KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

MINIMUM LEARNING MATERIAL, 2024-25

CLASS: XII (PHYSICS)

Chapter 1: Electric charge & field

1. What is electric field intensity? Write its S.I. unit. Draw the electric field lines for
(i) q>0 (ii) q<0 (iii) two equal positive charges (iv) Electric diploe (v) Uniform
electric field.
2. What is an electric dipole? Define dipole moment. Write its S.I. unit. Derive an
expression for electric field due to dipole (i) At axial point (ii) At equatorial point.
3. Derive an expression for torque acting on dipole in an external electric field.
4. Define electric flux. Either electric flux is a scalar or vector quantity? Write its
S.I. unit.
5. State gauss’s theorem & use it to derive an expression for electric field due to
infinitely long charged straight wire of linear charge density λ. Draw the graph
showing the variation of electric field with distance.
6. Derive an experience for electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical shell
of radius ‘R’ at (i) outside the sphere (r>R) (ii)On the sphere and (iii)inside the
sphere (r<R). Draw the graph showing the variation of electric field with
distance.
7. Use gauss’s theorem to derive an expression for electric field due to infinitely
charged plane sheet of surface charge density σ. Draw the graph showing the
variation of electric field with distance.
Chapter 2: Electric potential & capacitance
1. Define electric potential & electric potential difference. Write its S.I. unit. Derive
expression for electric potential due to an electric dipole on –(i)axial and
(ii)equatorial point.
2. Derive an expression for potential energy of a system of (i) two-point charges
and (iii) three-point charges.
3. Derive and expression for potential energy of a two charges system q 1 and q2
placed in a uniform electric field.
4. Derive an expression for work done in a rotating a dipole in a uniform electric
field and hence find the expression for potential energy in this case.
5. Draw equipotential surface for (i) positive point charge (q>0) (ii) negative point
charge (q<0) (ii) two equal positive charges (iii) Electric diploe and (v) uniform
electric field.
6. Define electrical capacitance. Write its S.I. unit. State the principle of parallel
plate capacitor. Derive an expression for its capacitance with –(i)air b/w its
plates and (ii)with dielectric of thickness t placed between its plate.
7. Derive an expression for energy stored in a capacitor.
Chapter 3: Current electricity
1. Define drift velocity and relaxation time and derive an expression for drift
velocity in terms of relaxation time.
2. Derive relation between electric current and drift velocity.
3. Using the concept of free electron of free electrons in the conductor, derive the
expression for resistance and resistivity of a wire in terms of number density
and relaxation time.
4. Draw the graph showing variation of resistivity with temperature for (i) copper
(ii) nichrome and (iii) semiconductor.
5. Define internal resistance of cell. On which factors internal resistance of a cell
depends. Derive terminal potential. Derive relation between internal resistance,
emf and terminal potential difference of cell.
6. State Kirchhoff’s laws for an electrical circuit. Which physical quantities are
conserved in Kirchhoff’s laws?
7. What is Wheatstone bridge? Find the condition of balanced Wheatstone
bridge using Kirchhoff’s laws.
8. Two cells of emfs E1 & E2 and internal resistance r1 & r2 are connect in parallel.
Find the expression for equivalent e.m.f. and internal resistance.
9. Two cells of emfs E1 & E2 and internal resistance r1 & r2 are connect in series.
Find the expression for equivalent e.m.f. and internal resistance.

