Class XII: PHYSICS

CHAPTER WISE IMPORTANT TOPICS, DERIVATIONS AND NUMERICALS

VOLUME 1
CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
Derivations:
1. Derive an expression for Electric Dipole along axial and equatorial case.
2. Torque on electric dipole placed in UEF.
3. Gauss law Proof.
4. Applications of Gauss law:
a. Long infinite wire
b. Sheet
c. thin spherical shell
5. Force between charges in vector form
Topics:
1. Electric flux, Charge densities and types.
2. Properties of Electric field lines.
3. Transfer of charges between materials and Electroscope.
4. Electric field between similar and dissimilar charge.

CHAPTER 2: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

Derivations:
1. Derive an expression for Electric Potential of a charge and dipole (general case).
2. Relation between E and V.
3. Potential Energy of a dipole in UEF.
4. Capacitance of Parallel Plate capacitor.
5. Capacitance of Parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab and conducting slab.
6. Combination of Dielectrics
Topics:
1. Equipotential Surface and Properties with justification.
2. Behaviour of conductor in EF with justification.
3. Dielectrics and Polarization.
4. Energy density and Energy stored by Capacitor.
5. Combination of capacitor.
6. Effect on capacitor parameters when dielectric material is placed with
i. battery connected ii. battery disconnected.

CHAPTER 3: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Derivations:
1. Derive an expression for drift velocity.
2. Ohm’s law in vector form.
3. Current in terms of drift velocity.
4. Wheat stone bridge.
5. Cells in series and parallel.
Topics:
1. Resistivity variation with temperature.
2. Current density and limitations of Ohm’s law.
3. Power in series and parallel
4. KVL and KCL.

CHAPTER 4: MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

Derivations:
1. Circular Motion of charge in UMF.
2. Biot Savart’s law: i. Centre of circular coil ii. along the axis of circular coil
3. Ampere’s law: i. Straight wire ii. Cable iii. Solenoid.
4. Force on Current carrying conductor.
5. Force between parallel wire carrying current in same and opposite direction.
6. Torque on rectangular loop.
7. Galvanometer to Ammeter and Voltmeter.
8. Force on CCC placed in UMF
Topics:
1. Force on a charge in magnetic field.
2. Velocity filter (undeflected case).
3. Spiral motion of charge in magnetic field.
4. Galvanometer: Working Principle, Advantage of radial field, Torques acting, Sensitivity – Voltage and
current sensitivity.
CHAPTER 5: MAGNETISM AND MATTER
Derivations:
1. Derive an expression for Magnetic dipole placed in axial and equatorial case.
2. Torque and Potential Energy of Magnetic dipole placed in UMF.
Topics:
1. Bar Magnet equivalent to solenoid.
2. Gauss law in Magnetism.
3. Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity.
4. Dia, Para and Ferro magnetic material.
CHAPTER 6: EMI
Derivations:
1. Derive an expression for induced emf in generator.
2. Expression for self inductance of solenoid and mutual inductance.
Topics:
1. Faraday’s law and Lenz law (illustration for conservation of energy).
2. Energy density and Energy stored in Magnetic field.
3. Coefficient of coupling.

CHAPTER 7: AC
Derivations:
1. Proof for average and rms value of voltage
2. current equation in L and C load
3. R, L, C comparison table.
4. RLC series and resonance.
5. Transformer and losses.
Topics:
1. Quality factor and sharpness.
2. Power and Power Factor.
3. Comparison of RLC, RC and RL tabulation.
CHAPTER 8: EM WAVES
Derivations:
1. Displacement current and Maxwell’s 4 equations for EM waves.
2. Derive an expression for energy density of EM waves.
Topics:
1. Source of EM wave and contribution of JC Bose.
2. Mathematical representation of EM waves.
3. Intensity, Momentum and pressure exerted by EM waves.
4. Properties of EM waves.
5. Electromagnetic spectrum.

VOLUME 2 - CHAPTER WISE IMPORTANT TOPICS AND DERIVATIONS

CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS
Derivations:
1. Real and apparent depth, Normal shift.
2. Total internal reflection.
3. Refraction at spherical surfaces – Convex lens
i. Rarer to Denser ii. Denser to Rarer
4. Lens Makers Formula
5. Combination of lens
i. Two convex lens ii. One convex and concave combination
6. Prism – Refractive index at minimum deviation
7. Simple Microscope
i. Image at Finite distance ii. Infinite distance (normal adjustment)
8. Compound Microscope
i. Image at Finite distance ii. Infinite distance (normal adjustment)
9. Astronomical Telescope
i. Image at Finite distance ii. Infinite distance (normal adjustment)
Topics:

1. Snell’s law, Principle of reversibility, Refraction through rectangular glass slab (Lateral displacement),
Refraction through combination of Media.
2. Total Internal Reflection – Applications (Optical fibre, Mirage, Looming)
3. Thin lens formula
4. Focal length, Power and magnification of lens
5. Small angled prism formula, Dispersive power and angular dispersion of prism
6. Cassegrain Telescope diagram and advantages
CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS

Derivations:
1. Huygen’s Principle – Proof for reflection and refraction of lens
2. YDSE - Condition for constructive and destructive interference (Resultant amplitude and Resultant
intensity)
3. YDSE – Path difference, Position of nth bright and dark fringe
4. YDSE – Fringe width derivation
5. Comparison of intensities at maxima and minima
6. Diffraction – Angular path difference for nth bright and dark fringe
7. Validity of Ray optics - Fresnal’s Distance
Topics:
1. Wavefront and its types
2. Huygen’s principle
3. Superposition of waves
4. Coherent waves, Why two coherent waves are not possible in nature?, Methods of production
5. Intensity distribution curve for YDSE and diffraction
6. Sustained interference and the condition for the same
7. Fresnal and Fraunhoffer diffraction
8. Fringe width of central maxima in single slit diffraction, slit width dependence for secondary maxima
9. Interference vs Diffraction
CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
Derivation:
1. de Broglie’s wave equation for photon
2. de Broglie’s wavelength of an electron accelerated through potential difference
Topics:
1. Work Function
2. Photo electric effect Experiment – Graph and its inference (4 laws of photoelectric emission)
3. Failure of classical wave theory
4. Einstein’s theory of photoelectric effect
5. Photon and its properties
CHAPTER 12: ATOMS
Derivations:
1. Distance of Closest approach and impact parameter
2. Radius of nth orbit and Bohr’s radius
3. Velocity of electron in nth orbit and fine structure constant
4. Energy of electron in nth orbit
5. Proof of Bohr’s second postulate L = nh/2π using de Broglie’s wave theory.
Topics:
1. Plum – Pudding Model and its limitation
2. Alpha particle scattering – Inference, Graph, Limitation of Rutherford’s Model
3. Bohr’s postulates
4. Spectral Series
5. Excitation and Ionization potentials
6. Limitation of Bohr’s Model
CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI
Derivation:
1. Size and nuclear density of nuclei.
Topics:
1. Atomic and Mass number
2. Nuclear force and its significance (PE vs distance graph)
3. Mass Defect, Packing Factor and Binding energy
4. Binding energy per nucleon vs Atomic mass number curve and its salient features
5. Theory of Nuclear fission, Nuclear fission as a source of energy, Thermal neutrons and Moderators.
6. Nuclear Fusion, Necessary conditions for nuclear fusion and Fusion as a source of energy in Sun and stars.
CHAPTER 14: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1. Topics:
1. Classification of materials based on Resistivity and Energy gap
2. Intrinsic semiconductor + Energy band diagram
3. Extrinsic semiconductor – (n and p type with Energy band diagram)
4. Electrical conductivity of semiconductors
5. pn junction Mechanism – Depletion layer, Barrier potential, Drift and Diffusion current
6. Diode – Forward and Reverses bias, VI characteristics
7. Half and Full wave rectifier – Circuit diagram, waveform and output frequency

CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

1. Two charged spheres separated at a distance d exert a force F on each other. If they are
immersed in a liquid of dielectric constant 2, then the force (if all conditions are same) on
each sphere is
a. F/2 b. F c. 2F d. 4F
2. Three charge +4q, Q and q are placed in a straight line of length l at points distance 0, l/2
and l respectively. What should be the value of Q in order to make the net force on q to be
zero?
a. –q b. -2q c. –q/2 d. 4q
3. Three charges are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side `a` as shown in the
following figure. The force experienced by the charge placed at the vertex A is

a. F/2 b. F c. 2F d. zero
4. The direction of electric field at the centre of the square is along

a. DC b. BC c. AB d. AD
5. The flux of electric field due to these charges through the surface S is

a. 3q/ɛo b. 2q/ ɛo c. q/ ɛo d. zero

6. Two parallel large thin metal sheets have equal surface charge densities (σ = 2.56 × 10-11
C/m3 ) of opposite signs. The electric field between these sheets is
a. 1.5 N/C b. 1.5 × 10-10 N/C c. 3 N/C d. 3 × 10-10 N/C
7. There is a uniform electric field in X-direction. If the work done in a moving charge of 0.2
C through a distance of 2 meter along the line making an angle 60 degree with X-direction is
4 joules, then the value of E is:
a. 1.732 N/C b. 4 N/C c. 5 N/C d. 20 N/C
8. A square surface of side Lm is in the plane of the paper. A uniform electric field E⃗ (V/m),
also in the plane of the paper, is limited only to the lower half of the square surface (see
figure). The electric flux in SI units associated with the surface is:

a. EL2 b. EL2/2 ɛo c. EL2/2 d. zero

9. A Square surface of side L meter in the plane of paper is placed in a uniform electric field
E (volt/m) acting along the same plane at an angle theta with the horizontal side of square as
shown in figure. The electric flux linked to the surface; in units of volt /m is.

a. EL2 b. EL2/2 ɛo c. EL2/2 d. zero

10. An electric dipole is placed at an angle of 30 degree with electric field intensity 2x105
N/C. It experiences a torque equal to 4 Nm. The charge on the dipole, if the dipole length is 2
cm, is
a. 5 mC b. 7µC c. 8mC d. 2mC
11. Four charges are arranged at the corners of a square ABCD, as shown. The force on a +ve
charge kept at the centre of the square is
a. zero b. along the diagonal BD
c. along the diagonal AC d. perpendicular to side AB
12. Two small charges spheres A and B have charges 10 µC and 40 µC respectively, and are
held at a separation of 90 cm from each other. At what distance from A, electric intensity
would be zero?
a. 22.5 cm b. 18 cm c. 36 cm d. 30 cm
13. An electric dipole is placed at an angle 60 degree with an electric field of strength
4×10 5 N/C. it experiences a torque equal to 8(3) 1/2 Nm. Calculate the charge on the dipole,
if dipole is of length 4cm.
14. A and B are two identical spherical charged bodies which repel each other with force F,
kept at a finite distance apart A third uncharged sphere of the same size is brought in contact
with sphere B and removed. It is then kept at mid-point of A and B find the magnitude of
force on C.
a. F/8 b. F c. 2F d. F/2
15. What is the flux through the cube of side ‘a’ if a point charge q is at one of its corners?
16. Calculate the voltage needed to balance an oil drop carrying 10 electrons between the
plates of a capacitor 5mm apart. The mass of the drop is 3×10 −16 kg and g=10ms −2.
17. State Gauss Law.
18. If F is force between two point equal point charges separated by a distance r in air. If
the distance between the point charges is doubled, their individual charges are also doubled
and its placed in a dielectric medium of relative permittivity = 10, then what would happen
to the force between them?
19. Charges of magnitude 2Q and –Q are located at points (a,0,0) and (4a,0,0). Find the
ratio of the flux of electric field, due to theses charges, through concentric spheres of radii
2a and 8a centred at the origin.
20. If a charge q is placed at the centre of the line joining two equal charges Q such that
the system is in equilibrium, then find the value of q.
 Ch 2 : ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
1. What is the amount of WD in moving a charge Q around a circular arc of radius r at the
centre of which another point charge q is located?

a. zero b. one c. kq/r d. kqQ/r

2. A point charge q is placed at O, as shown. When q is positive charge, Va – Vb is

a. negative b. positive c. zero d. can’t say

3. What is the work done in moving a test charge q through a distance of 1 cm along the
equatorial axis of an electric dipole?
4. The electric field at a point due to a point charge is 20N/C and the electric potential at that
point is 10 J/C. Calculate the distance of the point from the charge.
5. Two charges -q and +q are located at points A(0,0,-a) and B(0,0,+a) respectively. How
much work is done in moving a test charge from point P (7,0,0) to Q (-3,0,0).
6. Two point charges of q and -2q are kept ‘d’ distance apart. Find the location of the point
relative to charge q at which potential due to this system of charges is zero.
7. The sides of a rectangle ABCD are 15 cm and 5 cm as shown in the figure. Point charges
of -5 µC, +2 µC are placed at the comers D and B, respectively. Calculate electric potential at
A and C. Also, calculate work done in carrying a charge of 3 µC from A to C.

a. zero b. 2.5 J c. 5 J d. 1 J
8. A uniform electric field E of 300 N/C is directed along negative X-axis. A, B and C are three
points in the field, having x and y coordinates (in metre), as shown in Fig.
Find the potential differences ∆VCB.
a. zero b. 2.5 V c. 5 V d. 1 V
9. Three charges -q, +Q and -q are placed at equal distances on a straight line. If the potential
energy of the system of three charges is zero, find the ratio Q/q.
a. 1:1 b. 1:2 c. 1:3 d. 1:4
10. Calculate the amount of work done in associating the charges as shown in figure.

