Introduction to Dynamics

2022-09-09

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 Table of Contents:
Introduction to Dynamics
Click on a topic to go to that section
· Dynamics Thought Experiment
· Newton's First Law of Motion
· Newton's Second Law of Motion
· Net Force
· Mass, Weight, and Normal Force
· Newton's Third Law of Motion
· Free Body Diagrams
· Friction
· Tension
 Intro to Dynamics:
Thought Experiment

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 Galileo vs. Aristotle

In our experience, objects

must be pushed in order to
keep moving. So a force
would be needed to have a
constant velocity.

This is what Aristotle claimed

in his in his series of books
entitled "Physics", written
2400 years ago.
Galileo vs. Aristotle

But 400 years ago,

another scientist and
astronomer, Galileo,
proposed the following
thought experiment which
revealed another
perspective.
 Thought Experiment

Imagine two perfectly smooth ramps connected together

by a perfectly smooth surface. If a ball is let go at the top
of the one ramp, what will happen?
 Thought Experiment

Imagine two perfectly smooth ramps connected together

by a perfectly smooth surface. If a ball is let go at the top
of the one ramp, what will happen?
 Thought Experiment

Imagine two perfectly smooth ramps connected together

by a perfectly smooth surface. If a ball is let go at the top
of the one ramp, what will happen?
 Thought Experiment

Imagine two perfectly smooth ramps connected together

by a perfectly smooth surface. If a ball is let go at the top
of the one ramp, what will happen?
 Thought Experiment

If a ball rolls down one ramp, it keeps

rolling up the other side until it
reaches the same height.
 Thought Experiment

Now repeat that experiment, but make the second ramp

less steep.

What Will Happen?

 Thought Experiment

Now repeat that experiment, but make the second ramp

less steep.

What Will Happen?

 Thought Experiment

Now repeat that experiment, but make the second ramp

less steep.

What Will Happen?

 Thought Experiment

Now repeat that experiment, but make the second ramp

less steep.

What Will Happen?

 Thought Experiment

It will still keep rolling until it reaches the same height,

but it has to roll farther!
Thought Experiment

Finally, make the ramp flat.

Now what will happen?

Thought Experiment

Finally, make the ramp flat.

Now what will happen?

Thought Experiment

Finally, make the ramp flat.

Now what will happen?

Thought Experiment

Finally, make the ramp flat.

Now what will happen?

Thought Experiment

Finally, make the ramp flat.

Now what will happen?

Thought Experiment

Finally, make the ramp flat.

Now what will happen?

Thought Experiment

It will keep rolling forever, no

external force is necessary.
 Galileo vs. Aristotle

It's not that Aristotle was wrong. In everyday life, objects do

need to keep being pushed in order to keep moving.

Push a book across the table. When you stop pushing, it stops
moving. Aristotle is right in terms of what we see around us
every day.
 Force and Motion

It's just that Galileo, and later Newton,

imagined a world where friction could be
eliminated.

Friction represents an Fapplied

external force acting on the Ffriction
object, just as your push is
an external force.

In the absence of all external forces, an object's velocity

remains constant. Two equal and opposite forces have the
same effect, they cancel to create zero net force.
 Newton's
First Law of Motion

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 Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton was a brilliant

mathematician and physicist,
among many other professions.
Perhaps he is most famous for
his three laws describing motion
and his law of gravitation.
 Newton's First Law of Motion

An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion

remains in motion, unless acted on by a net external force.

In other words, an object maintains its velocity (both speed

and direction) unless acted upon by a nonzero net force.

Having zero velocity (being at rest) is not special, it is just

one possible velocity…a velocity which is no more special
than any other.
 A.K.A. The Law of Inertia

This law is often

referred to as the
Law of Inertia.
The word inertia
comes from the Latin
word iners which
means idle or lazy.

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist any change in

motion.

Click here for an inertia

demo
 Inertial Reference Frames

Newton's laws are only valid in inertial reference frames:

An inertial reference frame is one which is not accelerating

or rotating.

Every body in an inertial reference frame remains in a state of

rest (or constant velocity) unless acted on by an external
unbalanced force.
 Inertial Reference Frames
When your car accelerates, it is not an inertial reference frame.

This is why a drink on the

console of a car can
suddenly seem to accelerate
backwards without any force
acting on it.
Until the car starts accelerating,
the drink is at rest. The reference
frame, the car, then accelerates
underneath the drink.

The drink falls backwards inside

the car without any net external Click here for a famous video
force! about frames of reference.
watch the first 2:30 of the video
 1 In the absence of an external force, a moving object
will

A stop immediately.
B slow down and eventually come to a stop.
C go faster and faster.