Chapter 4: Moving Charges & Magnetism

1. State Biot-Savart’s law. Write its vector form. Derive an expression for magnetic
field at axial point of a current carrying circular coil.
2. State Ampere’s law. Apply it to find magnetic field due to an infinitely long
straight
current carrying wire.
3. Derive an expression for the force experienced by a current carrying straight
conductor placed in magnetic field.
4. Derive expression for force per unit length between two infinitely long straight
current carrying wires. Hence define ampere.
5. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a loop of N turns area A, carrying
current I, when held in a uniform magnetic field B at an angle θ.
6. (a)On which principle moving coil galvanometer works. Explain construction,
theory and working of moving coil galvanometer (with labeled diagram). How
galvanometer is converted into (i) Ammeter (ii) Voltmeter. Explain with circuit
diagram in each case.
(b)Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity.
Chapter 5: Magnetism & Matter
1. Explain the properties of paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferro-magnetic
substances. Write the examples of each.
2. Draw the magnetic field lines pattern when (i) diamagnetic material and (ii) para
magnetic material placed in a magnetic field.
3. Name the magnetic material whose magnetic susceptibility is (i) small and
negative (ii) small and positive and (iii) very large and positive.
4. How will the magnetic susceptibility of (i) diamagnetic material and (ii)
paramagnetic material vary with temperature.
5. Derive an expression for magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron. Define
Bohr magneton and find its value.
Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
1. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s law.
2. Define magnetic flux. Is it scalar or vector? Write its S.I. unit.
3. Define self-inductance. Derive an expression for self-inductance of a long
straight solenoid. On which factors self-inductance of solenoid depends?
4. Define mutual inductance. Derive an expression for mutual inductance of two
long straight solenoids. On which factors mutual inductance of two solenoids
depends?
Chapter 7: Alternating Current
1. (a) Define(i) inductive reactance (ii) capacitive reactance and (iii) impedance.
(b) Draw the graph between (i) XL and frequency (ii) XC and frequency.
2. Find the expression for impedance in the circuit when resistor, inductor and
capacitor are connected in series with AC source. Explain resonance condition.
3. Describe the principle, construction and working of AC generator with a neat
labeled diagram.
4. Explain the construction, principle and theory of transformer. Write about
different losses of transformer.
 Chapter 8: Electromagnetic waves
1. Draw diagram of electromagnetic wave propagating in x-direction.
2. What is the relation between E and B for an electromagnetic wave propagating
in vacuum?
3. What is displacement current? Write its expression.
4. Electromagnetic Spectrum: (Radio, micro, infrared, visible, uv, x-ray and
gamma rays) Frequency, wavelength and uses(applications).
Chapter 9: Ray Optics
1. A ray of light when moves from denser to rarer medium undergo total internal
reflection. Drive the expression for critical angle in terms of speed of light in the
respective media. Write the conditions for T.I.R.
2. What is optical fiber? Draw its diagram. Write its uses.
Draw the ray diagram for a
3. right angled isosceles prism when incident ray (i)
deviates through 900 and (ii) deviate through 1800
4. Derive mirror formula. Define linear magnification.
5. Draw the ray diagram for a prism. Derive and expression for refractive index of
prism in terms of angle of minimum deviation.
6. Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object
placed on the axis of a spherical surface separating the two media of refractive
indices n1 and n2. Establish the relation between the distances of the object, the
image and the radius of curvature from the central point of the spherical
surfaces. Derive the lens-maker’s formula in case of a double convex lens. State
the assumptions made and convention of signs used.
7. Draw a labeled ray diagram to show the formation of an image by a compound
microscope (i) When final image formed at the least distance of distinct vision
and (ii) when final image is formed at infinity (normal adjustment). Write the
expressions for its magnifying power in each case.
8. Draw a labeled ray diagram to show the formation of an image by a refracting
telescope (Astronomical telescope) (i) When final image formed at the least
distance of distinct vision and (ii) when final image is formed at infinity (normal
adjustment). Write the expressions for its magnifying power in each case.
9. Draw a labelled diagram of a reflecting type telescope (Cassegrain telescope).
Write four advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a refracting type
telescope.
Chapter 10: Wave Optics
1. What is wave front. State Huygens’s principle and use it to prove laws of
reflection and laws of refraction (Snell’s law).
2. What are coherent sources of light? Two slits in Young’s double slit exp. are
illuminated by two different sodium lamps emitting light of the same
Wavelength. Why is no interference pattern observed?
3. Draw the graph showing intensity distribution in young’s double experiment.
4. What is the effect on the interference pattern observed in a Young’s double slit
experiment in the following cases:
i) Screen is moved away from the plane of the slits,
ii) Separation between the slits is increased, and
iii) Widths of the slits are doubled, Give reasons for your answer.
5. What is diffraction of light? Discuss single slit experiment for diffraction. Draw
the graph to show the relative intensity distribution for a single slit diffraction
pattern. Obtain the expression for the width of central maxima.