11. A network of four capacitors each of 12μF capacitance is connected to a 500V supply as
shown in the figure above. Determine (a) equivalent capacitance of the network and (b)
charge on each capacitor.
12. i. Write the expression for energy density and energy stored by a capacitor.
ii. The capacity of a capacitor is 4 µF and its potential is 100 V. Find the energy stored in it.
13. Two parallel plate air capacitors have their plate areas 100 and 500 cm2 respectively. If
their capacitance values are equal and the distance between the plates of the first capacitor is
0.5 mm, what is the distance between the plates of the second capacitor?
14. Find the potential difference across 2µF capacitor in the circuit shown.

15. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery which is then disconnected. A dielectric
slab is inserted the inserted to fill the space between the plates. Explain the changes if any,
that occurs in the values of
i. charge on the plate ii. electric field between the plates
16. i. Calculate the amount of work done in turning an electric dipole of dipole
moment 3×10−8C-m from its position of stable equilibrium to the position of unstable
equilibrium in a uniform electric field of intensity 103NC−1
ii. Twelve electrons of charge e are equally spaced and fixed around a circle of radius R.
Relative to V=0 at infinity, what are the electric potential at the centre C of the circle due to
these electrons?

17. i. Derive an expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.

ii. On what factors does the capacitance of parallel plate capacitor depends.
iii. If the distance between the plates of capacitor is halved and the dielectric constant is
doubled, find the capacitance of the capacitor.
18. A, B and C are three points in a uniform electric field. Compare electric potential.

19. i. Three point charges + q, +2q and Q are placed at the three vertices of an equilateral
triangle. Find the value of charge Q (in terms of q), so that electric potential energy of the
system is zero.
ii. Find the total capacitance in each case: (given ɛr1 = 2, ɛr2 = 3)

20. A 600pF capacitor is charged by 100V battery.

i. How much electrostatic force is stored by the capacitor?
ii. The capacitor is disconnected from the battery and connected to another 600pF capacitor.
Find their common potential.
iii. What is the electrostatic energy stored by the system?
iv. Where has the remainder of the energy gone?
 Ch 3 - CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. A charged particle having drift velocity of 7.5×10−4m s−1 in electric field of 3×10−10V m−1,
mobility in m2V-1s-1 is?
a. 2.5x106 b. 2.5x103 c. 2.5x101 d. 2.5x109
2. Find the resistivity of a conductor in which a current density of 2.5 A/m2 is found to exist,
when an electric field of 15 V/m is applied on it.
a. 6 Ωm b. 0.06 Ωm c. 1 Ωm d. 60 Ωm
3. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a current of 0.2 A through a resistance
of 10 ohm is
a. 0.2 ohm b. 0.5 ohm c. 0.8 ohm d. 1 ohm
4. For a cell, the terminal potential is 2.2 V when circuit is open and reduces to 1.8 V, when
cell is connected to a resistance R = 5 ohm. The internal resistance of cell r is
a. 10/9 ohm b. 10 ohm c. 5/9 ohm d. 11/9 ohm
5. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter across a battery. If the number density of
electro in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in the two wires.
a. 1:1 b. 1:2 c. 2:1 d. 2:3 V
6. The storage battery of a car has an emf of 24 V. If the internal resistance of the battery is
0.4Ω, what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery?
(a) 48 A (b) 60 A (c) 20 A (d) 30 A
7. V vs I graph for a conductor is shown. The relation between T1 and T2 is

(a) T1>T2 (b) T1<T2 (c) T1 = T2 (d) T1 = 2T2

8. Find total resistance between P and Q

a. 3.3 ohm b. 1/3 ohm c. 2 ohm d. 4 ohm

9. The current in a conductor varies with time t as I=2t+3t2 where I is in ampere and t in
seconds. Find the electric charge flowing through a section of the conductor during t = 2s to
t = 3s.
10. Two wires X, Y have the same resistivity, number density of electron but their cross –
sectional areas are in the ratio 2:3 and lengths in the ratio 1:2. Find the ratio of the drift
speeds of the electrons in the two wires when they are connected in series.
11. Draw the following graph in EMF, internal resistance and terminal voltage:
i) E vs R ii) i vs R
12. A cell supplies a current of 0.9 A through a 2 ohm resistor and a current of 0.3 A through
a 7 ohm resistor. Find emf and internal resistance of the cell.
13. In the given circuit diagram, the currents, I1=0.3A, I4=0.8A and I5=0.4A are flowing as
shown. Find the currents I2, I3 and I6.

14. Define current density. Write its SI unit and dimension.

15. Two cells of emf E1 and E2 and internal resistance r1 and r2 respectively are connected
in parallel. Draw the circuit diagram and derive an expression for total emf and total internal
resistance of the combination.
16. i. Define the term resistivity of a conductor. Give its SI unit.
ii. Show that the resistance of a conductor is given by

17. What is a Wheatstone bridge? When is the bridge is said to be balanced? Apply
Kirchhoff’s laws to derive the balance condition of the Wheatstone bridge
18. Three identical cells each of emf 2 V and unknown internal resistance are connected in
parallel. This combination is connected to a 5 ohm resistor. If the terminal voltage across the
cells is 1.5 V, what is the internal resistance of each is cell?
19. A conductor of length / is connected to a DC source of potential V. If the length of the
conductor is tripled by gradually stretching it, keeping V constant, how will
(i) drift speed of electrons and
(ii) resistance of the conductor be affected?
(iii) Resistivity. Justify your answer.
20. i. State KVL and KCL.
ii. Using Kirchhoff’s law, find current in 20 ohm resistor.

21. i. Why do the ‘free electrons’ in a metal wire, flowing themselves’, not cause any current
flow in the wire?
ii. Why alloys like constantan and manganin are used for making standard resistors?
iii. Derive an expression for current interms of drift velocity in a conductor.
22. Find: i) Equivalent emf of the combination ii) Equivalent internal resistance
iii) Total current

23. i. Draw resistivity vs temperature curve for alloy and Semiconductor.

ii. What is sensitivity of Wheat Stone Bridge?
iii. A 25W 220V bulb and a 100W 220V bulb are joined in series and connected to the mains.
Which bulb will glow brighter? Justify.
24. i. State KVL and KCL.
ii. The figure shows a circuit with three ideal batteries. Find the magnitude and direction of
currents in the branches AG, BF and CD.
 CH 4: MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
1. An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region. Are you definite
there is no magnetic field in that region?
2. A proton & an alpha particle of the same velocity enter in turn a region of uniform
magnetic field, acting perpendicular to their direction of motion. Deduce the ratio of the radii
of the circular paths described by the particles.
3. Consider the circuit shown in Fig, where APB and AQB are semicircles. What will be the
magnetic field at the centre C of the circular loop when current divides equally?

