QUARTER 1:

GENERAL PHYSICS 1
MODULE 4:
Newton’s Laws of Motion
and Applications
Prepared by:
Ms. Queen April Libay- Daquipil
Lesson 1
Newton’s Laws
of Motion
Isaac Newton
• An English mathematician, physicist, astronomer,
and author, widely recognized as one of the most
influential scientists in history.
• He was born on January 4, 1643, and is best known
for developing the three laws of motion in his book
Principia Mathematica (1687) and universal
gravitation, which became the cornerstone of
classical mechanics.
• These laws explain how objects move and interact
under the influence of forces, providing a framework
that applies to both everyday phenomena and
complex scientific fields like space exploration.
 Weight: The force exerted on a mass due to gravity.

Normal Force: Acts perpendicularly between two interacting

bodies. It is responsible for supporting the weight of the object

Common
and preventing it from falling through the surface.

Examples of Tension Force: A pulling force through cords, strings, or ropes.

Forces
Friction: The force that opposes motion between two objects
in contact, slowing them down or preventing motion.

Applied Force: Originates from an external source. The

direction of the depends on how or where the force is applied.
It could be in any direction (left, right, up, down, etc.).
 A free-body diagram is a diagram
that represents the objects and the
forces that act on it.

Free-Body Each force arrow in the diagram is

Diagram labeled to indicate the exact type of
(FBD) force.

Remember that a free-body diagram

must only include the external
forces acting on the body of interest.
Free-Body Diagram (FBD)

A box is at rest on a table. A free-body diagram for

this situation looks like this:

A chandelier is suspended motionless from the

ceiling by two cords. A free-body diagram for this
situation looks like this:
Free-Body Diagram (FBD)

An apple is free-falling from a tree. Neglect air

resistance. A free-body diagram for this situation
looks like this:

A rightward force is applied to a book in order to

move it across a desk with a rightward
acceleration. Consider frictional forces. Neglect
air resistance. A free-body diagram for this
situation looks like this:
Free-Body Diagram (FBD)

A car is coasting to the right and slowdown.

Neglect air resistance. A free-body diagram for
this situation looks like this:

Note: There is no applied force (assuming no throttle or

external push is present). The car is simply coasting
(i.e., moving without any external force applied).
Newton's Laws of Motion

First Law (Law of Inertia)

• An object will remain at rest or move in a straight line with constant
velocity unless acted upon by a non-zero external force.

Second Law (Law of Acceleration)

• The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied
by its acceleration (𝐹=𝑚𝑎).

Third Law (Action and Reaction)

• For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Inertial Reference Frames

• Are those where Newton's laws of motion

hold true, meaning objects at rest or in
motion will stay in that state unless acted
upon by an external force.
• The Earth's surface is often treated as an
inertial reference frame for most everyday
situations because the effects of the
Earth's rotation and gravity are minimal for
most practical purposes.
• However, technically, the Earth’s rotation
and gravity introduce slight non-inertial
effects, but these are usually small
enough to be neglected in everyday
calculations.
Newton’s First
Law – Law of
Inertia

• Historical Context:
• Aristotle believed a force
was always required to
make an object move.
• Galileo proposed that in
the absence of force, an
object would continue
moving indefinitely.
• Newton built on Galileo's
ideas, creating the Law of
Inertia.
Newton’s First Law
– Law of Inertia

• Newton’s First Law: “An object at

rest tends to remain at rest, and an
object in motion tends to continue
in motion in a straight line unless
acted upon by an external force”.
• Inertia: The resistance of an object
to changes in its motion.
• Example: A car traveling at 80 mph.
When it suddenly stops, inertia
causes the driver to continue moving
at 80 mph unless restrained by an
external force (e.g., seatbelt).
Newton’s First Law – Law of Inertia
• Mass and Inertia: Objects with
greater mass have more inertia. For
example, a full box of books is
harder to move than an empty box.
• Mechanical Equilibrium: A body in
equilibrium has balanced forces,
meaning its velocity is constant
(can be stationary or moving at
constant velocity).
• First Condition of Equilibrium: The
net force must be zero (Σ𝐹=0).
 A 4kg object is moving horizontally with a
speed of 10 m/s. How much net force is
required to keep the object moving at
this speed and in this direction?
Sample According to Newton's First Law of Motion, an object will
Problem remain at rest or continue moving at a constant velocity in a
straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
In this case, the object is moving horizontally at a constant
speed of 10 m/s. Since there is no change in speed or
direction, no net force is required to keep it moving. Any
forces, like friction or air resistance, are already balanced by
any applied forces, and the object continues moving at a
constant velocity without any additional force needed.
Sample Problem
A television is at rest on top of a table. If
a support force of 100 N is exerted by
the table on the television, what is the
weight of the television?
According to Newton's First Law of Motion, an object at rest will
stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force.
In this case, the television is at rest on the table, meaning the
forces acting on it are balanced.
The weight of the television is the force due to gravity pulling it
downward, and it is counteracted by the support force (also
called the normal force) exerted by the table, which pushes
upward.
Since the television is not moving, the upward support force
must exactly balance the downward gravitational force.
Therefore, if the support force is 100 N, the weight of the
television is also 100 N.
This balance of forces ensures that the television remains
stationary.
Newton’s Second Law –
Law of Acceleration
• Newton’s Second Law:
“Acceleration is directly proportional
to the net force acting on the object in
the same direction as the net force
and inversely proportional to the
mass of the object”.
• Formula:
𝐹=𝑚𝑎
where:
• 𝐹 is force
• 𝑚 is mass
• 𝑎 is acceleration
Newton’s Second Law –
Law of Acceleration

