (notes)
19.In what condition, deliberate sampling is considered ideal?
When all units of universe are not homogeneous.
20. How the data be collected through telephonic interview. Mention 1 merit and demerit.
Under this method, data is collected through an interview over the telephone with the
interviewer. Many shows on television conduct polls with help of telephonic interviews.
MERITS :
1. Wide coverage : useful when conducting enquiry over a large area.
2. Economical : method is cheaper as it requires less time , money and labour.
DEMERITS:
1. Limited use: this method is not possible who do not have own telephones .
2. Visual feedback is not possible : it obstruct visual reactions of respondents, which
becomes helpful in obtaining information on sensitive issues.
21. How the data is collected through information from correspondents? Mention its 2
merits and demerits (notes)
22. Distinguish between census and sampling method of data collection? Which gives
better results ? (notes)
23. Difference between random sampling and stratified random sampling. Give 2 merits
and demerits ( notes)
24.What is meant by statistical errors ? what factors give rise to statistical errors ? ( notes)
25.Out of primary and secondary data, which one is collected for definite purpose? (
primary data)
26.Which type of data, precaution is highly required ? ( secondary data)
27. Write a short note on
a. CENSUS OF INDIA : the census of india provides most complete and continuous
demographic record of population. It is conducted after every 10 years since 1881.
First census after independence was held in 1951. The census collects information on
various aspects of population such as size, density, sex ratio, literacy, migration etc.
recent census was performed in in 2011. It was 15th census of india.
b. – NSSO : national sample survey was set up in 1950 on recommendations of national
income committee , chaired by late prof. P.C Maholanobis .later on it was
reorganised as NSSO in march 1970. It was largest organisation in india, conducting
regular socio-economic surveys. the data are released through reports and its
quarterly journal SARVEKSHANA. It provides periodic estimates of literacy, school
enrolment, employment , unemployment, maternity, child care, manufacturing and
service sector etc.
28. Define classification. Describe briefly its objectives? (notes)
29. What are essentials of good classification?
a. Suitability : it should conform to object of enquiry.
b. Unambiguous: The classification should not lead to any ambiguity or confusion. It
should not be difficult to place units into different groups according to their common
characteristics.
c. Mutually exclusive : the classes must not overlap so that an observed value belongs
to one and only one of the classes.
d. Flexibility : a good classification should be capable of being adjusted according to the
changed situations and conditions.
30. Distinguish between inclusive and exclusive series in classification of data? (Notes)
31. What is a variable? Difference between discrete and continuous variable? (notes)
32. What is loss of information in classified data? ( notes)
33.Briefly discuss the following terms : ( notes)
a. Class interval
b. Range
c. Frequency
d. Mid –value
 e. Open end classes
f. Magnitude of class interval
g. Class limit
34.Briefly discuss various kinds of statistical series ? ( notes)
35. Explain in brief the meaning of simple table and complex table. State main types of
complex table. ( notes)
36.Write short on general purpose table and special purpose table . (notes)
37.Explain the principles to be followed while preparing a table. (notes)
38. Difference between original table and derived table.(notes)
39. What are the objectives of tabulation?
a. Facilitate comparison : it also aims to facilitate quick comparison among various
observations by presenting data in tabular form.
b. To simplify complex data : tabulation aims to present the classified data in an orderly
. the aim is to reduce bulk of information under investigation into simplified and
meaningful form.
c. To economize size : tabulation aims to save space by condensing data in a
meaningful form without sacrificing quality and quantity of data.
d. To provide reference :it aims to provide reference for further studies as data
arranged in tables with titles and table numbers can be easily identified.
40.Name the bar diagram where height of all the bars is same.
Percentage bar diagram
41.What is broken bar diagram ?
This is that type in which one or more than one bar is presented broken as value of
some variable is very high or low as compared to others.
42.What is angular circle diagram ( pie diagram)
It is a circle divided into various segments showing percentage values of series .
43.Name the graph that can determine the value of mode
Histogram
44.When will be width of rectangles of a histogram be unequal .
By making adjustment in frequency with help of adjustment factor
45.What is name of vertical line of graph .
y-axis or ordinate
46.What is horizontal line called .
X-axis or abscissa
47. Whether histogram is one –dimensional or two – dimensional ?
 One dimensional
48.Which type of graph is preferred when we wish to present price rise of a particular
commodity over period of time ?
Time series graph
49.What is false base line ?
A cut made between 0 and lowest value to indicate the value of origin on vertical or
horizontal axis .
50. The sum of deviations of the observations from their arithmetic mean is always 0 ?
True. Because arithmetic mean is a point of balance i.e sum of positive deviations from
mean is always equal to sum of negative deviations.
51. In case of open end series, arithmetic mean can be calculated in a usual manner
without making any changes. Defend or refute
Statement is refuted. To calculate mean under open end series, missing class limits have
to be assumed, which depends on pattern of class interval of other classes.
52.Arithmetic mean gives more stress on items of higher value as compared to items of
smaller value. Do you agree?
Yes, it gives more importance as it is upward bias.
If out of 5 items , four are small, and one item is quite big, then big item will push up
average considerably. But the reverse is not true, if in a series of 5 items, four have big
values and one has small value, the arithmetic average will not be pulled down very
much.
53.Arithmetic mean is positional value ?
False, it is a mathematical average as it takes values of all items in a series.
54.Median is affected by extreme observations.
False it is positional average . so it is not affected by extreme observations.
55.Define correlation . explain positive and negative correlation? ( notes)
56. What are the degrees of correlation? (notes)
57.‘ certain difficulties have to be faced while construction of consumer price index. Do you
agree? ( notes)
58. Does correlation imply casuation?
No, correlation measures do not imply casuation. Correlation analysis helps us
determining the degree of relationship between 2 or more variables , it does not tell
anything about cause and effect relationship. Correlation analysis provides only a
quantitative measure and does not necessarily signify cause and effect . for eg :-
increase in price of commodity increases its demand ,so price is the cause and demand
is effect. It is possible that increase in demand of a commodity ( due to growth of
population or other reasons ) may force its price up. Now the cause is increased demand
and effect is price.