4. The maximum torque acting on a coil of area 0.04m2 is 4x10-8 Nm where the current in it is
10-4A. Find the magnitude of magnetic field in which it is placed.
5. Find the magnitude of the force on each segment of the wire as shown, if a magnetic field
of 0.30 T, is applied parallel to AB and DE. Take current flowing in the wire as 1A.

6. Two long straight parallel conductors carrying steady currents along the same direction are
separated by a distance ‘d’. Find the magnitude and nature of force between them.
7. State Biot Savart’s law. Derive an expression for magnetic field at the centre of circular
coil using the same.
8. An electron, moving with a velocity of 5 x 10 7 ms-1, enters a magnetic field of 1 wbm-2 at
an angle of 30°. Calculate the force on the electron.
a. 4 N b. 4x10-12 N c. 4x10-8 N d. 4x10-4 N
9. State Ampere’s law. Derive an expression for magnetic field at a distance r from a straight
wire.
10. Apply Biot Savart’s law to find the magnetic field due to a circular current carrying loop
at a point on the axis of the loop.
11. i. Apply Ampere’s circuital law to calculate magnetic field inside a straight solenoid.
ii. A 0.5 m long solenoid has 500 turns and has a magnetic field of 2.52x10-3 T at its centre.
Find the current in the solenoid.
12. i. When a galvanometer is said to be sensitive and hence define current sensitivity?
ii. With a neat diagram explain how to convert a galvanometer to ammeter.
iii. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance 12 ohm shows full scale deflection for a current
1mA. How will you convert the meter into an ammeter of range 0 to 10A?
13. 4. Two parallel very long straight wires carrying current of 5A each are kept at a
separation of 2.5 cm. If the currents are in the same direction, the force per unit
length of each wire and the nature of force is _______
a. 2x10-4 N/m and attractive b. 2x10-8 N/m and attractive
c. 2x10-4 N/m and repulsive d. 2x10-8 N/m and repulsive
14. Prove that the magnitude of magnetic field at point P and Q are 2x10 -5 T and 10-4T.

15. An electron moving horizontally with a velocity of 4×10 4 m/s enters a region of uniform
magnetic field of 10−5 T acting vertically downward as shown. Find the radius of the path
traced by electron in magnetic field.
a. 0.22 m b. 0.022 m c. 0.000002 m d. 2.2 m
16. A straight thick long wire of uniform cross section of radius ‘a’ is carrying a steady
current I. Use Ampere’s circuital law to obtain a relation showing the variation of the
magnetic field (Br) inside and outside the wire with distance r, (r&lt;=a) and (r&gt;a ) of the
field point from the centre of its cross section. Plot a graph showing the nature of this
variation.
 Ch 5 : MAGNETISM AND MATTER
1. A magnetic needle is kept in a non – uniform magnetic field. It experiences
a. a torque but not force b. neither a force nor a torque
c. a force and a torque d. a force but not torque
2. Curie temperature is the temperature above which.
a. a ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic
b. a paramagnetic material becomes diamagnetic
c. a ferromagnetic material becomes diamagnetic
d. a paramagnetic material becomes ferromagnetic
3. A magnetic needle of magnetic moment 6.7×10−2Am2 and moment of inertia 7.5×10−6kg
m2 is performing simple harmonic oscillations in a magnetic field of 0.01 T. Time taken for
10 complete oscillations is
a. 6.65 s b. 8.89 s c. 6.98 s d. 8.76 s
4. Two magnets of equal magnetic moments M each are placed as shown in figure below.
The resultant magnetic moment is

a. M b. 2M c. 3M d. M/2
5. A magnet of magnetic moment 2JT−1 is aligned in the direction of magnetic field of 0.1 T.
What is the net work done to bring the magnetic normal to the magnetic field?
a. 0.2 J b. 0.1 J c. 1 J d. 2 J
6. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 104J/T is free to rotate in a horizontal plane. The work
done in rotating the magnet slowly from a direction parallel to a horizontal magnetic field
of 4×10−5T to a direction 60o from the field will be

a. 0.2 J b. 0.1 J c. 1 J d. 2 J
7. The magnetic moment has dimensions of
a. [LA] b. [L2A] c. [LT-1A] d. [L2T-1A]
8. A magnetic needle suspended parallel to a magnetic field requires (3)1/2J of work to turn it
through 60o. The torque needed to maintain the needle in this position will be

a. 3 J b. 1 J c. 2 J d. 4 J
9. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.4J T-1 is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
0.16 T. The magnet is in stable equilibrium when the potential energy is
(a) –0.064 J (b) zero (c) –0.082 J (d) 0.064 J.
10. Calculate the magnetic field due to a bar magnet 2 cm long and having a pole strength of
100Am at a point 10 cm from each pole.
a. 0.2mT b. 20mT c. 2mT d. 200mT
11. Two similar bars P and Q 'made from different materials', are introduced in two identical
uniform magnetic fields. The figures given below show the re-distribution of magnetic lines
of force. Which of these materials is paramagnetic and why?

12. Give three differences between dia, para and ferromagnetic materials.
 Ch 6 : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1. The flux linked with a coif at any instant t is given by ∅ = 10t² – 10t + 250. The induced
emf at t = 10 is:
(a) 10 V (b) 190 V (c) -190 V (d) -10 V
2. Predict the directions of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 lying in the same plane
where current I in the wire is increasing steadily.

3. A plot of magnetic flux (ϕ ) versus current (I) is shown in the figure for two inductors A
and B. Which of the two has larger value of self inductance?

