What is ethics?

It sounds like subjectivism but emotivism displays

Ethics is also known as moral philosophy. It’s all about sentiments rather than giving knowledge about the
understanding right and wrong behavior. It studies what speaker's feelings about the subject. Moral claims
is considered good and bad, and how other people act according to emotivism are nothing more than
in different scenarios. emotion and approbation or disapproval.
Axiology, a subfield of philosophy, includes the ● Prescriptivism
values-focused fields of ethics. It believe that moral guidelines or advice are contained in
Moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that also ethical statements
studies moral psychology, descriptive ethics, and value
theory. Supernaturalism
It teaches the god is the only source of morality
Origin therefore something is good if god declares it to be so
The word ethics is from the Greek word “ethikos” which and the best way to live a good life is to follow god
relates to “ethos” meaning habit and custom. instructions.

The following dilemmas are covered by ethics. Intuitionism

● How to have a happy life Good and bad are real, independent qualities.
● Are rights and obligation People have an innate ability to recognize right and
● The terminology of right and wrong wrong intuitively.
● Moral judgment: what is good and bad? Understanding morality comes from intuitive insights
rather than logical reasoning.
These are the strategies for ethics. Consequentialism
These three categories are frequently used by Morality is determined by the results of actions.
philosophers today to categorize ethical views. The aim is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest
Meta ethics is a nature of moral judgment. It examines number.
the historical development and significance of moral Deontological Ethics(Nonconsequentialism) Some
value. actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of
Normative ethics is interest in the moral judgment made outcomes.
and the standard used in determining what is right and Emphasizes adherence to moral rules and duties.
wrong.
Applied ethics examine contentious issues like war Virtuous ethics focuses on the ethical obligation rules
animal rides and death penalty. and results of actions which ethics examines future or
moral character.
Impact on behavior
Ethics should influence action but people often act Conditional ethics
based on the emotion rather than rationality. according to the situation ethics, which opposes the
Ethics can be a moral map. It helps navigate complex prescriptive principle each person's ethical choices
dilemma like abortion and euthanasia by promoting should be decided in light of their particular
objective analysis. circumstances.
Disagreement ethical debates often reveal specific point The decision maker should be motivated by a desire to
of contentions which can reduce conflicts and lead to do what is best for all parties.
resolution There are no moral laws or rights.
Ethic doesn't always provide best solution to moral
issues but there is no right answer in ethics Ideology and morality
Ethics serves to state, uphold, and preserve specific
● Moral realism political ideas and that ethics is codification of political
The premise of moral realism is that there exist actual ideology.
unchanging universal moral facts or truth. statements
regarding morality give accurate information about such Moral absolutism
truths. The term moral absolutism refers to this way of thought.
● Subjectivism There are some moral principles that can be identified
Moral judgments are merely expressions of an and which are universally applicable. Absolutism holds
individual's feelings or attitude and ethical claims do not that all people should adhere to the same set of norms
include objective truths about goodness or evil. which make it possible to create global laws like the
● Emotivism declaration of human rights.
(The reason why moral absolutism is unpopular Normative ethics examines how we should behave,
absolutism doesn't fit with respect of diversity and highlighting the gap between ideal actions and actual
tradition many of us believe that the result of an action or behavior.
circumstances surrounding it a relevant to whether action Historical Context: Practices like slavery were once
is good or evil) accepted but are now condemned, illustrating the
evolution of moral judgments.
Moral relativism
According to moral relativists, different culture and eras Leadership and greatest good
of history have different moral code that can be observed. Jeremy bentham (1748-1832)
Moral relativists disagree with the notion that there are He's an english philosopher born on february 15 1748 at
some universal super rules that all civilization must abide hounditch london united kingdom he died on june 6
by the belief that this is perfectly acceptable; they hold 1832. His philosophy was influenced by the schools he
that relativism reacts to the various conditions attended the queen's college and westmin school from
surrounding human conduct while respecting the diversity 1755 to 1763 and cesare beccaria john locke adam
of human communities. smith and others.
He is jurist and social reformer the founder of modern
Kant's philosophy of freedom and morality utilitarianism.