Answer
D move with constant velocity.
E I need help

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 2 When the rocket engines on a spacecraft are
suddenly turned off while traveling in empty space,
the starship will

A stop immediately.
B slowly slow down, and then stop.

Answer
C go faster and faster.
D move with a constant velocity.
E I need help

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3 When you sit on a chair, the net external force on
you is ___.

A zero
B dependent on your weight.

Answer
C down.
D up
E I need help

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 4 A rocket moves through empty space in a straight line
with constant speed. It is far from the gravitational
effect of any star or planet. Under these conditions,
the force that must be applied to the rocket in order to
sustain its motion is

A equal to its weight.

B equal to its mass.

Answer
C dependent on how fast it is moving.
D zero.
E I need help

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5 You are standing in a moving bus, facing forward, and
you suddenly fall forward. You can infer from this that
the bus's ______.

A velocity decreased.
B velocity increased.

Answer
C speed remained the same, but it's turning to
the right.
D speed remained the same, but it's turning to
the left.
E I need help

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6 You are standing in a moving bus, facing forward, and
you suddenly move forward as the bus comes to an
immediate stop. What force caused you to move
forward?

A gravity
B normal force due to your contact with the floor of
the bus

Answer
C force due to friction between you and the floor of
the bus
D no force
E I need help

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 Newton's
Second Law of Motion

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

An object doesn't change its

velocity unless a force acts on it.

How does an object respond to a

force when it is applied?
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

ΣF = ma

Net Force Mass Acceleration

Newton’s second law identifies the

relationship between acceleration and
force.

When a net force is applied to an object,

the object accelerates.

*the word 'net' means overall, ortotal. We will discuss this in further
detail later, but for now just think of
ΣF as any force on an object
 Units of Force

ƩF = ma
The unit of force in the SI system is the Newton (N).

Mass is measured in kilograms (kg).

As we know, acceleration is measured in meters/second2 (m/s2).

Therefore, the unit of force, the Newton, can be found from the
second law
ƩF = ma

N = kg m/s 2
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

ƩF = ma

We can rearrange this equation to better see how the acceleration

of an object depends on the net applied force and its mass.

a = ƩF
m
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

a = ƩF
m
The acceleration of an object is:

· Directly proportional to the net force acting upon the object. As

the net force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration
of the object is increased.
· Inversely proportional to the mass of the object. As the mass
of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is
decreased.
 Example 1: Newton's Second Law
A 0.40 kg toy car moves at constant acceleration of 2.3 m/s2.
Determine the net applied force that is responsible for that
acceleration.

Answer on next page

 Example 1: Newton's Second Law
A 0.40 kg toy car moves at constant acceleration of 2.3 m/s2.
Determine the net applied force that is responsible for that
acceleration.
Given: m = 0.40 kg, a = 2.3 m/s2
Example 2: Newton's Second Law

If a net horizontal force of 175 N is applied to a bike

whose mass is 43 kg, what acceleration is produced?

Answer on next page

Example 2: Newton's Second Law

If a net horizontal force of 175 N is applied to a bike

whose mass is 43 kg, what acceleration is produced?

Given: F = 175 N, m = 43 kg

First solve for a

Then substitute values

into the resulting equation
 Example 3: Newton's Second Law
A net force of 345 N accelerates a boy on a sled at 3.2 m/s2. What is
the combined mass of the sled and boy?

Answer on next page

 Example 3: Newton's Second Law
A net force of 345 N accelerates a boy on a sled at 3.2 m/s2. What is
the combined mass of the sled and boy?
Given: F = 345 N, a = 3.2 m/s2

First solve for m

Then substitute values

into the resulting equation
 Example 4: Newton's Second Law
What average net force is required to stop a 7.0 kg shopping
cart in 2.0 s if it’s initially traveling at 3.5 m/s?

Answer on next page

 Example 4: Newton's Second Law

What average net force is required to stop a 7.0 kg shopping

cart in 2.0 s if it’s initially traveling at 3.5 m/s?

Given: m = 7.0 kg, t = 2.0 s, v0 = 3.5 m/s, v = 0 m/s

First, we need to find a Then substitute a into
by using Kinematics. Newton's second Law.

Both the force and the

acceleration are negative as
they are opposite the original
direction of motion.
 7 A 3.5 kg object experiences an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2 .
What net force does the object experience?

A 1.5 N

B 1.75 N

Answer
C 3.5 N

D 7N

E I need help

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 8 What force is required to accelerate a 1000 kg sports car
at 6 m/s2 ?