4. A square of side L metres lies in the x-y plane in a region, where the magnetic field is
given by B = B0{li + 3j + 4k) T, where Bo is constant. The magnitude of flux passing
through the square is
(a) 2BoL² W (b) 3BoL² W (c) 4BoL² W (d) √29 BoL² W
5. A coil of surface area 100 cm 2 having 50 turns is held perpendicular to the magnetic
field of intensity 0.02 Wbm-2 . The resistance of the coil is 2 Ω . If it is removed from the
magnetic field in 1 s, the induced charge in the coil is _____ .
(a) 5 C (b) 0.5 C (c) 0.05 C (d) 0.005 C
6. A coil having 500 sq. loops of side 10 cm is placed normal to magnetic flux which
increases at a rate of 1 T/s. The induced emf is
(a) 0.1 V (b) 0.5 V (c) 1 V (d) 5 V
7. The polarity of induced emf is given by
(a) Ampere's circuital law (b) Biot-Savart law
(c) Lenz's law (d) Fleming's right hand rule
8. The unit of self-inductance is
(a) Weber ampere (b) Weber-1 ampere (c) Henry (d) Farad
9. When current in a coil changes from 5 A to 2 A in 0.1 s, average voltage of 50 V is
produced. The self-
inductance of the coil is
(a) 1.67 H (b) 6 H (c) 3 H (d) 0.67 H
10. State Faraday’s and Lenz law.
11. Calculate the mutual inductance between two coils when a current 2A changes to 6A in
and 0.2 s and induces an emf of 20mV in secondary coil.
12. Mark direction of induced current in the following diagram.

13. Write the formula for mutual inductance and magnetic flux.
11. Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils. Derive an expression for the mutual
inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound one over the other.
12. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coils change when
(i) distance between the coils is increased and
(ii) number of turns in the coils is increased
13. A rectangular loop of area 20 cm x 30 cm is placed in a magnetic field of 0.3 T with its
plane (i) normal to the field (ii) inclined 30° to the field and (iii) parallel to the field. Find the
flux linked with the coil in each case.
14. A closely wound rectangular coil of 200 turns and size 0.3m×0.1m is rotating in a
magnetic field of induction 0.005Wbm−2 with a frequency of 1800 r.p.m. about an axis
normal to the field. Calculate the maximum value of induced e.m.f.
15. Derive an expression for self inductance of a solenoid of length l, number of turns N
and Area of cross section A.
16. State the working principle of AC generator. Derive an expression for emf induced in an
AC generator.
17.
 Ch 7 - ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. Draw Phasor diagram for RLC series circuit when VL>Vc.
2. A 60 microfarad capacitor is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz AC supply. What is the value
of root mean square value of current in the circuit?
3. A 44 mH inductor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz ac supply. Find rms current and the net
power absorbed over a complete cycle.
4. The variation of the instantaneous current I(t) and the instantaneous emf E(t) in a circuit
is as shown in the following fig. Identify the type of load and write an expression for
instantaneous current.

5. In the given circuit, the potential difference across the inductor L and resistor R are
200 V and 150 V respectively and the rms value of current is 5 A. Calculate (i) the impedance
of the circuit and (ii) the phase angle between the voltage and the current.

6. An electric lamp is connected in series with a capacitor and an a.c. source is glowing
with certain brightness. How does the brightness of the lamp change on increasing the
(i) Capacitance Reactance, and (ii) the frequency? Justify your Answer.

7. An alternating voltage given by V = 140 sin 314 t is connected across a pure resistor of
50 Ω. Find the rms voltage, rms current and phase angle through the resistor.
8. A series RL circuit with R = 10 Ω and L = (100/π) mH is connected to an ac source of
voltage V = 141sin (100πt). Find impedance and rms current of the circuit.
9. The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 200 V source
with L = 50 mH, C = 80 μF and R = 40 Ω. Determine the following at resonance:
(i) the source frequency (ii) impedance of the circuit (iii) phase angle
(iv) power factor (v) net power

10. The primary coil of an ideal step up transformer has 100 turns and transformation ratio is
also 100. The input voltage and power are respectively 220 V and 1100 W. Calculate:
(a) number of turns in secondary (b) current in primary (c) voltage across secondary
(d) current in secondary (e) power in secondary
11. A device X is connected across an ac source of voltage V = Vosinɷt. The current through
X is given as I = Io sin(ɷt-π/2).
a. Identify the device X and write the expression for its reactance.
b. Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and current with time over onecycle of ac for X.
c. Show variation graphically reactance of the device X vary with the frequency of the ac?
12. Derive the expression for current in ac circuit when an inductor is connected and draw the
waveform for voltage and current for the same.
13. i. Identify voltage, current and power waveform. ii. Mention the type of load producing it.
iii. What is the phase angle, net power and power factor of it.

14. An alternating voltage E = Eo sinωt is applied to a circuit containing a resistor R

connected in series with a black box (Z). The current in the circuit is found to be
i = Io sin ωt + π/4.

i State whether the element in the black box is a capacitor or inductor.

ii Draw the corresponding phasor diagram and find the impedance in terms of R.
 Ch 8: EM WAVES
1. Name the physical quantity which remains same for microwaves of wavelength
1 mm and UV radiations of 1600 Å in vacuum.
2. Name the em waves which are suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation.
3. If the. earth did not have atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be higher or
lower than what it is now? Explain.
4. Name the e.m. waves whose wavelength is1 nm to 10-3 nm
a. IR b. UV c. X-ray d. Micro wave
5. If λv, λx and λm represents the wavelengths of visible light, X-ray and microwaves
respectively then.
(a) λv > λx > λm (b) λx > λv > λm (c) λv > λm > λx (d) λm > λv > λx
6. i. Name the type of e.m. waves having a wavelength range of 0.1 m to 1 mm. How are
these waves generated? Write their two uses.
7. (a) Welders wear special glass goggles while working. Why? Explain.
(b) Why are infrared waves often called as heat waves? Give their one application.
8. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths lie in the range
(a) 10-11 m < λ < 10-8 m
(b) 10-4 m < λ < 10-6 m. Write one use of each.
9. Write the following radiations in ascending order in respect of their frequencies ;
X-rays, Microwaves, UV rays and radio waves..
10. EM waves of wavelength
a. λ1 are used to detect fracture in bones b. λ2 are used to kill germs in water purifiers
c. λ3 play an important role in maintaining the earth’s warmth
d. λ4 is used in aircraft navigation. Name the part of EM spectrum to which these radiations
belong. Arrange the wavelengths in decreasing order of their magnitudes.
11. A parallel plate capacitor is being charged by a time varying current. Explain briefly how
Ampere’s circuital law is generalized to incorporate the effect due to the displacement
current.
12. i. An em wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is incident. Justify.
ii. Prove energy density of electric field and magnetic field is equal.
13. i. The amplitude of the magnetic field part of a harmonic electromagnetic wave in
vacuum is 510 nT. What is the amplitude of the electric field part of the wave?
ii. Thin ozone layer on top of stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why?
14. Electromagnetic waves with wavelength (i) λ1 is used in cellular phones (ii) λ2 is used to
treat cancer (iii) λ3 is used to improve visibility in runways during fog and mist conditions.
i. Identify and name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiations
belong.
ii. Also arrange these wavelengths and frequency in ascending order of their magnitude.
iii. Name a source to generate them.
15. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by
By = (8 × 10-6) sin [314t + 300 π x] T
(i) Calculate the frequency & wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.
(ii) Write down the expression for the oscillating electric field.
16. i. Write down the properties of electromagnetic waves.
ii. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction. What can you say
about the direction of electric and magnetic field vectors?
iii. Do electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum?
17. Name the following parts of the electromagnetic spectrums.
a. used in radar systems for aircraft navigation
b. used to treat muscular strain
c. used in hospitals for diagnosing diseases
Also, briefly describe how these waves can be produced.
18. A parallel plate condenser has circular plates, each of radius 5cm. It is being charged so
that electric field in the gap between its plates rises steadily at the rate of 1012V/m/s. What is
the displacement current?
19. In an electromagnetic wave, the oscillating electric field having a frequency of
3 x 1010 Hz and an amplitude of 30 V/m propagates in the positive X-direction.
i. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave?
Write down the expression to represent the corresponding magnetic field.
20. Electromagnetic waves with wavelength (i) λ1 is used in cellular phones (ii) λ2 is used to
treat cancer (iii) λ3 is used to improve visibility in runways during fog and mist conditions.
i. Identify and name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiations
belong.
ii. Also arrange these wavelengths and frequency in ascending order of their magnitude.
iii. Name a source to generate them.
 Ch 9 : RAY OPTICS
1. An equiconvex lens of focal length 15 cm is cut into two halves as shown in figure. Find the focal
length of each part?

