Mechanics of Materials

(Stress Analysis)
Mechanical design and production department
Zagazig University
2021-2022

Dr. Abdallah Mahmoud Kabeel

Torsion
Stress Analysis Torsion
Shear stress due to torque: y
𝐴
The shear stress at any point (n) in a specified cross
n
section is given by: 𝑇𝑟𝑛
𝜏𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛
where 𝐽
𝑻 𝐶𝐶 x
2
𝜏𝑛 :The shear stress at the point n (N/m ) 𝑅
z 𝑅
𝑇 :The applied torque at the cross-section (C.S) containing
the point n (N.m) 𝐵
𝑟𝑛 :The distance from the center of C.S area to the point n (m)
𝐽 :The polar moment of area of the C.S (m4 )
y
For circular cross-section 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴 𝐴
𝜋 4 𝜋 4 𝑑 𝑑𝑖
𝑅 = 𝑑
2 32
𝐽= 𝐷
𝜋 𝜋 𝐶
(𝑅𝑜4 − 𝑅𝑖4 ) = (𝑑𝑜4 − 𝑑𝑖4 ) 𝑑𝑜 z
2 32
𝑻
𝐵
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐵 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
16 𝑇
𝑑 𝐶
𝜋 𝑑3
𝑇𝑅 𝐷
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 16 𝑇 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖
𝐽
𝜋 (𝑑𝑜4 − 𝑑𝑖4 ) 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑜
Shear stress distribution at the C.S.
Stress Analysis Torsion
Shear strain and twist angle: y

Shear strain (𝛾): is the rotation of a horizontal line due the B D C 𝐴

applied toruque 𝑻.
𝐷′ 𝐶′
All the points at. the outer surface have the same shear 𝐴′
𝐴
stress. So, the shear strain of these points is the same and 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 x
it is independent on the part length. 𝜑𝐴 𝑅
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇𝑅
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑻
𝐺 𝐺𝐽 z
Twist angle (𝜑): it is the angle by which the cross section
rotates due the applied toruque 𝑻. 𝐿 = 𝐿𝐴
𝜑𝐴 ∶ the rtation of the cross section at 𝐴 due to 𝑻
+ ve
𝜑𝐶 ∶ the rtation of the cross section at 𝐶 due to 𝑻 𝑇𝐵
𝜑𝐷 ∶ the rtation of the cross section at 𝐷 due to 𝑻 + ve
+ ve
𝜑𝐴 > 𝜑𝐶 > 𝜑𝐷 𝑻 + ve
FBD
It is clear that, the twist angle of certain cross section
depends on the distance between the cross section and
the fixed support. 𝑇𝐵 = 𝑻
𝑻
Since: L 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 L 𝑇𝑅 + ve
෢′ = R 𝜑𝐴 = L 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝐴 ∴ 𝜑𝐴 = = TD
R R 𝐺𝐽 𝑩 𝑨
𝑇L 𝐺 ∶ the shear modulus of the part
∴ 𝜑𝐴 = material (N/m2 )
𝐺𝐽
𝜑𝐴 ∶ the twist angle (radian)
Stress Analysis Torsion
Principle of superposition: 𝒅𝟐 , 𝑳𝟐 , 𝑮𝟐
𝒅𝟒 , 𝑳𝟒 , 𝑮𝟒 𝒅𝒐 , 𝒅𝒊 , 𝑳𝟑 , 𝑮𝟑
in the shown figure thetorsional moments 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 and 𝒅𝟏 , 𝑳𝟏 , 𝑮𝟏
𝑻𝟑
𝑇4 are applied at the cross sections pathing through the
points A, B, C and D respectively.
From equilibrium: A
E D C B
𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟏
σ 𝑇 = 𝑻𝑨 + 𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟒 = 0 𝑻𝟐
∴ 𝑻𝑨 = (𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐 + 𝑻𝟒 ) −𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟑
𝑻𝑨
Twist angles: =0
FBD
𝜑𝐴𝐸 = 𝜑𝐴 − 𝜑𝐸 = 𝜑𝐴 = σ 𝜑shaft = 𝜑𝐴𝐵 + 𝜑𝐵𝐶 + 𝜑𝐶𝐷 + 𝜑𝐷𝐸 B
A
E D C
𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝑇𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝐷𝐸 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟏
∴ 𝜑𝐴𝐸 = + + + 𝑻𝟐
𝐺1 𝐽1 𝐺2 𝐽2 𝐺3 𝐽3 𝐺4 𝐽4
𝑇 𝐿 (𝑇1 +𝑇2 ) 𝐿2 [𝑇3 −((𝑇1 +𝑇2 )] 𝐿3 𝑇𝐴 𝐿4 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐
= 𝐺1 𝐽1 + - + 𝑻𝑨
1 1 𝐺2 𝐽2 𝐺3 𝐽3 𝐺4 𝐽4 𝑻𝟏
+ ve + ve
𝜑𝐴𝐸 ∶ the twist of the cross section at 𝐴 with respect to the TD
E D C B A
twist of the of the coss section at 𝐸. - ve
𝑻𝟑 − (𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐 )
Maximum twist in the shaft:
The maximum twist in a shaft depends on the torque diagram of the shaft. 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 in the
shown torque diagram we observe that:
𝝋𝑩𝑪 > 𝝋𝑨𝑩 and 𝝋𝑨𝑪 > 𝝋𝑩𝑪
So; (𝝋𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 )𝒎𝒂𝒙. Depends on the value of the twist of each segment in member or
in the mechanical part
Stress Analysis Torsion
Statically indeterminate shafts under torque: 𝒅𝟐 , 𝑳𝟐 , 𝑮𝟐 𝒅𝟏 , 𝑳𝟏 , 𝑮𝟏
𝑻
The problem is to obtain the reactions at the supports 𝐴 and 𝐵
From equilibrium:
σ 𝑇 = 𝑻 − 𝑻𝑨 − 𝑻𝑩 = 0 ∴ 𝑻𝑨 + 𝑻𝑩 = 𝑻 1 B C A