A 10 N

Answer
B 60 N

C 600 N

D 6000N

E I need help

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 9 A 12 N net force acts on a 36 kg object? How much
does it accelerate?

A 0.33 m/s2

B 0.50 m/s2

Answer
C 1.0 m/s2

D 3.0 m/s2

E I need help

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 10 A bat strikes a 0.145 kg baseball with force of 5800 N.
What acceleration does the baseball experience?

A 10 m/s2

B 5800 m/s2

C 10000 m/s2

Answer
D 40000 m/s2

E I need help

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 11 An electric model train is accelerated at a rate of 8 m/s2
by a 12 N force? What is the mass of the train?
A 1.5 kg

B 3 kg

Answer
C 4.5 kg

D 9 kg

E I need help

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 12 An Olympic sprinter accelerates at a rate of 3 m/s2 by
applying a force of 189 N. What is the runner's mass?

A 18 kg

B 35 kg

Answer
C 63 kg

D 126 kg

E I need help

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 13 How much net force is required to accelerate a 0.5 kg
toy car, initially at rest to a velocity of 2.4 m/s in 6 s?

A 0.1 N

B 0.2 N

Answer
C 1.2 N

D 2.4 N

E I need help

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 14 A net force F accelerates a mass m with an
acceleration a. If the same net force is applied to mass
2m, then the acceleration will be

A 4a

B 2a

C a/2

Answer
D a/4

E I need help

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 15 A net force F accelerates a mass m with an
acceleration a. If the same net force is applied to mass
m/2, then the acceleration will be
A 4a

B 2a

Answer
C a/2

D a/4

E I need help

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 16 A constant net force acts on an object. The object
moves with:

A constant acceleration

B constant speed

C constant velocity

Answer
D increasing acceleration

E I need help

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 17 A net force F acts on a mass m and produces an
acceleration a. What acceleration results if a net force
2F acts on mass 4m?

A a/2

B 8a

C 4a

Answer
D 2a

E I need help

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 18 The acceleration of an object is inversely
proportional to:

A the net force acting on it.

B its position.

C its velocity.

Answer
D its mass.

E I need help

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 Net Force
ΣF

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 Net Force

ƩF = ma
Let's look at the left side of this equation first.

ƩF
The greek letter sigma "Σ" means "the sum of".

Sometimes ΣF is written as FNet or net force.

ΣF and FNet both mean you add up all the forces acting on an
object.
 Net Force

ƩF
The arrow above "F" reminds you that force is a vector. We won't
always write the arrow but remember it's there.

It means that when you add forces, you must add them like vectors:
forces have direction, and they can cancel out.
 Example 1: Net Force
Example: A 5.0 kg object is being acted on by a 20 N force to the
right (F1), and a 30 N force, also to the right (F2).

What is the net force acting on the object?

Answer on next page

 Example 1: Net Force
Example: A 5.0 kg object is being acted on by a 20 N force to the
right (F1), and a 30 N force, also to the right (F2).

What is the net force acting on the object?

First, we'll draw a free body diagram (FBD). We will discuss these
in more detail later, but for now, follow these simple directions.

FBDs consists of a dot, representing the object, and arrows

representing the forces.

The direction of the arrows represents the direction of the

forces...their length is roughly proportional to their size.

Continue on to next page

 Example 1: Net Force
Example: A 5.0 kg object is being acted on by a 20 N force to the
right (F1), and a 30 N force, also to the right (F2).

What is the net force acting on the object?

F1

The first force (F1) acts to the right with a magnitude of 20 N

Continue on to next page

 Example 1: Net Force
Example: A 5.0 kg object is being acted on by a 20 N force to the
right (F1), and a 30 N force, also to the right (F2).

What is the net force acting on the object?

F2
F1

The second force, F2, acts to the right also, with a greater
magnitude of 30 N. This is drawn slightly larger than F1.

Continue on to next page

 Example 1: Net Force
Example: A 5.0 kg object is being acted on by a 20 N force to the
right (F1), and a 30 N force, also to the right (F2).

What is the net force acting on the object?

To add vectors, move the second vector so it starts where

the first one ends.

F1 F2

The sum is a vector which starts where the first vector

started, and ends where the last one ends.
 Example 1: Net Force
Example: A 5.0 kg object is being acted on by a 20 N force to the
right (F1), and a 30 N force, also to the right (F2).

What is the net force acting on the object?

ΣF
F1 F2

These free body diagrams are critically important

to our work. Once done, the problem can be
translated into an algebra problem.
 Example 1: Net Force
Example: A 5.0 kg object is being acted on by a 20 N force to the
right (F1), and a 30 N force, also to the right (F2).