Kant's philosophy on freedom Ethical philosophy is family of normative ethical theories
He believes that the capacity to exert control over one's advocating the happiness or pleasure of the great
behavior is based on reason rather than the desire. number of people and opposes actions cause
unhappiness or harm.
The word autonomy is derived from the greek word that The word utilitarian is being defined as the fact of being
means self-legislator useful in french it's worded as utilite and in modern term
Libertarian freedom is not total in Kant's view, rather it is it is utilitet. From latin utilitatem (normative utilitas)
submission of oneself to one's desire. usefulness serviceable, profit or in its simplest
Kant's Concept of Freedom meaning take advantage. In 1939 was recorded as
Acting according to desires; not sufficient for moral public utility.
responsibility. Acting according to reason, independent of
external influences; essential for moral actions. Christian ethics emphasizes that "the end doesn't justify
Kant's Moral Philosophy the means," focusing on moral absolutes, while
Driven by duty, not consequences; "good will" is the only utilitarianism prioritizes outcomes, often justifying
unqualified good. Act according to maxims that can be harmful actions for the greater good.
universalized; treat humanity as an end, not merely a Instrumental harm refers to the ethical justification of
means. causing harm to an individual if it results in a greater
Principles guiding moral actions, empathizing the benefit for the majority, often seen in utilitarianism where
importance of acting from duty. the needs of the many outweigh the rights of the few.
Natural right theory believes that the right to life, liberty
What is culture? How does it define our moral acts? and property is well respected.
The term culture covers a broad range of largely The 1987 constitution of the Philippines and all laws
invisible pockets of social life. governing in our jurisdiction fully observe the natural right
Culture includes shared principles, customs, and theory.
tangible possessions of a group, shaping social The greatest good is considered from the standpoint of
relationships and individual actions. benefiting the greatest number of people in the long run.
consists of material (objects) and non-material (beliefs, For justice and fair play respect to individual shall serve
values) aspects, learned and transmitted through instead of the greatest good to many.
generations. Gifford Pichot is about social benefits and about this
Culture and Ethical Standards generation and future generation.
Culture shapes ethical views through factors like religion The act of greatest good in relation to virtue
and education. There are two species of man the virtuous person
Cultural Relativism: Ethical beliefs vary across cultures, and the vicious person, which is person is cloth with
suggesting that right and wrong can change based on passion compassion affection good motive and reflection
context. of goodness while the vicious person does not possess
Individuals can choose their moral beliefs, raising all the attributes of the virtues person, meaning an
questions about the acceptance of all cultural practices opposite.
as morally acceptable.
Altruism can never be the same with self interest. Dynamic involvement active
Altruism is sometimes neglecting personal interest to Engagement to clarify when there is something that is
give more favor others needs. doubtful.
There are two kinds of altruistic motives that may be of Self supervisory
no gain and for oneself involves some loss. These are a real follower will do the task by supervising himself as
the so-called pure altruism and self sacrificing. to the accomplishment of his goal.
Self governing
Moral motives Has the potential of thinking critically and doing the task
If someone is obligated to do what he is obligation and after obtaining facts and information.
none of his obligation it is plainly called legal Flexibility
consequences of his moral motives They are the people who can easily adjust to a new
Altruistic motives environment and cannot be affected by extreme
Act is also responded by altruism of who has received circumstances.
previous favor it is acting in gratitude the act of gratitude Trust and commitment
constitutes love respect and sentiment to whom a person Each member of the group should give his full trust to
previously attached. others and finish the assignment given to them.
Courage and honesty
Altruism does not exist in people who are self Speaking the truth and on behalf of honesty a person
centered. Everyone will not do a favor to another if he who can keep confidential information about something
cannot get anything in return. even if someone offered something they will keep the
Psychological egoism there is no such thing as a information confidentially and never tell anyone.
compassion, love giving understanding and carrying Team player
since the actor will always do a benevolent act if he could True followers collaboration is an organization they will
gain from it. send innovative ideas helpful to achieve the mission and
the goals.
In short altruism makes one forget his own interest or
selfless forsake of others.