2. A glass lens is immersed in water. What will be the effect on the power of lens?
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) constant (d) not depends
3. How does the focal length of a convex lens changes if mono chromatic red light is used
instead of violet light?
(a) Focal length is increased when red light is used (b) Focal length is decreased when red
light is used
(c) Focal length is remain same when red light is used (d) Not depends on colour of light.
4. A glass block 3.0 cm thick is placed over a stamp .Calculate the height through which the
image of the stamp is raised. Refractive index of glass is 1.54.
(a) 1.6 (b) 1 (c) 1.06 (d) 2.6
5. Optical fibers are based on the phenomenon of
(a) reflection (b) refraction (c) dispersion (d) total internal reflection
6. i. State the conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to occur.
ii. Derive an expression for refractive index interms of critical angle.

iii. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30°.

7. A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the
location of the image and the magnification
8. i. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of
refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens? Give reason.
ii. The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. If focal
length of the lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material of the lens.
9. A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC made
of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism. Justify.
10. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles
right angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for the two rays ‘1’ and ‘2’
are respectively 1.35 and 1.45. Trace the path of these rays entering through the prism

11. (i) Define refractive index of a medium.

(ii) In the following ray diagram, calculate the speed of light in the liquid of unknown refractive
index.

SECTION-C (5x3 = 15)

12. i. Derive Lens Maker’s Formula by using suitable diagram.
ii. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in
(i) a medium of refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.5.
(a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(b) How will its focal length change in the two media?
13. Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices n1 and n2 of two media and radius
of curvature R for refraction at a convex spherical surface. Consider the object to be a point since
lying on the principle axis in rarer medium of refractive index n1 and a real image formed in the
denser medium of refractive index n2.
14. An astronomical refractive telescope has an objective of focal length 20 m
and an eyepiece of focal length 2 cm. Find magnification and tube length of telescope.
15. A ray PQ incident on the face AB of a prism ABC, as shown in the figure, emerges from
the face AC such that AQ=AR. Draw the ray diagram showing the passage of the ray through
the prism and mark the angles. If the angle of the prism is 60∘ and refractive index of the
material of the prism is (3)1/2, determine the value of angle of incidence and deviation.