What is the net force acting on the object?

ΣF
F1 F2
First, we define "to the right" as positive.
Then we interpret our diagram to read:
ƩF = F1 + F2
ƩF = 20 N + 30 N
ƩF = 50 N to the right
We get the direction from our diagram, our positive answer, and our
having defined positive as meaning "to the right."
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
ƩF = ma
Now let's look at the right side of our equation,

ma
Mass is a scalar...it does not have a direction.

But acceleration does have a direction...it is a vector.

The direction of the acceleration vector is always the same as

the direction of the net force, ΣF, vector.
 Example 2: Net Force
A 5.0 kg object is acted on by a 20 N force to the right (F1), and a
30 N force, also to the right (F2).

We already found the net force on the object to be 50 N to the right.

What is its acceleration?

ΣF
F1 F2

Answer on next page

 Example 2: Net Force
A 5.0 kg object is acted on by a 20 N force to the right (F1), and a
30 N force, also to the right (F2).

We already found the net force on the object to be 50 N to the right.

What is its acceleration?

ΣF
F1 F2

ΣF = ma
a = ΣF / m
a = 50 N / 5.0 kg
a = 10 m/s2 to the right
 Example 3: Net Force
What is the net Force acting on this 2.0 kg object?

F1
a = 1 m/s
2
F3
F2
ΣF = ma is true along each coordinate axis.

The sum of the forces in the vertical direction equals "ma" in the
vertical direction. In this case, the vertical acceleration is zero, so the
vertical forces must add to zero...they must be equal and opposite.

F1 F1 +(-F2) = ma = 0 (vertical)
Vertical Axis F1 - F 2 = 0
F1 = F 2
F2

Continue on next page

 Example 3: Net Force
What is the net Force acting on this 2.0 kg object?

F1
a = 1 m/s
2
F3
F2
ΣF = ma is true along each coordinate axis.

The sum of the forces in the horizontal direction equals "ma" in the
horizontal direction. In this case, the horizontal acceleration is 1 m/s2.

F3 = ma
Horizontal Axis
F3 a = 1 m/s2 F3 = (2kg)(1 m/s2)
F3 = 2 N

The net force is 2.0 N in the horizontal direction.

19 Two forces act on an object. One force is 40N to the
west and the other force is 40N to the east. What is the
net force acting on the object?

A 0N

B 40 N East

Answer
C 80 N East

D 80 N West

E I need help

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 20 Two forces act on an object. One force is 8.0N to the
north and the other force is 6.0N to the south. What is
the net force acting on the object?

A 0N

Answer
B 2 N North

C 2 N South

D 14 N North

E I need help

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 21 A force F = 50N acts to the right on a 5 kg object.
1

Another force on the object, F2 = 30N, acts to the left.

Find the acceleration of the object.

A -4 m/s2

B 0 m/s2

Answer
C +4 m/s2

D +16 m/s2

E I need help

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 22 A force F1 = 350N pushes upward on 20 kg object.
Another force, F2 = 450N pulls downward on the
object. Find the acceleration of the object.

A -40 m/s2

Answer
B -5 m/s2

C 5 m/s2

D 40 m/s2

E I need help
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 23 An object accelerates downward at a rate of 4.9 m/s2 . If
the downward force on the object is 500N and the
upward force is 250N, what is the mass of the object?

A 0 kg

Answer
B 51 kg

C 102 kg

D 150 kg

E I need help

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 Mass, Weight,
and Normal Force

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 Mass and Weight

Mass is the measure of the inertia of an object, the resistance of an

object to accelerate. In the SI system, mass is measured in kilograms.

Mass is not weight !

Mass is a property of an object.
It doesn't depend on where the object is located.

Weight is the force exerted on that object by gravity.

If you go to the moon, whose gravitational acceleration is about 1/6 g,
you will weigh 1/6th as much as you weigh on earth. Your mass,
however, will be the same.

Click on this link to see a Veritasium

video about mass and weight!
 Weight – the Force of Gravity
Weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity. Close to
the surface of Earth, where the gravitational force is nearly
constant, weight can be calculated with:

F G = mg

or

W = mg

Near the surface of Earth, g is 9.8 m/s2 downwards.

 Weight – the Force of Gravity

An object at rest must have no

net force on it.

FG
If it is sitting on a table, the
force of gravity is still there...

but additionally, what other force is there?

 The Normal Force

What is the other force?

FN

FG
The force exerted perpendicular
to a surface is called the
normal force.

The normal force is exactly as large as needed to balance the force

from the object. (if the required force gets too big, something breaks!)

