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Statistical Terms 2

The document provides an overview of basic concepts in statistics, including definitions, uses, and historical context. It explains the main areas of statistics, such as descriptive and inferential statistics, and classifies variables into qualitative and quantitative types. Additionally, it outlines levels of measurement, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels.

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10 views16 pages

Statistical Terms 2

The document provides an overview of basic concepts in statistics, including definitions, uses, and historical context. It explains the main areas of statistics, such as descriptive and inferential statistics, and classifies variables into qualitative and quantitative types. Additionally, it outlines levels of measurement, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels.

Uploaded by

ansarihudhaifah19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Concepts in Statistics

Introduction
Objectives:
 To be able to understand the basic terms
used in Statistics

 To be able to know the uses of statistics

 To be able to understand the areas of


statistics

 To develop statistics and probability skill


Definition:
 Statistics is a science that deals with methods used in the
collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of
data. (Walpole)

 It is a collection of methods for planning experiments,


obtaining data, presenting, analyzing, interpreting and
drawing conclusions based on the data. (Triola)

 It is concerned with scientific methods for collecting,


organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing data,
as well as drawing conclusions and making reasonable
decisions on the basis of such analysis. (Spiegel)
Uses of Statistics
 Aid in decision making
i. provides comparison
ii. explains action that has taken place
iii. justifies a claim or assertion
iv. predicts future outcomes
v. estimates unknown quantities
o Summarize/present data
i. textual
ii. tabular
iii. graphical
Brief History of Statistics
o Statistics is derived from the Latin word “status” or Italian
word “statistia” which means (“statesman” or “politician”).
o It originated from the term statistics, found in 1749 in
Germany. Although there have been changes to the
interpretation of the word over time. The development of it is
connected with the development of sovereign states,
particularly European states following the peace of Westphalia
(1648).
o It was first introduced by Sir John Sinclair in 1798.
o Sir Ronald Fisher (1890- 1962) was a British statistician ad
biologist who was known for his contribution to experimental
design and population genetics. He is known as the father of
modern statistics and experimental design.
Main Areas of Statistics
o Descriptive Statistics- consists of the collection,
organization, summarization, and presentation of the data.
example: Set of grades of students in a statistics class in a
particular semester.
o Inferential Statistics- consists of generalizing from
samples to populations, performing estimations and
hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables,
and making predictions. It uses probability, i.e., the chance
of an event occurring.
example: Academic records for the past 20 years of
graduating classes of a certain university show that
75% of entering freshman eventually graduate.
BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS

o Data are values that the variables can assume.


o A Variable is a characteristic or attribute that
can assume different values.
o Population is the set of all possible values of a
variable.
o Sample is a subgroup of a population.
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

DATA

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
Classification of Variables
 Qualitative Variables
❖ Words or codes that represent a class or
category.
❖ Express a categorical attribute.

✓ Gender (male, female)

✓ Religion (islam, christianity, etc.)

✓ Marital status (single, married, etc.)

✓ Highest Educational Attainment


Classification of Variables
 Quantitative Variables
❖ number that represent an amount or a count.
❖ data that are numerical and can be ordered
or ranked.
✓ height

✓ Weight

✓ Number of registered cars


QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Classified as:
 Discrete Variable- can only take a finite
(countable) number of distinct values.
❖ data that can be counted.

✓number of siblings

✓number of defective light bulbs

✓number of pizzas sold in Tatas

✓Usual number of text messages sent in day

✓ the amount of money spent by a family

✓Daily allowance in school


QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Classified as:
 Continuous Variables can assume an infinite
number of values in an interval between two
specific values like .5, 1.2, etc.
❖ data that can be measured.
✓Weight of selected students (kg)

✓Length of selected shoes of SHS students (cm)

✓Hourly temperature last week

✓Heights of Varsity players (cm)

✓ lifetime of cell phone batteries (hrs)

✓Ages of people working in a factory


Levels of Measurement
 Nominal Level- categories in which no
order or ranking can be imposed. It
consists of names, labels, or categories
only.
✓ gender
✓ most preferred color
✓ civil status
✓ religious Affiliation
✓ zip code
Levels of Measurement
 Ordinal Level- categories that can be
ranked. This involves data that arranged in
some order, but differences between data.
✓ highest educational attainment
✓ ranking of tennis player
✓ ranking Scale
✓ judging
✓ grades
Levels of Measurement
 Interval Level- ranks data, and precise
differences between units of measures do
exist, no meaningful zero.
✓ IQ test
✓ score in Exam
✓ temperature
Levels of Measurement
o Ratio Level – exists true value of zero.
✓ height
✓ weight
✓ salary
✓ age
✓ time

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