Compatibility condition:
𝐶 𝑻
𝑇𝐴 𝐿1 𝑇𝐵 𝐿2 ′
𝜑𝐶 = 𝜑𝐶𝐴 = 𝜑𝐶𝐵 𝐶
= 𝜑𝐶 B
𝐺1 𝐽1 𝐺2 𝐽2 𝑻
FBD
𝐿2 𝐺1 𝐽1 A
∴ 𝑇𝐴 =𝑇𝐵 2 𝑻𝑩 C
𝑻𝑨
𝐿1 𝐺2 𝐽2
Solving equations 1 and 2 the reactions at the supports 𝐴 and 𝐵 𝑻
can be obtained 𝑻𝑩 + 𝑻𝑨
B

A
𝑻𝑩 𝑻𝑨

𝑻𝑨
B
+ ve
TD A
C
- ve
𝑻𝑩 = 𝑻 − 𝑻𝑨
Stress Analysis Torsion
Transmitted power: Shaft 1 B A
G
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 ∗ 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 Motor

𝑷 = 𝑻 ∗ 𝝎 = 𝑻 ∗ (𝟐 𝝅 𝒇) = 𝑻 ∗(𝟐 𝝅 𝑵/60) 𝑻𝑴 , 𝝎𝑴
Gear 1
where Pulley
D C Shaft 2
𝑷 : The transmitted power watt (J/s ≡ N.s/m or hp) P E
hp = 746 watt
𝑻 : The applied torque (N.m) Gear 2
𝝎 : The angular speed of the shaft (rad./s)
𝒇 : The shaft frequency in cycle per second (cps ≡hz)
𝑵 : The shaft speed revolution per minute (rpm)
Then: B A
G
𝑷𝑴
∴ 𝑷𝑴 = 𝑻𝑴 ∗ 𝝎𝑴 𝑻𝑴 = Motor
𝝎𝑴

From equilibrium: 𝑻𝑴 , 𝝎𝑴
𝑭𝒕 FBD
𝑻𝑴 = 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑭𝒕 ∗ 𝑹𝑮𝟏 = 𝑭𝒕 ∗ 𝑹𝟏 1 𝑻𝑷 , 𝝎 𝑷
D C
𝑻𝑷 = 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑭𝒕 ∗ 𝑹𝑮𝟐 = 𝑭𝒕 ∗ 𝑹𝟐 2 P E