The words "normal" and

"perpendicular" are synonyms.
Example 1: Mass and Weight

Find the weight of a 2000 kg elephant.

Answer on next page

Example 1: Mass and Weight
Find the weight of a 2000 kg elephant.

Given: m = 2000 kg, g = 9.8 m/s2

Example 2: Mass and Weight

A car weighs 14,500 N. What is its mass?

Answer on next page

Example 2: Mass and Weight
A car weighs 14,500 N. What is its mass?

Given: W = 14,500 N, g = 9.8 m/s2

We need to find m.

Then substitute values

into the resulting equation
 Example 3: Normal Force
A book of mass 0.85 kg sits on a bookshelf. What is the
magnitude and direction of the normal force that acts on
the book?
 Example 3: Normal Force
A book of mass 0.85 kg sits on a bookshelf. What is the
magnitude and direction of the normal force that acts on
the book?
Given: m = 0.85 kg, g = 9.8 m/s2

The normal force is in the opposite direction and is equal in

magnitude to the force that the book exerts on the shelf.

The force that the book exerts on the shelf is equal to its weight:

The normal force is 8.3 N in

the up direction.
 24 Determine the Force of Gravity (weight) on a 6.0 kg
bowling ball.

A 0N

B 0.61 N

Answer
C 59 N

D 180 N

E I need help

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 25 Determine the weight of a small car with a mass of
900.0 kg.

A 90.00 N

B 180.0 N

Answer
C 1800 N

D 8820 N

E I need help

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 26 Using a spring scale, you find that the weight of a
friction block in the lab is 24 N. What is the mass of
the block in kilograms?

A 2.5 kg

Answer
B 4.9 kg

C 24 kg

D 240 kg

E I need help

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 27 An object located near the surface of Earth has a
weight of a 245 N. What is the mass of the object?

A 25 kg

B 90 kg

Answer
C 150 kg

D 2400 kg

E I need help

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 28 Which of the following properties of an object is likely
to change on another planet?

A Mass
B Weight
C Color

Answer
D Volume (size and shape)
E I need help

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 29 The acceleration due to gravity is lower on the Moon
than on Earth. Which of the following is true about
the mass and weight of an astronaut on the Moon's
surface, compared to Earth?

A Mass is less, weight is same

B Mass is the same, weight is less
C Both mass and weight are less

Answer
D Both mass and weight are the same
E I need help

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 30 A 14 N brick is sitting on a table. What is the normal
force supplied by the table?

A 14 N upwards
B 28 N upwards
C 14 N downwards

Answer
D 28 N downwards
E I need help

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 31 What normal force is supplied by adesk to a
2.00 kg box sitting on it?

A 0N

Answer
B 9.80 N

C 19.6 N

D 39.2 N

E I need help

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 Newton's
Third Law of Motion

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Any time a force is exerted on an object, that force
is caused by another object.

There must be two objects involved to have a force.

Force exerted on
cat by table
Newton’s third law :

Whenever one object exerts a

force on a second object, the
second object exerts an equal
force in the opposite direction
on the first object. Force exerted
on table by cat
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Whenever one object exerts a force on a second

object, the second object exerts an equal force in the
opposite direction on the first object.

Another way to state Newton's 3rd Law...

For every action, there is an equal, opposite reaction .

Remember: forces (or actions) are always applied

to two different objects.
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

A key to the correct application of the third law is that the

forces are exerted on different objects.

Make sure you don’t use them as if they were acting on the
same object. Then they would add to zero!

Force onhands
Force onfloor
Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Rocket propulsion can also be

explained using Newton’s third
law.

Hot gases from combustion

spew out of the tail of the rocket
at high speeds. The reaction
force is what propels the rocket.

Note that the rocketdoes not need

anything (like the earth) to “push”
against.
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Subscripts help keep your ideas and equations clear.

· the first subscript is the object that the force is being exerted
on;
· the second is the source of that force.

FGP = -FPG

FGP = FPG
Horizontal force Horizontal force
exerted on the exerted on the
Ground by Person's foot by
Person's foot Ground

FGP FPG
32 An object of mass m sits on a flat table. The Earth
pulls on this object with force mg, which we will call
the action force. What is the reaction force?

