STAT 1

Prepared by:
Ms. MARY JOY B. DELATADO
WEEK 1 – 3
 OVERVIEW OF THE SUBJECT

 TOPIC I
(INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS)

 TOPIC II
(DATA COLLECTION)
OVERVIEW
OF THE
SUBJECT
 Course Number:
STATISTICS 1
Course Name:
ELEMENTARY
STATISTICS
 Course Description:
This course deals with the basic
concepts and principles of
descriptive statistics. Topics
include variables, sampling
techniques, frequency table,
measure of central tendency,
probabilities, hypothesis testing, z
and t test, one way and two way
analysis of variance, regression
and correlation, and simple
experimental design are discussed.
 Credit Units:
3 units
Credit Hours:
5 hrs/week
(2 hrs lecture, 3
hrs laboratory
Prerequisite:
MATH 1
 TOPICS:
I. INTRODUCTION
a. Meaning of Statistics
b. History of Statistics
c. Scope and Uses of
Statistics
d. Basic Terms
II. DATA COLLECTION
a. Definition of Data
b. Types of Data
c. Methods of Data
Collection
d. Levels of Measurement
III. SAMPLING
a. What is sampling?
b. Reasons of Sampling
c. Determination of Acceptable
Sampling Size
d. Sampling Techniques
IV. DATA PRESENTATION
a. Importance of Data
Presentation
b. Methods of Data
Presentation
c. Frequency Distribution
d. Other Informative Columns in
FDT
V. MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
a. Arithmetic Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Quartiles
VI. MEASURES OF VARIATION
a. Range
b. Mean Absolute Deviation
c. Variance
d. Standard Deviation
e. Coefficient of Variation
VII. PROBABILITY
a. Definition of Probability
b. Fundamental Principle of
Counting
c. Permutation
d. Combination
e. Approaches in Finding
Probability
VIII. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
a. Properties of Normal
Distribution
b. Finding the Areas in the
Normal Curve
 c. Standard Normal Variable

IX. HYPOTHESIS TESTING

a. Definition of Hypothesis
b. Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
c. z test
d. t test
e. ANOVA
(Analysis of Variance)
X. TEST OF RELATIONSHIPS
a. Correlation Analysis
b. Regression Analysis
c. Chi square test
 Topic I:
INTRODUCTION
TO STATISTICS
 Meaning of Statistics
 History of Statistics
 Scope and Uses of Statistics
 Basic Terms
MEANING OF
STATISTICS
 “WHEN and
WHERE will I
USE
STATISTICS?”
 EXAMPLE

Write down the

average time (in
hours, to the nearest
half-hour) you sleep
per night.
FREQUENCY OF AVERAGE TIME
(in hours) SPENT SLEEPING PER
NIGHT
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. Does your dot plot look the
same as or different from the
example? Why?
2. If you did the same example in
other class with the same
number of students, do you
think the result would be the
same? Why or why not?
3. Where do your data appear to
cluster? How could you interpret
the clustering?
 “The questions
above asks you to
analyze and
interpret data. With
this example, you
have begun your
study of statistics.”
 STATISTICS
- a science that deals with the
collection, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of data.

1. Collecting/gathering and
organizing data
2. Presenting data in
tables/graphs
3. Analyzing data
4. Interpreting/drawing inferences
based on the data
 Effective interpretation of data
(inference) is based on good
procedures for producing data and
thoughtful examination of the data.
You will encounter what will seem
to be too many mathematical
formulas for interpreting data. The
goal of statistics is not to perform
numerous calculations using the
formulas, but to gain an
understanding of your data.
The calculations can be done using
a calculator or a computer. The
understanding must come from
you. If you can thoroughly grasp the
basics of statistics, you can be
more confident in the decisions you
make in life.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- deals with processing data
without attempting to draw
inferences in it.
- organizing and summarizing
data
- concerned with the collection
and describing important
features of the data
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- it is a scientific discipline
concerned with developing and
using mathematical tools to
make forecasts and inferences.
- aim is to make a decision about
a population based on a sample
from the population.
HISTORY OF
STATISTICS
 WATCH THE VIDEOS:

 History of Statistics

 History of Statistics 1
Researchers indicate that Statistics
have already begun even before
the time of Christ, as evidenced by
the Bible, and even writings on the
walls in places of ancient
civilizations. Statistics was used
then for the purpose of censuses,
taxation, agriculture and others.
Today, statistics is very useful in
education, medicine, economics,
and in all other areas.
 SCOPE &
USES OF
STATISTICS
  Scientific studies
-they plan the studies to
ensure that the data are
collected efficiently and
answer the questions relevant
to the investigation.
-they analyze the data to
discover what the study has
demonstrated and what
issues need further
investigation.
- The data resulting from
experiments must be
collected and analyzed.
  Industry/Business
-statisticians design and
analyze experiments to
improve the safety, reliability
and performance of products of
all types.
-Statisticians are also directly
involved with quality control
issues in manufacturing to
ensure consistent product
dependability.
- The lifetime of a battery can
be tested in a laboratory.
- Manufacturers can provide
better product at reasonable
costs through the use of
statistical quality control
techniques.
- Statistical methods are also
used in business practice,
e.g. to forecast demand for
 goods and services.
- Actuaries use statistical
methods to assess risk levels
and set premium rates for
insurance and pension
industries.
 Work with social scientists
-Statisticians work with social
scientists to survey attitudes
and opinions.
  Education
-statisticians are involved with
the assessment of
educational aptitude and
achievement and with
experiments designed to
measure the effectiveness of
curricular innovations.
  Agriculture
-Statisticians are an important
part of research teams which
search for better varieties of
agricultural crops, and for
safer and more effective use
of fertilizers.
  Medicine
-In major hospitals, medical
schools and government
agencies, statisticians study
the control, prevention,
diagnosis and treatment of
diseases, injuries and other
health abnormalities.
- They also investigate the
efficiency of health delivery
systems and practices. In the
pharmaceutical industry,
statisticians design
experiments to measure the
efficacy of drugs in treating
illnesses and to assess the
likelihood of undesirable side
effects.
- Diseases are controlled
through analysis designed to
anticipate epidemics.
  Government agencies
-Statisticians also play a vital
role in assessing employment
levels and needs of the
population for health,
economic and social
services.
  Environment
-Endangered species of bird
and other wildlife are
protected through regulation
that react to statistical
estimates.
  Government
-Many kinds of statistical data
are collected all the time.
“A knowledge of
statistics can help you
become more critical in
your analysis of
information, hence, you
will not be misled by the
manufactured polls,
graphs and averages.”
BASIC
TERMS
 BASIC TERMS
 DATA
- characteristics, behavior,
attributes and information that
are observable from the
population/sample under study
- the “raw” materials of statistics
- may be words or numbers
(resulted from taking
measurement or counting)
 BASIC TERMS
 POPULATION
- refers to groups or aggregates of
people, animals, objects,
materials, events or things of any
form.
- an entire collection of persons,
things or objects under study.
 BASIC TERMS
 SAMPLE
- portion (or sub-set) of the larger
population we study to gain
information about the population.

 PARAMETER
- descriptive value for a population

 STATISTIC
- descriptive value for a sample
 BASIC TERMS
 VARIABLE
- A characteristic or condition that
can change or take on different
values.
- a characteristic being studied.
- notated by capital letters
(e.g. X or Y)
 TYPES OF VARIABLES
 QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
- variables that cannot take
numerical values.
- can neither be measured nor be
counted.
- result of categorizing or
describing attributes of a
population.
 TYPES OF VARIABLES
 QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
- variables that can take numerical
values.
- can be measured or counted.
- result of measuring and counting
attributes of a population.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLES
 Discrete Variables
- variables that can be counted.
- characterized by gaps or
interruptions in the values that it
can assume.
 Continuous Variables
- variables that can be measured.
- can assume any value within a
specific relevant interval of values
assumed by the variable.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
VARIABLES
 Independent Variables
- are treatment or manipulated
variables the investigator
chooses to study in order to
assess the possible effect(s) on
one or more other variables.
 Dependent Variables
- the variable that the independent
variable is presumed to affect.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
VARIABLES
 Extraneous Variables
- independent variables that have
not been controlled.
 EXERCISE 1:
1. A study want to know the
average (mean) amount of money
first year college students of
CBSUA spend on school supplies
that does not include books. They
randomly asked 100 first year
students at College of Agriculture
and Natural Resources. Three of
those students spent Php 150, Php
200 and Php 225 respectively.
 QUIZ 1A:
1. You want to determine the
average (mean) number of glasses
of coffee students drink during
review. In your English class you
asked five students how many
glasses of coffee they drank while
having a review in preparation for
exam. The answers were 1, 0, 1, 3,
and 4 glasses.
 QUIZ 1B:
Identify whether the following
variables is a qualitative or
quantitative variable. If
quantitative, classify whether it’s
discrete or continuous.
1. Gender of babies born in the
hospital
2. Temperature measured in
degrees Fahrenheit
3. Masses of newborn babies
4. Prices of the items in a shop
5. The rank of an academic staff in
a university
6. Marital status
7. Nationality
8. Position in an exam
9. Skin color
10. Intelligence levels
REFERENCES:
 Chu, et.al. Elementary
Statistics. (2013). <
http://cnx.org/content/col109
66/1.4/ >
 Ofosu, J.B. & Hesse, C.A.
Elementary Statistical Methods
(Second Edition). 2011.
https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/276911492