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Chapter 5

Chapter 5 covers the concepts of continuity and differentiability in functions, defining continuity at a point and types of discontinuities. It explains the relationship between continuity and differentiability, provides derivatives for basic functions, and outlines differentiation rules including the sum, product, quotient, and chain rules. Additionally, it discusses parametric derivatives, higher-order derivatives, implicit differentiation, logarithmic differentiation, and the Mean Value Theorem and Rolle’s Theorem.

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6 views3 pages

Chapter 5

Chapter 5 covers the concepts of continuity and differentiability in functions, defining continuity at a point and types of discontinuities. It explains the relationship between continuity and differentiability, provides derivatives for basic functions, and outlines differentiation rules including the sum, product, quotient, and chain rules. Additionally, it discusses parametric derivatives, higher-order derivatives, implicit differentiation, logarithmic differentiation, and the Mean Value Theorem and Rolle’s Theorem.

Uploaded by

ashim05birbhum
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 5: Continuity and Differentiability (Detailed Notes)

1. Continuity

1. Definition: A function f(x)f(x)f(x) is said to be continuous at x=cx = cx=c if:

lim⁡x→c−f(x)=lim⁡x→c+f(x)=f(c)\lim_{x \to c^-} f(x) = \lim_{x \to c^+} f(x) =


f(c)x→c−limf(x)=x→c+limf(x)=f(c)

2. Types of Discontinuities:
o Removable Discontinuity: Can be removed by redefining f(c)f(c)f(c).
o Jump Discontinuity: Left-hand and right-hand limits exist but are unequal.
o Infinite Discontinuity: Limit approaches infinity.
3. Continuity in an Interval:
o A function is continuous in an interval if it is continuous at every point in the
interval.

2. Differentiability

1. Definition: A function f(x)f(x)f(x) is differentiable at x=cx = cx=c if the derivative


exists:

f′(c)=lim⁡h→0f(c+h)−f(c)hf'(c) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(c + h) -


f(c)}{h}f′(c)=h→0limhf(c+h)−f(c)

2. Relation Between Continuity and Differentiability:


o If a function is differentiable at a point, it is continuous at that point.
o However, continuity does not imply differentiability.

3. Derivatives of Basic Functions

Function Derivative
f(x)=cf(x) = cf(x)=c f′(x)=0f'(x) = 0f′(x)=0
f(x)=xnf(x) = x^nf(x)=xn f′(x)=n⋅xn−1f'(x) = n \cdot x^{n-1}f′(x)=n⋅xn−1
f(x)=exf(x) = e^xf(x)=ex f′(x)=exf'(x) = e^xf′(x)=ex
f(x)=ln⁡(x)f(x) = \ln(x)f(x)=ln(x) f′(x)=1xf'(x) = \frac{1}{x}f′(x)=x1
f(x)=sin⁡(x)f(x) = \sin(x)f(x)=sin(x) f′(x)=cos⁡(x)f'(x) = \cos(x)f′(x)=cos(x)
f(x)=cos⁡(x)f(x) = \cos(x)f(x)=cos(x) f′(x)=−sin⁡(x)f'(x) = -\sin(x)f′(x)=−sin(x)
f(x)=tan⁡(x)f(x) = \tan(x)f(x)=tan(x) f′(x)=sec⁡2(x)f'(x) = \sec^2(x)f′(x)=sec2(x)

4. Rules of Differentiation
1. Sum and Difference Rule:

ddx[f(x)±g(x)]=f′(x)±g′(x)\frac{d}{dx}[f(x) \pm g(x)] = f'(x) \pm g'(x)dxd


[f(x)±g(x)]=f′(x)±g′(x)

2. Product Rule:

ddx[f(x)g(x)]=f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x)\frac{d}{dx}[f(x)g(x)] = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)dxd


[f(x)g(x)]=f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x)

3. Quotient Rule:

ddx[f(x)g(x)]=f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)[g(x)]2\frac{d}{dx}\left[\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}\right] =
\frac{f'(x)g(x) - f(x)g'(x)}{[g(x)]^2}dxd[g(x)f(x)]=[g(x)]2f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)

4. Chain Rule:

dydx=dydu⋅dudx\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{du} \cdot \frac{du}{dx}dxdy=dudy⋅dxdu

5. Differentiability in Parametric Form

 For x=f(t)x = f(t)x=f(t) and y=g(t)y = g(t)y=g(t), the derivative is given by:
dydx=dydtdxdt\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{\frac{dy}{dt}}{\frac{dx}{dt}}dxdy=dtdxdtdy

6. Higher-Order Derivatives

 The second derivative f′′(x)f''(x)f′′(x) is the derivative of f′(x)f'(x)f′(x):


f′′(x)=ddx[f′(x)]f''(x) = \frac{d}{dx}[f'(x)]f′′(x)=dxd[f′(x)]
 Similarly, higher-order derivatives (f(n)(x)f^{(n)}(x)f(n)(x)) are obtained by
successive differentiation.

7. Implicit Differentiation

 Used when yyy is defined implicitly in terms of xxx: ddx[F(x,y)]=0\frac{d}{dx}[F(x,


y)] = 0dxd[F(x,y)]=0 Differentiate both sides and solve for dydx\frac{dy}{dx}dxdy.

8. Logarithmic Differentiation

 Useful for differentiating functions of the form y=[f(x)]g(x)y =


[f(x)]^{g(x)}y=[f(x)]g(x):
1. Take the natural logarithm: ln⁡(y)=g(x)ln⁡(f(x))\ln(y) = g(x)
\ln(f(x))ln(y)=g(x)ln(f(x))
2. Differentiate: 1ydydx=g′(x)ln⁡(f(x))+g(x)f′(x)f(x)\frac{1}{y} \frac{dy}{dx}
= g'(x) \ln(f(x)) + g(x) \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}y1dxdy=g′(x)ln(f(x))+g(x)f(x)f′(x)

9. Mean Value Theorem (MVT)

1. Statement: If f(x)f(x)f(x) is continuous on [a,b][a, b][a,b] and differentiable on


(a,b)(a, b)(a,b), there exists a point c∈(a,b)c \in (a, b)c∈(a,b) such that:

f′(c)=f(b)−f(a)b−af'(c) = \frac{f(b) - f(a)}{b - a}f′(c)=b−af(b)−f(a)

2. Geometrical Interpretation:
o The tangent at ccc is parallel to the chord joining (a,f(a))(a, f(a))(a,f(a)) and
(b,f(b))(b, f(b))(b,f(b)).

10. Rolle’s Theorem

1. Statement: If f(x)f(x)f(x) is continuous on [a,b][a, b][a,b], differentiable on (a,b)(a,


b)(a,b), and f(a)=f(b)f(a) = f(b)f(a)=f(b), then there exists c∈(a,b)c \in (a, b)c∈(a,b)
such that: f′(c)=0f'(c) = 0f′(c)=0

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