A The table pushing up on the object with force mg

B The object pushing down on the table with force mg

C The table pushing down on the floor with force mg

Answer
D The object pulling upward on the Earth with force mg
E I need help

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 33 A 20-ton truck collides with a 1500-lb car and causes a
lot of damage to the car. Since a lot of damage is
done on the car:

A the force on the truck is greater then the force on the car
B the force on the truck is equal to the force on the car
C the force on the truck is smaller than the force on the car
D the truck did not slow down during the collision

Answer
E I need help

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 34 As you are sitting in a chair, you feel the chair pushing
up on you. The reaction force in this situation is:

A The chair pushing down on the ground

B Gravity pulling down on you

Answer
C You pushing down on the chair
D The ground pushing up on the chair
E I need help

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 35 A student is doing a hand-stand. A reaction pair
of forces is best described as:

The student pushes down on the ground -

A
The ground pushes up on the student
Gravity is pulling the student down -

Answer
B
The ground is pushing the student up
Gravity is pulling the student down -
C
The student's arms push the student up
The student's hands push down on the ground -
D
The students arms push the student up
E I need help

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 36 Which of Newton's laws best explains why motorists
should wear seat belts?

A the first law

B the second law
C the third law
D the law of gravitation

Answer
E I need help

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 37 If you blow up a balloon, and then release it, the
balloon will fly away. This is an illustration of:
(Note: there may be more than one answer. Be
prepared to explain WHY!)

A Newton's first law

B Newton's second law

Answer
C Newton's third law
D Galileo's law of inertia
E I need help

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 Free Body Diagrams

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 Free Body Diagrams

A free body diagram is a drawing physicists use in order to

show all the forces acting on an object. Drawing free body
diagrams can help when trying to solve for unknown forces
or showing the motion of the object.

Click here for a Veritasium video on

free body diagrams and
reviewing Normal Force!
 Free Body Diagrams
1. Draw and label a dot to represent
the first object.

2. Draw an arrow from the dot

pointing in the direction of one of the
forces that is acting on that object. mg
Label that arrow with the name of the
force.
FN
3. Repeat for every force that is acting
on the object. Try to draw each of the Fapplied
arrows to roughly the same scale,
bigger forces getting bigger arrows. mg
 Free Body Diagrams

4. Once you have finished your free

body diagram, recheck it to make
sure that you have drawn and labeled a
an arrow for every force. This is no
time to forget a force. FN
Fapplied
5. Draw a separate arrow next to your
free body diagram indicating the likely
direction of the acceleration of the mg
object. This will help you use your free
body diagram effectively.

6. Repeat this process for every

object in your sketch.
38 Which is the free body diagram of a dropped object near
Earth's surface?

FN
A C
Fapp mg

Answer
FN
B D
mg Fapp mg

E I need help
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39 Which is the free body diagram of a sled being pulled
across an icy pond?

FN
A C
Fapp mg

Answer
FN
B D
mg Fapp mg

E I need help
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40 Which is the free body diagram of a cat sitting on
a chair?

FN
A C
Fapp mg

Answer
FN
B D
mg Fapp mg

E I need help
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41 Which is the free body diagram of a ball just after it has
been kicked upwards?

FN
A C
Fapp mg

Answer
FN
B D
mg Fapp mg

E I need help
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 Friction

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Table of
Contents
 Friction - A Resistive Force
There are many different types of forces that occur in nature, but
perhaps none is more familiar to us than the force of friction (Ffr ).

Friction is a resistive force

that opposes the motion of
an object.

What does sandpaper have

to do with friction?
 Friction - A Resistive Force
Friction is the reason objects stop rolling or sliding along a surface.
It is the reason it is difficult to start pushing a heavy box along the
floor.

There are many different

types of friction:

Friction between solid

objects and air is often
called air resistance.

Friction between two fluids

is called viscosity.
 Kinetic Friction Force
Where does friction come from?

On a microscopic scale, most surfaces are rough.

This leads to complex interactions between them that we
don't need to consider yet, but the force can be modeled
in a simple way.

v
 Kinetic Friction Force

Friction that acts on an object that is already in motion is

called kinetic friction.

For kinetic – or sliding – friction, we write: Ffr = μkFN

Kinetic friction is the product of two things: μk is called the

coefficient of kinetic friction, and is different for every pair of
surfaces. FN is simply the Normal Force, which, on flat surfaces,
is equal to the weight of the object.
 Kinetic Friction Force
A larger coefficient of friction means a greater frictional force.
Notice the friction that occurs between different materials
in the table below:
Surface Coefficient of Kinetic Friction
Wood on Wood 0.2
Ice on Ice 0.03
metal on metal (lubricated) 0.07

Steel on steel (unlubricated) 0.6

Rubber on dry concrete 0.7

Rubber on wet concrete 0.6

Rubber on other solid surface 0.5 - 0.9

Teflon on Teflon 0.05

Human Joints in limbs 0.01

 Kinetic Friction Force
A man accelerates a crate along a rough surface.
Draw the crate's free body diagram.