Cultural relativism
Egoism often appears during self survival which in this Different cultural groups have different ways of thinking,
case the act of not being altruistic is justified. feeling and acting. There are no scientific criteria for
determining whether a group is intrinsically superior or
There are four types of altruistic behaviors identified by inferior to another.
psychologist Cultural relativism refers to the idea that the values,
Genetic altruism pertaining to personal involvement and knowledge and behavior of people must be understood
engagement of a person to the benefits of his family within their own cultural context.
members one will sacrifice so that his her loved ones Franz Boas a German American anthropologist
would become successful is an example. introduced the notion of cultural relativism as we know
Reciprocal altruism it is an act of if you give i will give if and used it as an analytic tool in the early 20th century.
you do i will do an act of give and take relationship of an Based on him, cultural relativism become an important
act of mutuality tool in early early social science to combat ethnocentrism
Group selected altruism doing or giving is by virtue of retained research at the time which and mostly
belongingness to a group it is collective act of every conducted by white wealthy western men and often focus
member having the same purpose or intention typically on the people of the color foreign indigenous population
happen in an organization association assembly or union and people of lower economic class than the researcher.
or group.
Pure altruism is the most difficult act of altruism since it Ethnocentrism is the habit of observing and criticizing
based on the internal values or morality of a person it another person's culture based on one's own values and
even result to self sacrifice and if only happens when views.
person is full of courage.
Advantage and disadvantage of cultural relativism
Potential of real followers the potentiality of the real When it comes to moral matters there are many shades
followers can be bestowed through leadership training to of grace there are generally definite lines of blocks and
help them become great leaders and equally to learn also whites when certain activities are absolutely bad and
to become more effective followers by knowing this others are completely right. There is no universal right or
essential qualities and skills. evil in the society based on cultural relativism people
have the freedom to define their own morality to whatever Through food are cuisine is derived from comfort food
degree they see fit. that reminds Filipinos of family home and simple
pleasure. It's multilayered flavors are expressed uniquely
The cultural relativism advantage is and disadvantage in each kitchen.
demonstrate that while there are certain benefits to
adopting moral norms at the individual level society must Latin influence on filipinos
also make some sacrifices. Filipinos have been described as a blend of hispanic in
asian culture.
Advantages There is the mañana mentality regarding time
● it produces learning chances that could punctuality in american time.
strengthen humanities Macho culture is prevalent in the media the workplace
● It does a way with the idea of distinct but equal. and daily life our culture teaches that strong machismo
● Establish a system with specialized knowledge has its origin in both spanish colonial and traditional
● It promotes difference familial hierarchies.
Disadvantages
● Some activities will consider violent and safe or Asian influence on filipinos
wrong by others Filipinos and southeast asian considered a direct no to
● It is predicated on the idea that people flawless be impolite they frequently say maybe, i'm busy or yes
● It produces an individual bias when they mean no or communicate a no in a manner
● It dispels the notions that reform or change that foreigns do not understand this behavior is
might be advantageous. sometimes cause confusion among westerners who
prepare a yes or no response and who tends to assume
The filipino way a yes is possible unless told no directly.
Filipinos are sensitive to attack their own self esteem as
well as the self esteem of others. Filipino values
Majority of the Philippine population is united by shared The concept of pakikisama or sense of community is
values and religion. Philippine society is distinguished by one of the Filipino virtues. It means doing kindly for
numerous positive characteristics; this includes the another person without expecting payments such as
strong relationship, strong religious faith respect authority assisting someone who is job hunting or helping a
and high regards for amor propio and harmonious relative or neighbor build a house. Having a sustained
interpersonal relationship. With assurance that god will excellent public relations is described as pakikisama by
take care of things strong personal faith enables Filipinos de guzman typically done to prevent conflict with other
to pay scrape obstacles and unforeseeable dangers. people and particular group pakisama like other filipino
principle has both constructive and negative effects of
Catholicism has significant impact on the filipino praise to one another use metaphorical language rather
personality according to thank god i'm filipino to than straightforward terms hide negative emotions or
Philippines is one of the world's most religious nation discontent by projecting a positive demeanor smile even
particularly in terms of catholicism and islam. when things go wrong about saying no and maintain
composure under the pressure.
Families world encourage and strengthen their children's
values and will devote at least one day per week to Utang na loob for gratitude is extremely significant
worship while also straightening family ties. recognizing and repaying the courtesy to the individual
who assists them in their art of need. Filipinos may have
It is believed that bayanihan or spirit of kinship and utang na loob if other people have a system with the
camaraderie was inherited from the malay ancestor medical treatment child care job search and saving their
lives in an emergency.