• The more force applied to an object,

the greater its acceleration. The larger
the object’s mass, the less
acceleration it will experience for the
same force.
• Example: Pushing a shopping cart
(light cart accelerates faster than a
heavy one).
• Real-Life Application: Vehicle
acceleration, braking, and crash
dynamics.
Newton’s B

Third Law –
Action and A

Reaction B A

• Newton’s Third Law:

“For every action, there is
an equal and opposite
reaction”.
• Action-Reaction Pairs:
Forces always exist in
pairs. If body A exerts a
force on body B, body B
exerts an equal and
opposite force on body A.
Newton’s
Third Law –
Action and
Reaction
• Example Situations:
• Kangaroo: Pushes against the ground
with its hind legs, causing it to jump
upward.
• Kayak: The paddler pushes against the
water with a paddle (action), and the
water pushes back (reaction), moving the
kayak forward.
• Breakdancer: When the dancer pushes
off the floor (action), the floor pushes
back (reaction), allowing movement.
• Rocket: Engine pushes downward against
air, and the rocket moves upward.
• Real-Life Application: Jet engines and
swimming propulsion systems.
Lesson 2
The Friction
Force
Friction
• A force that opposes the relative
motion or tendency of motion
between two surfaces in contact.
• It acts parallel to the surface and
opposite to the direction of motion.
• It is dependent on the texture of both
surface.
• It is high for dry and rough surfaces
and low for smooth and wet surface.
• It is also dependent on the amount
of contact force pushing the two
surface together.
Types of Friction

Static Friction

Kinetic Friction
Static Friction

• It exist when two surfaces are not relatively

moving against each other.
• It results when the surfaces of two objects
are at rest relative to one another and a force
exists on one of the objects to set it into
motion relative to the other object.
• Static friction force keeps a stationary object
at rest
• Static friction has a limit, and as long as the
applied force stays below this limit, the two
surfaces will remain stationary.
Static Friction

• It is given in the equation below:

Fs=FNμs
Where:
• Fs = Static Friction
• FN = Normal Force
• μs = Coefficient of Static Friction
Kinetic Friction

• Is a friction that acts on two

surfaces in contact that are
moving.
• Kinetic friction results when an
object slides across a surface.
• When the force applied exceeds
static friction, the object starts to
move, and kinetic friction takes
over, acting to slow down the
motion.
Kinetic Friction

• It is given in the equation below:

Fk=FNμk
Where:
• Fk = Kinetic Friction
• FN = Normal Force
• μk = Coefficient of Kinetic Friction
Causes of Friction

Surface roughness Nature of materials in Microscopic irregularities

contact on surfaces
Pros and Cons of Friction

Advantages of Friction Disadvantages of Friction

• Enables walking • Causes wear and tear

• Allows vehicles to move and • Generates heat
stop • Consumes additional energy
• Helps in gripping and holding
objects
Reducing and
Increasing Friction

• Reducing Friction:
• Lubricants
• Polishing surfaces
• Streamlining shapes
• Increasing Friction:
• Adding textures
• Using rougher surfaces
 1. Brakes and Tires: Friction is essential for stopping
vehicles, as brake pads create resistance to slow
down wheels. Tires also rely on friction to grip the
road for control and safety.
2. Walking: Friction between our shoes and the
ground allows us to walk without slipping.
3. Clutch and Gear Systems: Friction helps transfer
Applications power in vehicles by enabling smooth engagement

of Friction
and disengagement of gears.
4. Writing: The friction between a pen/pencil and
paper allows us to leave marks while writing.
5. Rubbing and Heating: Friction can be used to
generate heat, like in matches or rubbing sticks to
start a fire.
• In summary, friction is vital for control, safety,
movement, and even generating heat in various everyday
activities.
"In life, momentum is key.
Once you start moving
toward your goals, keep
pushing forward. Only
external challenges can
slow you down."