Answer on next page

 Kinetic Friction Force
A man accelerates a crate along a rough surface.
Draw the crate's free body diagram.

FN
a
Ffr Fapp
mg

Determine ΣF in Determine ΣF in
along the x-axis along the y-axis

Answer on next page

 Kinetic Friction Force
A man accelerates a crate along a rough surface.
Draw the crate's free body diagram:

FN
a
Ffr Fapp
mg

Determine ΣF in Determine ΣF in
along the x-axis along the y-axis
 Example 1: Kinetic Friction
The coefficient of kinetic friction between an object and the
horizontal surface upon which it is sliding is 0.40. The mass of
the object is 3.2 kg. What is the force of friction?

Answer on next page

 Example 1: Kinetic Friction
The coefficient of kinetic friction between an object and the
horizontal surface upon which it is sliding is 0.40. The mass of
the object is 3.2 kg. What is the force of friction?

Given: m = 3.2 kg, μk = 0.4, g = 9.8 m/s2

The normal Force is equal to the object's weight:

After combining these two formulas:

 Example 2: Kinetic Friction
A 10 kg block is being pushed across a horizontal floor with a force
of 60 N, accelerating at a rate of 0.4 m/s2.

What is the coefficient of friction between the floor and crate?

Answer on next page

 Example 2: Kinetic Friction
A 10 kg block is being pushed across a horizontal floor with a force
of 60 N, accelerating at a rate of 0.4 m/s2.

What is the coefficient of friction between the floor and crate?

FN a
Ffr FAPP

mg

In the horizontal: Step 3:

In the vertical: Step 1:

Friction Force: Step 2:

Continue to next page

 Example 2: Kinetic Friction
A 10 kg block is being pushed across a horizontal floor with a force
of 60 N, accelerating at a rate of 0.4 m/s2.

What is the coefficient of friction between the floor and crate?

Solve for μ.

Then substitute values

into the resulting equation
 42 A brick is sliding to the right on a horizontal surface.
What are the directions of the two surface forces:
the friction force and the normal force?

A right, down

B right, up

C left, down

Answer
D left, up
E I need help

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 43 A 4.0kg brick is sliding on a surface. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the surfaces is
0.25. What it the size of the force of friction?

A 0N

B 4.9 N

Answer
C 9.8 N

D 19.6 N

E I need help

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 44 A 50 kg crate is being pushed across a warehouse
floor. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
crate and the floor is 0.4. What is the size of the
force of friction?

A 0N

B 200 N

Answer
C 500 N

D 1300 N

E I need help

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45 A 50 kg crate is pushed across a warehouse floor with a
force of 100 N, accelerating at a rate of 1 m/s2. What is
the coefficient of friction between the floor and crate?

A 0.1

B 0.2

Answer
C 0.5

D 0.8

E I need help

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 Static Friction Force

Static friction is the frictional force between two surfaces that

are not moving along each other.

Static friction keeps objects from moving when a force is first

applied.

v=0
Fapplied

https://njctl.org/video/?v=g8u884KXeWA
 Static Friction Force

Ffr ≤ μsFN

v=0
μs is the coefficient of static
Fapplied
friction, and is different for
every pair of surfaces.
 Static Friction Force
Ffr ≤ μsFN

Note the ≤ symbol in this equation.

Imagine pushing on a box until it moves. You can apply a small

force... nothing happens. You apply more and more force until
the box finally starts moving - this is the maximum amount of
static friction.

The friction can be LESS than the maximum amount or EQUAL

to the maximum amount, but never greater. The force of friction
is equal to μsFN at the instant when the object starts to move.

Then what happens?

 Friction Force
The static frictional force 50
increases as the applied f = μS FN
40 μk FN
force increases, always

Friction force, f
equal to the net applied 30
force.
20
Until it reaches its
10
maximum, μs FN .
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
Applied force, F App
Then the object starts to
move, and the kinetic no sliding
frictional force takes over, motion
μK FN .
 Friction Force
50
The static frictional force
increases as the applied 40 f = μS FN μk FN
force increases, always

Friction force, f
30
equal to the net applied
force. 20

Until it reaches its 10

maximum, μs FN . 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
Applied force, F App
Then the object starts to
move, and the kinetic no sliding
frictional force takes over, motion
μK FN .
 Friction Force
This table shows both the static and kinetic coefficients of friction.