According to the philippine department of tourism, Another of the filipino values is hiya or kahihiyan
Filipinos are a freedom loving people who have wage two meaning feeling shame when a filipino receive food that
bloodless non-violent revolution against corrupt regimes. is provided to them they often say hiya despite the fact
that they starving they will feel guilty about eating food
Via music and dance are passions for social and that has been offered to them and will claim that they are
socializing dancing and music culminates in province not yet hungry. Additionally the experience here when
wide street parties and town talent show the fiesta. speaking to dean's ceo teachers and professional and
Through art natural artistic are founded for colors and higher levels of authority.
craftsmanship is evident even outside of museum.
The emphasis on interpersonal relationships and face to with options being responsible involves having control
face interaction that Filipinos place is known as over our decision and by the extension of our life.
personalism. Being a good manager and leader requires Fairness is challenging notion disagreeing parties like
human touch and problem solving is more successful assert that their opposition in the only valid one fairness
when done through positive interpersonal relationships. however, it typically refers to the spectrum of ethical
Familialism prioritizes the needs and interests of family value solutions as opposed that identification of a single
over the group as a whole the family is a cornerstone of answer.
the collective action and the family is the heart of the Caring is fundamental ethics. It is difficult to be fully
practical all civic engagement. ethical without genuine care for the welfare of others this
Particularism is a product of powerful influence that is because ethics is ultimately concerned with our
families have on both individual and community behavior. obligation to others.
People work to advance their personal and their family Citizenship encompasses we should conduct ourselves
interest over those of the community. as member of the community the good citizen is world
The Filipino mentality of come what may or bahala na burst in the law and obedient to it but he or she also
permits one to accept setbacks and shortcomings with volunteer and stay abreast of the contemporary topics.
the resignation by living it to the almighty and resolve
matters this mindset may also lead to the overconfidence How is moral character developed?
in his ability to influence events in his favor without The english word character is derived from the greek
exerting any efforts. word charaktêr

Fiestas and filipinos Socrates 469-399 bce appears to equate happiness with
There are numerous fiestas held throughout the islands pleasure in plato's protagoras and to explain the various
and guests from outside the country are frequently features as instrumental way to pleasure
welcome into local residences despite considerable Plato 428-347 bce plato and aristotle argue that virtue
hardship. Filipinos frequently maintain a good outlook. involves a unique blend of cognitive and emotive
Filipinos understand that life can change abruptly. characteristics. Plato divides the soul into three division
To honor their patron catholic saint even catholic and assign each distinct type of desire in the republic
municipality in the philippines called the annual barangay rational appetitive and or spirited
or barrio fiesta large positions and parades are held Aristotle 384-322 bce
throughout the town during this time with school children Acknowledge plat the split the soul into two fundamental
and mayor domo and saints marching to the live music or elements the rational and irrational and conquers both
music from the video cassette. parts contribute to the development of virtuous character
The stoic philosophers have an aristotelian
Universal values principles of ethics provide guidelines understanding of characters that is comparable to
of how members of the community society organization Socrates. The excellent life according to the stoics is one
or even the family can have behave or fit in. that is harmony with nature they are concur with aristotle
that a life live in the accordance with reason and essence
Josephson institute for ethics identifies six course of human person.
values that the majority of people agree with and the Stoic argue contra plato and aristotle that there isn't
fundamental to the relationship with those around them. actually a non rational element of the soul future can be
attained without the development of any ability other than
There are six fundamental ethical values: defendability, cognitive abilities.
respect, responsible justice, concern and citizenship. The stoic is contrast to plato and aristotle did not believe
Using the key ethical values that basis for ethical that virtue was nurtured and maintained by any particular
reasoning might assist in identifying instances in which type of community given day are preferable to the
we prepare one value above another such as when we opposing condition of hostility conflict and enmity.