𝑻𝟏 𝑹𝟏
∴
𝑻𝟐
=
𝑹𝟐 (∗) 𝑻𝟐 , 𝝎𝟐
Stress Analysis Cont. Transmitted power Torsion
Continue equilibrium: B A
G
∴ 𝑃𝑀 = 𝑇𝑀 ∗ 𝜔𝑀 = 𝐹𝑡 ∗ 𝑅1 ∗ 𝜔1 Motor
𝑅
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑇𝑃 ∗ 𝜔𝑃 = 𝐹𝑡 ∗ 𝑅2 ∗ 𝜔2 = 𝐹𝑡 ∗ 𝑅2 ∗ 𝜔1 𝑅1 Shaft 1 𝑻𝑴 , 𝝎𝑴
2
FBD
= 𝐹𝑡 ∗ 𝑅1 ∗ 𝜔1 = 𝑃𝑀 𝑻𝑷 , 𝝎𝑷 𝑭𝒕

For no losses or 100% D C Shaft 2

∴ 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 transmission efficiency P E

So, we can use the general equation:

𝑻𝟐 , 𝝎𝟐
𝑇1 𝜑2 𝜔2 𝑁2 𝑅 speed reduction
= = = = 1 ratio
𝑇2 𝜑1 𝜔1 𝑁1 𝑅2

Shear and 𝜑𝐺
twist free + ve 𝜑𝐸 𝜑2 𝑅1 𝝎𝟏
= =
𝜑𝐺 𝜑1 𝑅2
B G A M 𝑯′
𝑉ℎ
P D E C 𝜑 = 𝜔t H 𝑯′
𝜑𝐸
𝝎𝟐
− ve ∴
𝜔2 𝑁2 𝑅1
= =
Shear and 𝜔1 𝑁1 𝑅2
twist free
Also
Torque diagrams in the shafts
𝑉ℎ = 𝜔1 𝑅1 = 𝜔2 𝑅2
Stress Analysis Examples Torsion
Example 1
The shaft shown in figure 2 is made of steel
(𝑬𝒔𝒕. = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 GPa and 𝑮𝒔𝒕. = 𝟕𝟓 GPa) and has a diameter
of 40 mm. Determine:
a) The angle of twist of wheel B with respect to wheel A.
b) The maximum shear stress in the shaft due to the
applied torque. Solution
Data:
𝐸𝑠𝑡. = 200 GPa, 𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 75 GPa, 𝑑𝑠ℎ. = 40 mm,
𝑇𝐵 = 6000 − 2000 ∗ 0.15 = 600 N. m,
𝑇𝐴
𝑇𝐴 = 10000 − 4000 ∗ 0.1 = 600 N. m,
FBD
𝜋 4 𝜋 A
𝐽𝑠ℎ. = 𝑑𝑠ℎ = 0.04 4 = 2.513274 ∗ 10−7 m4 𝑇𝐵 B
32 32
a) The angle of twist of wheel B with respect to wheel A: 𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐵
𝑇𝐵𝐴 𝐿𝐵𝐴 600 ∗ 0.45
𝝋𝑩𝑨 = = TD
𝐺𝑠𝑡. 𝐽𝑠ℎ. 75 ∗ 109 (2.513274 ∗ 10−7 ) A B
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟒 rad. = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟏o
b) The maximum shear stress in the shaft due to torque:
𝑇𝐵𝐴 𝑅𝑠ℎ 16 𝑇𝐵𝐴 16 ∗ 600
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙. = = 3 = 3
= 47.746 ∗ 106 N/m2 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟒𝟔 MPa
𝐽𝑠ℎ. 𝜋 𝑑𝑠ℎ 𝜋 ∗ 0.04
Stress Analysis Examples Torsion
Example 2
The solid steel shaft AC (𝐸𝑠𝑡. = 200 GPa, 𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 75 GPa) shown in figure 2 has a diameter
of 25 mm and is supported by a smooth bearing at D and E. It is coupled to a motor at C,
which deliver 3 kW of power to the shaft while it is turning at 50 rev/s. The gears A and
B remove 1 kW and 2 kW, respectively. If the shaft is free to turn in its support bearings
D and E, It is required to:
a) Draw the torque diagram of the shaft AC.
b) Determine the maximum shear stress developed in the shaft within regions AB and
BC.
c) Determine the maximum twist angle developed in the shaft within regions AB and
BC.
Stress Analysis Cont. Ex. 2 Torsion
Data:
𝐸𝑠𝑡. = 200 GPa, 𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 75 GPa, 𝑑𝑠ℎ. = 25 mm,
𝜋 4 𝜋 4
𝐽𝑠ℎ. = 𝑑𝑠ℎ = 0.025 = 38.34952 ∗ 10−9 m4
32 32
𝑃𝑚 = 3 k W = 3000 W, 𝑓𝑚 = 50 rps (Hz)
𝑃𝐵 = 2 k W = 2000 W, 𝑃𝐴 = 1 k W = 1000 W
9.55 N. m 𝑇𝑚
∴ 𝜔𝑚 = 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑚 = 2 𝜋 ∗ 50 = 314.16 ra dΤs
3.18 N. m 𝑇𝐴
𝑃𝑚 3000
∴ 𝑇𝑚 = = = 9.55 N. m TD
𝜔𝑚 314.16 A B C