Coefficient of Coefficient of
Surface
Static Friction Kinetic Friction
Wood on wood 0.4 0.2
Ice on ice 0.1 0.03
Metal on metal(lubricated) 0.15 0.07
Steel on steel (unlubricated) 0.7 0.6
Rubber on dry concrete 1.0 0.8
Rubber on wet concrete 0.7 0.5
Rubber on other solids 1-4 1
Teflon on Teflon in air 0.04 0.04
Joints in human limbs 0.01 0.01

Notice that static friction is greater than kinetic friction.

Once an object is in motion, it is easier to keep it in motion.
 Example 1: Static Friction
A 5.0 kg block is sitting on a table. The coefficient of static friction
between the surfaces is 0.7.
What is the largest force that can be applied horizontally to the block
before it begins to slide?

Answer on next page

 Example 1: Static Friction
A 5.0 kg block is sitting on a table. The coefficient of static friction
between the surfaces is 0.7.
What is the largest force that can be applied horizontally to the block
before it begins to slide?
Given: m = 5.0 kg, μs = 0.7, g = 9.8 m/s2
is the maximum static friction force.
The normal Force is equal to the object's weight:

Combine these two formulas. The object will only start to move when
the applied force is greater than the maximum static friction force:

An applied force greater

than 34.3 N will cause the
block to slide.
 Example 2: Static Friction
A 6.0 kg block is sitting on a table. The coefficient of static friction
between the surfaces is 0.6.
If a 10 N horizontal force is applied to the block, what will be the force
of friction?

Answer on next page

 Example 2: Static Friction
A 6.0 kg block is sitting on a table. The coefficient of static friction
between the surfaces is 0.6.
If a 10 N horizontal force is applied to the block, what will be the force
of friction?
Given: m = 6.0 kg, μs = 0.6, g = 9.8 m/s2
First, calculate the maximum static friction force:

The applied force is less than the maximum static friction force
since 10 N is less than 35.3 N.
The static friction force will match any applied force that is less than
35.3 N. Therefore, the force of friction is 10 N. The sum of the
applied force and the friction force is zero, so the block will not
move.
46 A 4.0 kg brick is sitting on a table. The coefficient
of static friction between the surfaces is 0.45. What
is the largest force that can be applied horizontally
to the brick before it begins to slide?

A 4.5 N

B 6.1 N

Answer
C 18N

D 34 N

E I need help

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 47 A 4.0 kg brick is sitting on a table. The coefficient
of static friction between the surfaces is 0.45. If a
10 N horizontal force is applied to the brick, what
will be the force of friction?

A 0N

B 8N

Answer
C 10 N

D 18 N

E I need help

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 Tension

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 Tension Force
When a cord, rope or chain pulls on an
object, it is said to be under tension, and
the force it exerts is called a tension
force, FT. FT
a
The tension force is the same throughout
the cord, rope or chain (when assumed
to be massless).
Any object that is hanging or suspended
is considered to have tension acting
upward.
Any object that is pulled is considered to mg
have tension acting on it.
 Tension Force

FT
There is no special formula to find a
the force of tension.

We need to use force diagrams

and net force equations to solve
for it!

mg
 Example 1: Tension Force
A 150 kg load is suspended from a chain.
What is the tension force supplied by the chain?

Answer on next page

 Example 1: Tension Force
A 150 kg load is suspended from a chain.
What is the tension force supplied by the chain?
Given: m = 150 kg, g = 9.8 m/s2.

The acceleration is zero as the load is not moving.

Start with Newton's

Second Law:
FT

a=0

mg
 Example 2: Tension Force
A crane accelerates a 175 kg load upward at a constant rate of 1.2 m/s2.
Find the tension force in the supporting cable.

Answer on next page

 Example 2: Tension Force
A crane accelerates a 175 kg load upward at a constant rate of 1.2 m/s2.
Find the tension force in the supporting cable.
Given: m = 175 kg, a = 1.2 m/s2, g = 9.8 m/s2.

Start with Newton's

Second Law:

FT

mg
48 A 25 kg lamp is hanging from a rope. What is the
tension force being supplied by the rope?

A 0N

B 25 N

Answer
C 250 N

D 490 N

E I need help

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 49 A crane is lifting a 60 kg load at a constant velocity.
Determine the tension force in the cable.

A 0N

B 59 N

Answer
C 290 N

D 590 N

E I need help

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 50 A 90 kg climber rappels from the top of a cliff with
an acceleration of 1.0 m/s2. Determine the tension
in the climber's rope.

A 0N

B 790 N

Answer
C 920 N

D 970 N

E I need help

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 51 A crane lifts a 400 kg crate upward with an acceleration
of 3.00 m/s2 . Determine the tension in the crane.

A 0N

B 2800 N

Answer
C 3920 N

D 5120 N

E I need help

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