16. The sum of focal lengths of the two lenses of a refracting telescope is 105 cm. The focal
length of one lens is 20 times that of the other. Determine the total magnification of the
telescope when the final image is formed at infinity.
17. i. For astronomical telescope in objective and eye piece, which lens is having large focal
length?
ii. Write the expression for magnification if the image is seen at infinity.
iii. If focal length of objective lens and eye piece lens are 120 cm and 5 cm respectively, then
in normal adjustment, calculate the length of telescope.
iv. You are given three lenses of powers 0.5D, 4D and 10D. State with reason which two
lenses you will prefer for a good refracting telescope.
18. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm and a concave lens of focal length 10 cm are
placed in close focal contact with each other. Calculate the lens power of this combination.
Will the system be converging or diverging in nature.
19. i. Write the necessary conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to occur.
ii. What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of the material?
20. Light of wavelength 600 nm in air enters a medium of refractive index 1.5. What will be
its wavelength in the medium?
21. A compound microscope has a magnifying power of 100 when the image is formed at
infinity. The objective has a focal length of 0.5 cm and the tube length is 6.5 cm. Find the
focal length of the eyepiece.
22. Define the magnifying power of a compound microscope when the final image is formed
at infinity. Why must both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound microscope have
short focal lengths? Explain.
 Ch 10: Wave Optics
1. According to Huygen’s principle, light is a form of
a. particle b. rays c. wave d. none of the above
2. What is the path difference for constructive interference?
a. nλ b. (n-1)λ c. 2nλ d. nλ/2
3. Ratio of intensities of two waves is 9:1. If these waves are superposed, what is the ratio of
maximum and minimum intensities?
a. 9:1 b. 3:1 c. 4:1 d. 5:3
4. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensities I and 4I superimpose. The
maximum and minimum possible intensities in the resulting beam are
a. 5I and I b. 5I and 3I c. 3I and I d. 9I and I
5. Yellow light emitted by sodium lamp in Young’s double slit experiment is replaced by
monochromatic blue light of the same intensity, then
a. Fringe width will decrease b. Fringe width will increase
c. Fringe width will remain unchanged d. Fringe will become less intense
6. What is sustained interference? Write the condition for sustained interference.
7. State Huygen’s principle.
8. Define the term coherence for light waves.
9. In Young's double slit experiment, the distance between the two slits is halved and the
distance between the slit and screen is doubled, then what will be the effect on fringe width?
10. If fringe width in air is 2.6mm, how fringe width change if the entire apparatus of YDSE
is placed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3 without changing other quantities?
11. In Young's double-slit experiment, lights of green, yellow, and orange colours are
successively used. Write the fringe widths for the three colours in increasing order.
12. i. State two differences between interference and diffraction patterns.
ii. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity with angular distance of interference and
diffraction pattern.
13. Light of λ=550nm is incident as parallel beam on a slit of width 0.1mm. Find the angular
width and linear width of the principal maximum in the diffraction pattern on a screen at a
distance of 1.1m from the slit. Which of these widths will not change if the screen were
moved to a distance of 2.2m from the slit?
14. Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What
are the wavelength, frequency and speed of refracted light? Refractive index of water is 1.33.
15. In YDSE, the two slits 0.15 mm apart are illuminated by monochromatic light of
wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1m away from the slits. Find the angular and linear
distance of the i. second bright fringe ii. second dark fringe from the central maximum.
16. i. Use Huygens' Geometrical Construction to Show the Behaviour of a Plane Wavefront.
(i) Passing Through a Biconvex Lens; (ii) Reflecting by a Concave Mirror.
ii. What is the Huygens principle and apply it to prove the law of refraction when light travels
from denser to rarer medium?
17. Interference is based on the superposition principle. According to this principle, at a
particular point in the medium, the resultant displacement produced by a number of waves is
the vector sum of the displacements produced by each of the waves. If two sodium lamps
illuminate two pinholes S1 and S2. The intensities will add up and no interference fringes will
be observed on the screen.
(i) Two coherent sources of intensity 10 W/m2 and 25 W/m2 interfere to form fringes. Find
the ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity.
(a) 15.54 (b) 16.78 (c) 19.72 (d) 18.39
(ii) In a Young's double-slit experiment, the slit separation is doubled. To maintain the same
fringe spacing on the screen, the screen-to-slit distance D must be changed to
(a) 2D (b) 4D (c) D/2 (d) D/4
(iii) If the intensity ratio of two coherent sources used in Young's double slit experiment is
49 : 1, then the ratio between the maximum and minimum intensities in the interference
pattern is
(a) 1: 9 (b) 9: 16 (c) 25: 16 (d) 16: 9
(iv) A point source that emits waves uniformly in all directions, produces wave fronts that are
(a) spherical (b) elliptical (c) cylindrical (d) planar
 Ch 11: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
1. Photoelectric effect can be explained by
a. corpuscular theory of light b. wave nature of light
c. Bohr’s theory d. quantum theory of light
2. 1 MeV = _____
a. 1.6x10-19 J b. 1.6x10-13 J c. 1.6x10-10 J d. 1.6x10-3 J
3. The photographic work function for a metal is 4.125 eV. The cut-off wavelength for this
surface is
a. 3000 oA b. 2060 oA c. 4125 oA d. 6000 oA
4. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 k V. Its de-Broglie
wavelength is
a. 12.2x10-12 m b. 12.2x10-14 m c. 12.2 nm d. 12.2x10-13 m
5. Calculate momentum of a photon associated with a radiation of frequency 5x10 13 Hz.
Given, h = 6.6x10-34 Js and c = 3x108 m/s.
a. 1.1x10-28 kgm/s b. 111x10-28 kgm/s c. 0.01x10-28 kgm/s d. 11000x10-28 kgm/s
6. The work function for a certain metal is 2.14 eV. Will this metal give photoelectric
emission for incident radiation of wavelength 500 nm?
7. Draw a graph to show the variation of intensity of incident light with photoelectric current.
8. Draw a graph to show the variation of anode to cathode voltage with photoelectric current
for three different values of Intensity of incident radiation.
9. Define threshold frequency.
10. For a photosensitive surface, work function is 3.3x10-19 J. Find threshold frequency.
11. For photoelectric effect in sodium, shows the plot of cutoff voltage verses frequency of
incident radiation. Calculate: a) the threshold frequency b) work function for sodium.

12. Light of wavelength 5000 Ao falls on a metal surface of work function 1.9 eV. Find the
energy of photons in eV and KE of photoelectrons.
13. Work function of sodium is 2.3 eV. Does sodium show photoelectric emission for orange
light of wavelength λ = 6800 Ao.
14. Derive an expression for de-Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through a
potential difference of V volts.
15. In the study of a photoelectric effect, the graph between the stopping potential V and
frequency ʋ of the incident radiation on two different metals P and Q is shown below:

i. Which one of the two metals has higher threshold frequency?

ii. Determine the work function of the metal which has greater value?
iii. Find the maximum kinetic energy of electron emitted by the light of frequency
8x1014 Hz for this metal.
16. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through same potential difference. Find the
ratio of de Broglie wavelength of proton and alpha particle.
4

17. Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential.

Fig. 1 Fig.2
(i) Define stopping potential.
(ii) Compare frequencies v1,v2 and v3.
(iii) On what factor stopping potential depends on?
(iv)What is the slope of graph in Fig 2?
18. The work function of Caesium metal is 2.14eV. When light of frequency 6 x 10 14Hz is
incident on the metal surface photoemission of electrons occurs.
a. What is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons?
b. stopping potential c. maximum speed of the emitted photoelectrons
 Ch 12: ATOMS
1. Why did Thomson’s atomic model fail?
2. How much is the radius of Bohr’s inner most orbit?
(a) r=0.51 0A (b) r=0.35 0A (c) r=0.23 0A (d) r=0.53 0A
3. The first excited state energy of hydrogen atom is -3.4 eV. What is the potential energy of
the electron in this state in eV?
a. -6.8 eV b. +6.8 eV c. +3.4 eV d. -3.4 eV
4. The transition from the state n = 5 to n = 1 in a hydrogen atom results in UV radiation.
Infrared radiation will be obtained in the transition
(a) 2 → 1 (b) 3 → 2 (c) 4 → 3 (d) 6 → 2
5. The energy of hydrogen atom in its ground state is -13.6eV. The energy of level
corresponding to n=5 is
(a)-0.54eV (b)-5.40eV (c)-0.85eV (d)-2.75eV
6. Hydrogen atom are excited from ground state of the principal quantum number 4 then
number of spectral lines observed will be
(a)3 (b)6 (c)5 (d) 2
7. For ground state of hydrogen atom the value of principal quantum number is___
(a) n = 2 (b) n = 0 (c) n = 1 (d) n = infinity
8. What are the inferences and conclusions of Rutherford model? Draw a graph showing
variation of alpha particle vs scattering angle.
9. Define impact parameter. Represent diagrammatically the shape of trajectory of alpha
particles.
10. Write the relation and show graphically the variation of radius of orbit with principal
quantum number n for hydrogen atom.
11. An alpha particle of energy 5 MeV is scattered through 180 degree by a fixed uranium
nucleus. Find the distance of closest approach.
12. The total energy of the electron in the ground state of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. Find the
kinetic energy, potential energy and total energy in second excited state of the electron in the
first excited state.
13. Define ionization energy. What is its value for hydrogen atom.
14. i. How did the scattering of a-particle by a thin foil of gold provide an important way to
determine an upper limit on the size of the nucleus? Explain briefly.
15. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its Bohr radius is given as 5.3 × 10–11 m. The atom
is excited such that the radius becomes 21.2 × 10–11 m. Find (i) the value of the principal
quantum number and (ii) the total energy of the atom in this excited state.
16. Calculate the shortest wavelength in the Paschen series of hydrogen atom. In which
region (infra-red, visible, ultraviolet) of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength lie?
17. The wavelength of the second line of Balmer series in Hydrogen atom is 4861Angstrom.
Calculate the wave length of the first line and most energetic level.
18. i. The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are given below. Which of the shown
transitions will result in the emission of photon of wavelength 275 nm?