𝑃𝐵 2000
𝑇𝐵 = = = 6.37 N. m
𝜔𝑚 314.16 0.5 m 0.5 m

𝑃𝐴 1000
𝑇𝐴 = = = 3.18 N. m
𝜔𝑚 314.16
a) The torque diagram is shown in the figure
b) The maximum shear stress in the shaft due to torque:
𝑇𝐴 𝑅𝑠ℎ. 16 𝑇𝐴 16 ∗ 3.18 6
N
𝝉𝑨𝑩 max. = = 3 = = 1.036519 ∗ 10 ≅ 1.037 MPa
𝐽𝑠ℎ 𝜋 𝑑𝑠ℎ. 𝜋 (0.025)3 m2
𝑇𝑚 𝑅𝑠ℎ. 16 𝑇𝑚 16 ∗ 9.55 6
N
𝝉𝑩𝑪 max. = = 3 = = 3.112816 ∗ 10 ≅ 3.113 MPa
𝐽𝑠ℎ 𝜋 𝑑𝑠ℎ. 𝜋 (0.025)3 m2
 Stress Analysis Cont. Ex. 2 Torsion
Data:
𝐸𝑠𝑡. = 200 GPa, 𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 75 GPa, 𝑑𝑠ℎ. = 25 mm,
𝜋 4 𝜋 4
𝐽𝑠ℎ. = 𝑑𝑠ℎ = 0.025 = 38.34952 ∗ 10−9 m4
32 32
𝑃𝑚 = 3 k W = 3000 W, 𝑓𝑚 = 50 rps (Hz)
𝑃𝐵 = 2 k W = 2000 W, 𝑃𝐴 = 1 k W = 1000 W
9.55 N. m 𝑇𝑚
∴ 𝜔𝑚 = 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑚 = 2 𝜋 ∗ 50 = 314.16 ra dΤs
3.18 N. m 𝑇𝐴
𝑃𝑚 3000
∴ 𝑇𝑚 = = = 9.55 N. m TD
𝜔𝑚 314.16 A B C

𝑃𝐵 2000
𝑇𝐵 = = = 6.37 N. m
𝜔𝑚 314.16 0.5 m 0.5 m

𝑃𝐴 1000
𝑇𝐴 = = = 3.18 N. m
𝜔𝑚 314.16

c) The twist angle developed in the shaft within regions AB and BC:
𝑇𝐴 𝐿𝐴𝐵 3.18 ∗ 0.5
𝝋𝑨𝑩 = = 9 −9
= 0.001106 rad ≅ 0.063o
𝐺𝑠𝑡. 𝐽𝑠ℎ. 75 ∗ 10 (38.34952 ∗ 10 )

𝑇𝑚 𝐿𝐵𝐶 6.37 ∗ 0.5

𝝋𝑩𝑪 = = 9 −9
= 0.002215 rad ≅ 0.127o
𝐺𝑠𝑡. 𝐽𝑠ℎ. 75 ∗ 10 (38.34952 ∗ 10 )
.
Stress Analysis Examples Torsion
Example 3
The solid steel shaft AC (𝐸𝑠𝑡. = 200 GPa, 𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 75 GPa) shown in figure 3 is supported by
a smooth bearing at D and E. It is coupled to a motor at C, which deliver 30 kW of power
to the shaft while it is turning at 50 rev/s. The gears A and B remove 10 kW and 20 kW,
respectively. If the shaft is free to turn in its support bearings D and E, it is required to:
a) Draw the torque diagram of the shaft AC.
b) If the allowable shear stress for the shaft material is 𝝉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝟕𝟎 Mpa, determine the
minimum safe diameter of the shaft AC.
c) Determine the maximum twist angle in the shaft AC.