are loyal to our friends but do not always disclose the Immanuel kant 1724 to 1804 separate moral philosophy
truth about their conduct. into two domains on one hand that justice or law the
doctrine of right and the others that ethics or video is the
Trustworthiness honesty, integrity, defendability, and doctrine of virtue the duties that are topics of the doctrine
loyalty are few of the behavioral traits that comprise of rights are similar to the natural law theories ideal
transworthiness duties in the they are exact owed to specific others and
Respect involves recognizing the inherent value and legally enforceable. Kant's treatment of other videos such
dignity of all individuals including oneself. as thankfulness and compassion also suggest that virtue
Responsibility life is full of choices. Being responsible is a type of self control for him. Although he believes that
means being in charge of our choices and life is filled no one can be obligated to build a certain emotion,
certain emotions are still related with the moral purposes Eudaimonia the best way to achieve something good is
we pursue. to develop and exercise qualities that are most
David Hume 1711 to 1776 productive for living in a society.
He classified virtues as either artificial or natural. Among
the artificial beaches are justice, maintaining one word According to Marcos stalius cicero which is the habit of
and fidelity to legal authority among the many natural mind, the harmony with nature, moderation and reason.
virtues and courage, magnanimity, ambition, friendship,
generosity, fidelity and gratitude. Wait lang the word virtue in a latin word virtus a
He explained the fairness reveals how feelings and military word pertaining to the courage and bravery of a
impulses give rise to artificial virtuousness; he observes soldier.
that adhering the rules of justice does not always yield The root word in latin is vir a man literally manliness the
positive outcomes. mark and characteristic of the true and upright man.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development can consider as Two kinds of wisdom according to aristotle
the one of the first systematic and empirically testable Theoretical is to know necessary truths and their logical
theoretical approaches trying to understand the consequences
developmental stage of moral judgment which is based Practical deals with the knowledge in the realm of action
on the piaget's moral theory.
There are three levels and each levels has two stages The end of the good
Pre-conventional Every human activity tends towards the direction of an
Stage 1 focus on punishment or avoiding end which is the final result.
punishment Different ends
Respect the authority is taken into account Proximate when an imminent end is on account so that
Stage 2 orientation towards pleasure or self interest action is immediately performed
They will do the thing if its benefit for them Intermediate which is a subordinate end sought for the
Conventional attainment of another end.
Stage 3 social approval Ultimate - This is on account of which other end or
They will just do the thing that they think is good for the means are sought.
environment Absolute last end - which is defined by St. Thomas as
Stage 4 rules and regulation "the end for the sake of which all other things are desired,
They should follow the rules and the laws and which is not in itself desired for the sake of anything
Post conventional else.
Stage 5 contract social
They will follow what they think is right based on their The Principle of Perfect Happiness
own preference and based on the social contract
Stage 6 universal principle St. Thomas clearly states that man can be perfectly
Individual moral principles should follow the universe. happy by turning God as his creator. God is the perfect
happiness. He said God is the ultimate end of human
Virtue ethics developed by aristotle and other ancient desire, for happiness and ultimate satisfaction.
Greeks philosophers. St Augustine supports that following after God is the
This is the so-called acquisitive character desire of happiness; to reach God is happiness itself....
For whosoever has God is happy.”
We must act in line with the Golden Mean - the virtues
lie in between two vices: the vice of deficiency and the Deontological Moral Theory
vice of excess. Immanuel Kant emphasized that the morality of actions is
Excess vices - rashness, determined by whether one fulfills their duty, rather than
licentiousness/self-indulgence, prodigality, the consequences of those actions. He introduced the
vulgarity/tastelessness, vanity, ambition, empty vanity, concept of the "categorical imperative," a supreme
boastfulness, obsequiousness, shyness, envy. These principle of morality.
vices are called in layman's term, self-interest. What is an Imperative
Deficiency vices cowardice, insensibility, illiberality, An imperative is a necessary command or obligation. For
meanness, pettiness/stinginess, unambitiousness, lack of example, killing is generally impermissible, while helping
spirit, understatement, shamelessness, malicious, someone in danger is a moral duty.
enjoyment. Kinds of Imperatives
Virtue ethics Aristotle says that the good of an eye is Hypothetical Imperatives These are conditional
seeing and the eye is good if it is sees well commands based on personal desires. For instance, "If
you want to succeed, you must work hard," or following are rejected for being not logical and not realistic. It
government directives for safety during a pandemic. recognizes the importance of manpower and emphasizes
Categorical Imperatives These are absolute moral on development of social and democratic values it is an
commands that must be followed regardless of personal activity based on learning.
desires. For example, "Don't cheat your spouse," as Pragmatism is derived from greek word to work.
loyalty is essential for family integrity.