Chapter 11: Dual nature of Radiation & Matter

1. Define (i) work Function (ii) Threshold frequency (iii) stopping potential
2. Write the name the phenomena which explains the quantum/particle nature of
 radiation.
3. Show on a plot the nature of variation of photoelectric current with the intensity
of radiation incident on a photosensitive surface.
4. Plot a graph showing the variation of photoelectric current as a function of
anode potential for two light beams having the same frequency but different
intensities I1 and I2 (I1< I2).
5. Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate
potential for two different frequencies, v 1 < v2, of incident radiation having the
same intensity. In which case will the stopping potential be higher? Justify your
answer.
6. Draw a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with frequency of
incident radiation for two photosensitive materials having work functions W1
and W2 (W1 < W2).
7. State laws of photoelectric emission.
8. Write the Einstein’s photelectric equation. Write Einstein’s theory which explain
the photoelectric effect.
9. (i) What is the effect on photoelectric current if we increase (a) Intensity
of light (b) Frequency of incident radiation? Justify your answer.
(ii) What is the effect on kinetic energy of electrons if we increase (a) Intensity
of light (b) Frequency of incident radiation? Justify your answer.
10. Derive the Bohr’s quantization condition for angular momentum of the orbiting
of electron in hydrogen atom, using de Broglie’s hypothesis. Draw diagram.
11.Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of
light? Give two reasons.
12.Plot a graph showing variation of de-Broglie wavelength λ versus 1/√V, where V
is accelerating potential for two particles A and B carrying same charge but of
masses m1, m2 (m1 > m2). Which one of the two represents a particle of smaller
mass and why?
Chapter 12: Atoms
1. Draw the diagram of Geiger-Marsden experiment (alfa scattering experiment).
Derive an expression of distance of closeted approach(r 0) in this experiment.
2. State bohr’s postulates of atomic theory or Hydrogen atom. Drive an expression
for (i) The radius of orbit. (ii) Total energy of electron in nth orbit.
3. THE total energy of and electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is
-3.4 eV. Calculate
(1) K.E. of the electron in this state.
(2) P.E. of the electron in this state and
(3) Which of the answer would change of the choice. Justify your answer?
4. Draw a neat labeled energy level diagram and explain the different series of
spectral lines for the hydrogen atom.
Chapter 13: Nuclei
1. Write an expression for radius of nucleus (size of nucleus). If ratio of mass
number of two nuclei is 8: 125, then find the ratio of their radii.
2. What is the ratio densities of two nuclei if ratio of their radii is 27:125?
3. What is the amount of energy in 1 atomic unit mass in eV?
4. Define (i) mass defect (ii) nuclear binding energy (iii) nuclear binding energy
per nucleon.
5. Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass
number for different nuclei. Explain, with the help of this graph, the release of
energy by the process of nuclear fission and fusion.
6. What is nuclear force? Write four properties of nuclear force. Draw the graph
showing the variation in potential energy of any two nucleon and distance
between them.
 Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Material, Devices and
Simple Circuits
1. What are energy bands? Distinguish between a conductor, an insulator and a
semiconductor on the basis of energy band diagram.
2. What is the ratio of hole and electron concentration (number density) in
intrinsic semiconductor?
3. At what temperature intrinsic semiconductor behaves like insulator?
4. Name the extrinsic semiconductor in which (i) hole concentration is greater
than electron concentration and (ii) electron concentration is greater than hole
concentration.
5. Name the extrinsic semiconductor formed by adding the impurities from (i) 13
group (B or In or Al) of periodic table and (ii) 15 group (As or P or Sb) of periodic
table.
6. Draw energy Band diagram for n and p type semiconductors.
7. Explain formation of depletion region p-n junction. Define (i) potential barrier
and (ii) depletion region. Write two important terms involved in the process of
formation of depletion region.
8. How does its width change when the junction is at
(i) Forward biased, and (ii) reverse biased Explain with diagram?
9. Explain (i) forward biasing, (ii) reverse biasing of a P-N junction diode with the
help of a circuit diagram, also draw its characteristic curve for (i) forward
biasing,
(ii) reverse biasing of a P-N junction diode
10.Explain the use of a p-n junction diode as a rectifier. Draw the circuit diagram of
a full wave rectifier/half wave and explain its working. Draw the input and
output wave form.