30 kW
20 kW
10 kW

0.5 m 0.5 m

Figure 3
Stress Analysis Cont. Ex. 3 Torsion
Data:
𝐸𝑠𝑡. = 200 GPa, 𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 75 GPa, 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙. = 70 MPa,
𝑃𝑚 = 30 k W = 30000 W, 𝑓𝑚 = 50 rps (Hz)
𝑃𝐵 = 20 k W = 20000 W, 𝑃𝐴 = 10 k W = 10000 W
∴ 𝜔𝑚 = 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑚 = 2 𝜋 ∗ 50 = 314.16 ra dΤs
𝑃𝑚 30000 95.5 N. m 𝑇𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑚 = = = 95.5 N. m
𝜔𝑚 314.16 31.8 N. m 𝑇𝐴
𝑃𝐵 20000 TD
𝑇𝐵 = = = 63.7 N. m A B C
𝜔𝑚 314.16
𝑃𝐴 10000
𝑇𝐴 = = = 31.8 N. m 0.5 m 0.5 m
𝜔𝑚 314.16
a) The torque diagram is shown in the figure
b) For the shaft diameter:
16 𝑇𝑚 16 ∗ 95.5
𝝉𝒔𝒉. max. = 𝝉𝑩𝑪 max. = 3 = 3 = 𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒍. = 70 ∗ 106 N/m2
𝜋 𝑑𝑠ℎ. 𝜋 𝑑𝑠ℎ.

3 16 ∗ 95.5
𝒅𝒔𝒉. = = 0.01908 m ≅ 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏 mm From the standard you can take
𝜋 ∗ 70 ∗ 106
𝒅𝒔𝒉. = 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦
Stress Analysis Cont. Ex. 3 Torsion
c) For the maximum twist in the shaft BC:
𝜋 4 𝜋 4
𝑱𝒔𝒉. = 𝑑𝑠ℎ = 0.02 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟎𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 m4
32 32
This is if 𝒅𝒔𝒉. = 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝜋 4 𝜋 4
𝑱𝒔𝒉. = 𝑑𝑠ℎ = 0.0191 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 m4
32 32
This is if 𝒅𝒔𝒉. = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏 𝐦𝐦
𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 75 GPa,
95.5 N. m 𝑇𝑚
∴ 𝑱𝒔𝒉. 𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟎𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 75 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟏 m4
This is if 𝒅𝒔𝒉. = 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦 31.8 N. m 𝑇𝐴
TD
∴ 𝑱𝒔𝒉. 𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 75 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 = 𝟗𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟓 m4 A B C
This is if 𝒅𝒔𝒉. = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏 𝐦𝐦
0.5 m 0.5 m
𝑇𝐴 𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑇𝑚 𝐿𝐵𝐶
𝝋𝒎𝒂𝒙. = 𝝋𝑨𝑪 = 𝜑𝐴𝐵 + 𝜑𝐵𝐶 = +
𝐺𝑠𝑡. 𝐽𝑠ℎ. 𝐺𝑠𝑡. 𝐽𝑠ℎ.

𝑇𝐴 𝐿𝐴𝐵 + 𝑇𝑚 𝐿𝐵𝐶 31.8 + 95.5 ∗ 0.5

∴ 𝝋𝒎𝒂𝒙. = = ≅ 0.054 rad ≅ 3.1o For 𝒅𝒔𝒉. = 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝐺𝑠𝑡. 𝐽𝑠ℎ. 1178.1

31.8 + 95.5 ∗ 0.5

= ≅ 0.065 rad ≅ 3.72o For 𝒅𝒔𝒉. = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏 𝐦𝐦
979.95
.
Stress Analysis Examples Torsion
Example 4
The solid shaft of radius R is subjected to a torque T, as
shown in figure 4. determine the fraction of T that is 𝑹

resisted by the material contained within the outer

region of the shaft, which has an inner radius of R/2 𝑻
𝑹/𝟐

and outer radius R.