Justice and Fairness
Morality should stem from categorical imperatives, as Justice
they represent obligations that apply universally. Focuses on giving individuals what they deserve.
Fair distribution of resources.
Utilitarianism according to the english philosopher Fair punishment for wrongdoings.
jeremy bethham pleasure and pain are the only motives Making amends to victims.
of human action among those acts that open the person Fairness
that which able to acquire more pleasure will be the right Emphasizes impartiality and equal treatment.
one but man gives in society and his conduct affected by Involves judging without bias and ensuring similar cases
his behavior of others. are treated similarly.
John stuart mill was another advocate of utilitarianism
and altruistic system. Justice is about what people deserve, while fairness is
Betham primary statement of utilitarianism is presented in about impartial judgment. Both are essential for ethical
his book the principle of moral legislation first published decision-making and structuring society.
in 1783 as the first book titled indicates the theory of
political as well as a personal orientation Millennials gen-y Born 1977-1995.
Filinnials Filipino Millennials, often influenced by Baby
Utilitarianism promotes happiness and pleasure that Boomers and older Gen Xers.
abhors unhappiness and harm to a number of people Key Characteristics of Millennials
when there is to be sacrificed despite an evil action in as Unique Most educated generation.
much as it will be the better met of many then it will be Sheltered Experienced significant protection during
uncontrollable. upbringing.
Confident Less religious and more active in military.
Betham and meal both believe that the pleasure of pain Team-oriented Prefer collaborative work environments.
could be the basis of human action. Man will perform an Traditional Evolving tastes in music and arts.
action to do something to himself or for the benefits of Under Pressure Desire for success while managing
others because of the pleasure that an actor had risks.
experienced or pain that he does not want to happen Achieving Proactive and credited with many successes.
against since happiness is a soul of human action. Cultural Identity and Ethical Perspective
- Support for social issues like marijuana legalization.
Three principles of basic axioms of utilitarianism - Disengagement from traditional institutions.
● Pleasure or happiness is the only thing that - Known for being pragmatic idealists, often delaying
truly has intrinsic value. adult milestones.
● Actions are the right in so far as they - Favor access to affordable contraception and have
promote happiness strong in so far as they diverse views on abortion.
produce unhappiness Work Ethics
● Everyone's happiness counts equally. MillennialsTechnologically savvy, accepting of diversity,
and adept at multitasking.
Two types of utilitarians Comparison to Boomers Boomers are seen as diligent
● Act - an action is right if and only if it produces and idealistic.
the greatest balance and pleasure over paint for Negative Traits and Workplace Behavior
everyone Negative Traits
● Rule - an action is always right if and only if - Self-centered, arrogant, and workaholic tendencies.
conforms to a set of rules and general - Short attention spans and lack of core literacy skills.
acceptance which would produce the greatest - Unfaithfulness to employers and expectation of instant
balance of pleasure over pain feedback.
Moral Behavior at Work
Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that considers - Use social media for networking and research (e.g.,
the practical effects of the objects and one's conception 37% research competitors).
and practical ideas such that theoretical considerations
 - Share personal opinions and experiences online,
sometimes crossing professional boundaries.
Social Media Challenges
Content Sharing Issues
- 40% share feelings about their jobs.
- 26% post about bad jokes from bosses or work
projects.
- Potential for sharing inappropriate content, leading to
workplace complications.

Globalization Increased interconnectedness among

countries through trade, technology, and communication.
Ethical Challenges
Economic Inequality
Uneven distribution of benefits, widening the gap
between rich and poor.
Labor Rights
outsourcing can lead to exploitation and poor working
conditions in developing countries.
Cultural Appropriation vs. Cultural Exchange
Risk of diluting local cultures or misappropriating cultural
elements.
Environmental Impact
Increased production leads to environmental degradation
and ethical concerns about corporate responsibility.
Corporate Responsibility
Companies often prioritize profit over social responsibility,
raising ethical conflicts.