ii. Which transitions corresponds to its emission of radiation of minimum and maximum
wavelength?
19. (I) Number of spectral lines in Hydrogen atom is
(a) 8 (b)6 (c) 15 (d) infinity
(II) Which series of hydrogen spectrum corresponding to ultra violet region
(a) Balmer series (b) Bracket series (c) Paschen series (d)Lymen Series
(III) Which of the following lines of Hydrogen Spectrum belongs to Balmer Series (a)1025
0
A (b) 1218 0A (c)4861 0A (d)18751 0A
(IV) Rydberg Constant is
(a) Universal constant (b) same for same elements
(c) different for different elements (d) none of the above
20. i. The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 10-11 m. What is the
radius of orbit in the second excited state?
ii. What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and ground state
in a hydrogen atom?
 Ch 13: Nuclei
1. The correct statements about the nuclear force is/are
(a) charge independent (b) short range force (c) non-conservative force (d) all of these.
2. The range of nuclear force is the order of
(a) 2 x 10-10 m (b) 1.5 x 10-20 m (c) 1.2 x 10-4 m (d) 1.4 x 10-15 m
3. A force between two protons is same as the force between proton and neutron. The nature
of the force is
(a)Electrical force (b) weak nuclear force (c) gravitational force (d) strong nuclear force
4. All the nucleons in an atom are held by
(a) nuclear forces (b) vander waal’s forces (c) tensor forces (d) coulomb force
5. Which of the following quantities is not conserved in a nuclear reaction?
a. Mass b. Charge c. Momentum d. None of the above
6. The light energy emitted by a star is due to
a. Joining of nuclei b. Burning of nuclei
c. Breaking of nuclei d. Reflection of solar light
7. Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number
of different nuclei. Write any two salient features of the curve.
8. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 27 : 125. What is the ratio of their nuclear
radii?
9. Describe the distinctive features of nuclear force.
10. Given the three isotopes of neon gas: 10Ne20, 10Ne21 and 10Ne22 possess respective
abundances of 90.51%, 0.27%, and 9.22%. The atomic masses of three isotopes are 19.99u,
20.99u, and 21.99u. Calculate the average atomic mass of neon.
11. Plot the potential energy as a function of the distance between two nucleons. Then,
identify the areas with potential energy (i) positive and (ii) negative.
12. With the help of radius of nucleus expression, show that nuclear matter density is
independent of mass number A.
13. In tropical nuclear reaction e.g., 2H1 + 2H1− − −>3He2+ 1n0+ 3.27 MeV, although
number of nucleons is conserved, yet energy is released. How? Explain.
14. Obtain the binding energy (in MeV) of a nitrogen nucleus ,

given =14.00307 u, Mass of a proton, mp = 1.007825 u Mass of a neutron,

mn= 1.008665 u, 1 amu = 931 MeV.
15. A nucleus with mass number A = 240 and BE/A= 7.6 MeV breaks into two fragments
each of A = 120 with BE/ A= 8.5 MeV. Calculate the released energy.
16. i. In heavy nucleus the number of neutrons is more than number of protons. Explain why?
ii. What will be the energy equivalent to 10 milligram?
iii. What will be the ratio of radii of two nucleus of mass number A1 and A2?
17. i. The nuclear fusion could not be used as an experimental and controlled source of
energy till now. Why?
ii. Why is a neutron preferred as a bombarding particle in nuclear fission?
iii. Write difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
18. Calculate binding energy per nucleon of 26Fe56.
Given : m(26Fe56) = 55.934939 a.m.u., m (proton ) = 1.007825 a.m.u., m (neutron) =
1.008665 a.m.u.
19. A nucleus of mass number 240 and having binding energy/nucleon 7.6 MeV splits into
two fragments Y, Z of mass numbers 110 and 130 respectively. If the binding energy/nucleon
of Y, Z is equal to 8.5 MeV each, calculate the energy released in the nuclear reaction.
20. Calculate the (i) mass defect, (ii) binding energy and (iii) the binding energy per nucleon
for a 6C12 nucleus. Nuclear mass of 6C12=12.000000 a.m.u., mass of hydrogen
nucleus =1.007825 a.m.u. and mass of neutron =1.008665 a.m.u.
21. Two stable isotopes of lithium 3Li6 and 3Li7 have respective abundances of 7.5% and
92.5%. These isotopes have masses 6.01512 u and 7.01600 u, respectively. Find the atomic
mass of lithium.
22. The mass of deutron (1H2) nucleus is 2.013553 a.m.u. If the masses of proton and neutron
are 1.007275 a.m.u. and 1.008665 a.m.u. respectively. Calculate the mass defect, the packing
fraction, binding energy and binding energy per nucleon.
 Ch 14: SEMICONDUCTOR
1. Mention the biasing of the following diode.

(a) (b)
ii. A pn junction diode is
(a) 2 terminal unidirectional device (b) 2 terminal bidirectional device
(c) 1 terminal unidirectional device (d) 1 terminal bidirectional device
iii. Draw energy band gap diagram for insulator.
2. i. Define Rectifier.
ii. Draw the circuit diagram and waveform for full wave rectifier.
iii. If input frequency is 50 Hz, find output frequency of full wave rectifier.
3. Draw an energy level diagram for an intrinsic semiconductor and n-type semiconductor.
4. Draw the circuit diagram and waveform for half wave rectifier.
5. Differentiate forward bias and reverse bias.
6. Draw I-V characteristics of diode and mark cut in voltage, breakdown voltage and
saturation current.
7. When similar diodes D1 and D2 are connected as shown, determine the currents through
resistance of the circuit.

8. Explain why mobility of free electrons is greater than that of free holes.
9. Sn, C and Si, Ge are all group 14 elements. Yet Sn is a conductor, C is an insulator while
Si and Ge are semiconductor. Why?
10. i) How are p- type semiconductors produced?
ii) The forbidden band energy of silicon is 1.1eV. What does it mean?
iii) What is an ideal diode?