Solution
The given shaft can be divided into tow shaft. The first one is ≡
hollow shaft with inner radius R/2 and outer radius of R and
resist (carry) 𝑻𝟏 from the total applied torque T. The second
shaft is solid with radius R/2 and carry 𝑻𝟐 from the total
applied torque T.

From the equilibrium condition:

σ𝑻 = 𝟎 ∴ 𝑻 = 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐 1
From the compatibility condition:
+
At the end surface of the shaft, the twist angle due to 𝑻𝟏 (𝝓𝟏 )
is the same as that due to 𝑻𝟐 (𝝓𝟐 ).

∴ 𝝓𝟏 = 𝝓𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝒍 𝑻𝟐 𝒍
∴ =
𝑱𝟏 𝑮 𝑱𝟐 𝑮
l
 Stress Analysis Cont. Ex. 4 Torsion
From the compatibility condition:
At the end surface of the shaft, the twist angle due to 𝑻𝟏 (𝝓𝟏 ) is the
same as that due to 𝑻𝟐 (𝝓𝟐 ).
∴ 𝝓𝟏 = 𝝓𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝒍 𝑻𝟐 𝒍
∴ = 2
𝑱𝟏 𝑮 𝑱𝟐 𝑮
where
𝐺 ∶ The shear modulus of the shaft material (N/m2 )
𝑙 ∶ The shaft length (m)
𝐽 ∶ The polar second moment of the shaft cross section area (m4 )
4 4
𝜋 4 𝑅 𝜋 4 𝑅4 𝜋 15 𝑅4 𝜋 𝑅 𝜋 𝑅4
𝐽1 = 𝑅 − = 𝑅 − = and 𝐽2 = =
2 2 2 16 2 16 2 2 2 16

Then, from equation 2 𝑱𝟏

∴ 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑻𝟐
𝑱𝟐
Substitute in equation 1 we get
𝟏 𝟏𝟓
𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻 and 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻
Note 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
This examples shows the importance of using hollow shafts in applications
in which optimizing weight is important. In this example the outer part
can carry about 93.75 % from the applied torque while saving about
25 % from the shaft weight.
.
Stress Analysis Examples Torsion
Example 5
A steel tube having an outer diameter 60 mm is used to transmit
𝒅
100 hp when turning at 2700 rev./min. Determine the inner
diameter of the tube if the allowable shear stress of its material
is 60 MPa.
Solution
Data:
𝑑𝑜 = 60 mm = 0.06 m, 𝑃 = 100 hp = 100 ∗ 746 = 74600 W, 𝑁 = 2700 rpm
2𝜋𝑁 2 𝜋 ∗ 2700 𝑃 74600
∴ 𝝎= = = 𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟒 ra dΤs ∴ 𝑻= = = 𝟐𝟔𝟑. 𝟖𝟒 N/m
60 60 𝝎 282.74
𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒍. = 𝟔𝟎 MPa
The tube inner diameter:
𝑇 𝑅𝑜 𝑇 𝑅𝑜 263.84∗0.03∗32
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒍 ∴ 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = 𝜋 = = 𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝐽𝑡𝑢𝑏 𝑑𝑜4 −𝑑𝑖4 𝜋 (0.06)4 −𝑑𝑖4
32

