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COA Unit 3

The document compares Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control Units, highlighting that Hardwired units are faster but harder to modify, while Microprogrammed units are more flexible and easier to update. It also discusses Horizontal and Vertical Microprogramming, noting that Horizontal offers faster execution with explicit control signals but requires more memory, whereas Vertical is memory efficient but slower and less flexible. Overall, the choice between these systems depends on the specific requirements of the computing architecture.

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Sachin Singh
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15 views12 pages

COA Unit 3

The document compares Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control Units, highlighting that Hardwired units are faster but harder to modify, while Microprogrammed units are more flexible and easier to update. It also discusses Horizontal and Vertical Microprogramming, noting that Horizontal offers faster execution with explicit control signals but requires more memory, whereas Vertical is memory efficient but slower and less flexible. Overall, the choice between these systems depends on the specific requirements of the computing architecture.

Uploaded by

Sachin Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hardwired Vs Microprogrammed Control Unit:

Hardwired Control Unit Microprogrammed Control Unit

Hardwired control unit generates the Microprogrammed control unit generates


control signals needed for the processor the control signals with the help of micro
using logic circuits instructions stored in control memory

Hardwired control unit is faster when


This is slower than the other as micro
compared to microprogrammed control unit
instructions are used for generating
as the required control signals are
signals here
generated with the help of hardwares

Difficult to modify as the control signals that Easy to modify as the modification need
need to be generated are hard wired to be done only at the instruction level

Less costlier than hardwired control as


More costlier as everything has to be
only micro instructions are used for
realized in terms of logic gates
generating control signals

It cannot handle complex instructions as


It can handle complex instructions
the circuit design for it becomes complex

Only limited number of instructions are Control signals for many instructions can
used due to the hardware implementation be generated

Used in computer that makes use of


Used in computer that makes use of
Complex Instruction Set
Reduced Instruction Set Computers(RISC)
Computers(CISC)

Horizontal Microprogramming:
Features of Horizontal Micro-Programmed Control Unit
• Control Signals are Explicit: In horizontal control unit, every control signal is
specified by a separate bit in the control word. Which means, there is direct
control over all the microoperations and thus makes for a more flexible system
and a faster system.
• Wide Control Word: In this type of micro-programming, signals are specified
individually; thus, a wide control word is needed by the horizontal micro-
programming. This results in longer instruction words, but it provides for control
over individual operations.
• Sequential Execution: More than one control signal can be excited
simultaneously, due to which more parallel operations can be performed in this
system and hence it results in higher efficiency in executing instructions.
Advantages of Horizontal Micro-Programmed Control Unit
• It leads to faster implementation of the instructions since the control process is
more parallel.
• Control signals for every control operation are explicitly specified hence it is
easier to control complex micro-operations.
Drawbacks of Horizontal Micro-Programmed Control Unit
• High Memory Requirement: More memory is needed to store the microprograms
since the size of the word is large.
• Complex Design: More lines in the control lead to complexity both while
designing and while debugging.
Vertical Microprogramming:
Features of Vertical Micro-Programmed Control Unit
• Encoded Control Signals: The control signals are compressed into fewer bits,
and decoders are used to produce actual control signals. This leads to control
words that are shorter in length.
• In narrow control word: The length of control word is vertical micro-
programming shorter as compared to horizontal since it uses fewer bits due to
the encoding of control signals. Since only few control signals are activated at
any given time, generally, vertical micro-programming results in operations as
being more sequential.
Advantages of Vertical Micro-Programmed Control Unit
• Less memory is needed: Shorter control word results in lesser memory to be
used for storing of microprograms.
• Easier designing: Lesser number of control signals results in an easier and
manageable system.
Disadvantages of Vertical Micro-Programmed Control Unit
• The Speed is Low. Because of the fact that control signals have been encoded
and then decoded, it takes more time than that of the horizontal micro-
programming.
• Less Flexible: The control signals have been encoded; hence parallelism is
limited and the flexibility of control over several micro-operations
simultaneously gets reduced.

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