∴ (0.06)4 −𝑑𝑖4 = 1.343726 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

∴ 𝒅𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟒 𝐦 ≅ 𝟓𝟖. 𝟒 𝐦𝐦
.
Stress Analysis Examples Torsion
Example 6
𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 680 N. m
A rod is made from two segments: AB is steel and BC is brass. It is
fixed at its ends and subjected to a torque 𝑻 = 𝟔𝟖𝟎 N. m at B, as
shown in the figure. If the steel portion has a diameter of 30 mm, 𝑪 𝑨
𝑩
determine the required diameter of the brass portion such that the
1.6 m 0.75 m
reactions at the walls will be the same. The following data are
given: 𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 75 GPa and 𝐺𝑏𝑟. = 39 GPa
680 N. m
Solution
Data:
𝐺𝑠𝑡. = 75 GPa, 𝐺𝑏𝑟. = 39 GPa, 𝐿𝑠𝑡. = 0.75 m, 𝐿𝑏𝑟. = 1.6 m, 𝑻𝑪 𝑻𝑨
𝑩
𝑑𝑠𝑡. = 30 mm, 𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐶 , 𝑇 = 680 N. m 1.6 m 0.75 m
Equilibrium condition: 𝑻𝑨
σ𝑻 = 𝟎 ∴ 𝑻 = 𝑻𝑨 + 𝑻𝑪 = 𝟔𝟖𝟎 ∴ 𝑻𝑨 = 𝑻𝑪 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝐍. 𝐦 𝑻𝑪
𝑻𝑨
Compatibility condition:
𝑻𝑪
𝑇𝐴 𝑙𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝐶 𝑙𝑏𝑟. 0.75 1.6
𝝓𝑨𝑩 = 𝝓𝑪𝑩 = = 𝜋 𝑻𝑨
𝐽𝑠𝑡. 𝐺𝑠𝑡. 𝐽𝑏𝑟. 𝐺𝑏𝑟. 𝜋 4 9
𝑑 (75 ∗ 10 ) 𝑑 4 (39 ∗ 109 ) + 𝐯𝐞
32 𝑠𝑡. 32 𝑏𝑟.
TD
4 75∗1.6
∴ 𝑑𝑏𝑟. = (0.03)4 = 3.3231 ∗ 10−6 m4 − 𝐯𝐞
0.75∗39 𝑻𝑪 = 600 − 𝑻𝑨
∴ 𝒅𝒃𝒓. = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟕 𝐦 ≅ 𝟒𝟐. 𝟕 𝐦𝐦
 Zagazig University
Department: Mechanical Design & production Sheet No.: 4
Academic Year: 2nd Term, 2020-2021 Sheet Title: Axially Loaded Members
Specialization: Mechanical Engineering No. of Pages: 3
Course Name: Stress Analysis No. of Problems: 7
Course Code: DEP103 Duration: One Week
Faculty of Engineering

Problem (1)
The shaft shown in Figure P1 is solid and has a diameter of 30 mm. the shaft is used to
transmit the torques applied to the gears. Determine the absolute maximum shear stress on
the shaft.

Problem (2)
Two wrenches are used to tighten a pipe, as shown in figure P2. If the pipe is made from
a material having an allowable shear stress of 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 85 MPa, determine the allowable
maximum force P that can be applied to each wrench. The pipe has an outer diameter of
25 mm and inner diameter of 20 mm.

Figure P2
Figure P1

Problem (3)
The motor delivers a torque of 50 N.m to the shaft AB,
as shown in figure P3. This torque is transmitted to
shaft CD using the gears at E and F. Determine the
equilibrium torque 𝐓 ′ on shaft CD and the maximum
shear stress in each shaft. The bearings B, C, and D
allow free rotation of the shaft.

Figure P3

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Page 1 of 12
Problem (4)
The motor delivers 12 kW to the pulley at A while turning
at a constant rate of 1800 rpm, as shown in figure P4.
Determine the smallest safe diameter of shaft BC if the
allowable shear stress is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 84 MPa. The belt does
not slip on the pulley.
Figure P4

Problem (5)
The steel shaft (𝐺𝑠𝑡 = 75 GPa) is made from two
segment: AC has a diameter of 12 mm, and
CB has a diameter of 25 mm. the shaft is fixed at
its ends A and B and subjected to a torque
of 750 N.m, as shown in figure P5. Determine
the maximum shear stress in the shaft. Figure P5

Problem (6)
A shaft consists of three concentric tubes, each made from
the same material and having the inner and outer radii as
shown in figure P6. If a torque 𝑻 = 800 N. m is applied to
the rigid disk fixed to the end of the shaft, determine:
a) The fraction of T that is resisted by each tube.
b) The maximum shear stress in the shaft.
c) If the shear modulus of the shaft material is
𝐺𝑠ℎ = 75 GPa, what is the maximum twist angle in
the shaft?
d) The shear stress distribution at the shaft cross-section.
Figure P6

Page 2 of 12
Problem (7)
The motor shown in figure P7 delivers 32 kW to the 304
stainless steel shaft (𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 GPa and 𝐺𝑠𝑡 = 75 GPa)
while it rotates at 20 Hz. The shaft is supported on smooth
bearings at A and B, which allow free rotation of the shaft.
The gears C and D fixed to the shaft remove 20 kW and
12 kW, respectively. Determine the diameter of the shaft if
the allowable shear stress is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 56 MPa and the
Figure P7
allowable angle of twist of C with respect to D is 0.1o .

Page 3 of 12