Practical Research 1

Quarter 3, Notes 2

Ethics 4. Carefulness – Avoid careless errors and negligence;

carefully and critically examine your own work and
 Moral behavior or norms for conduct that distinguish the work of your peers.
between acceptable and unacceptable behavior 5. Openness – Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources.
Ethics in Research Be open to criticism and new ideas.
 Framework applying broad ethical principles to the 6. Respect for Intellectual Property – Honor intellectual
responsible conduct of research and to the use of any property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or
outcomes resulting from research results without permission. Give credit. Never
 Focus on research participant plagiarize.
 Consider community and environment in ethics 7. Confidentiality – Protect confidential communications.
8. Responsible Publications – Publish in order to
Importance of Ethics advance research and scholarship, not to advance
 It promotes pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility just your own career.
 Many of the ethical norms ensure that researchers are 9. Responsible Mentoring – Help to educate, mentor, and
held accountable to the public advise students. Promote their welfare and allow
 Adherence to ethical principles helps public build them to make their own decisions.
support for research. 10.Respect for Colleagues – Respect your colleagues
and treat them fairly.
To Value the research participant as a person with
11.Social Responsibility – Strive to promote social good
inherent dignity who should be:
and prevent or mitigate social harms through research,
 An end and not a means (BENEFICENCE)
public education, and advocacy.
o a concept in research ethics which states that
12.Non-Discrimination – Avoid discrimination against
researchers should have the welfare of the colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
participants as a goal of any research ethnicity, or other facts that are not related to their
 Protected against harm and wrong (NON- scientific competence and integrity.
MALEFICENCE) 13.Competence – Maintain and improve your own
o The pertinent ethical issue is whether the benefits professional competence and expertise through
outweigh the burdens/risks. lifelong education and learning.
o Kinds of Risks/Harms 14.Legality – Know and obey relevant laws and
 Physical Risks institutional and governmental policies
 Psychological 15.Animal Care – Show proper respect and care for
 Social/Economic Risks animals when using them in research.
 Loss of Confidentiality 16.Human Subject Protection – Minimize harms and
 Legal Risks risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity,
 Respected as a person (AUTONOMY) privacy, and autonomy.
o Respect for person is expressed in the Informed
Consent Process. Functions of Ethics
 Equal to other persons (JUSTICE) 1. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge,
o Fair selection, assignment, and compensation for truth and evidence of error.
research participants 2. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to
o Be truthful collaborative work such as trust, accountability, mutual
o Disclose results timely respect and fairness.
o Share benefits with community and institution 3. Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be held
o No conflict of interest accountable to the public.
4. Ethical norms in research, is research that helps build
Principles in Research Ethics public support quality and integrity of research.
1. Honesty – Honestly report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, Ethical Concerns
falsify, or misrepresent data.  The kind of information obtained because of the
2. Objectivity – Strive to avoid bias in experimental length and personal interaction that ensues when
design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, doing a qualitative inquiry may give rise to an issue
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and or issues. The researcher may uncover practices
other aspects of research. that may not be acceptable. One rule that must
3. Integrity – Keep your promises and agreements; act always be followed is that the person is obliged to
with sincerity; strive for consistency of thoughts and report practice such as child abuse, drug use,
action, abusive teachers and the like.
 With regard to the researcher’s relationship to the
participants, the researcher is expected to act
 professionally, maintaining respect towards them.  Positivism is a traditional scientific method which
The issues of anonymity and confidentiality are to involves hypothesis testing and objective data
be observed. In field notes particularly, when gathering. Findings are open to replication by other
conducting a sensitive research, false names or researchers.
code numbers are used to keep track of what o general principles or laws govern the
information came from whom without revealing social world and
their identities. o observation is the primary source of
 The researcher is expected to give back to the dependable knowledge
subjects/participants of the research and to show
appreciation for their commitment of time, effort According to Yin (2011), qualitative research has five
and cooperation. These acts may be to provide a features:
written report, present findings in an assembly,
1. Studying the meaning of people’s lives, under real-
give assistance or advice on other research projects
world conditions; people will not be limited by the
at their workplace and others.
confines of a laboratory.
 The researcher writes a letter and seeks to be
2. Representing the views and perspective of the
allowed to conduct a study. If changes happen in
people or participants of the study in the results of
the course of the investigation, he/she needs to get
the research mirror the values and meanings of the
an approval for the continuance of the study.
people who live them, not by the researcher.
3. Covering the contextual condition within which
Plagiarism - An act of using another person’s ideas, words, live. They may influence all human events.
processes, and results without giving due credit. 4. Contributing insights into existing or emerging
concepts may help or explain human social
Acts of Plagiarism behavior. Research can be instances for developing
a. Claiming authorship of a work done by another person new concepts.
b. Copying an entire written work or a portion of it.- 5. Striving to use multiple sources of evidence is
including words, sentences, and ideas without better than relying on a single source alone.
acknowledging the author.
c. Failing to put quotation marks to distinguish a quotation Mixed Method
taken directly from source.
 A combination of both quantitative and qualitative
d. Giving incorrect information about the source of a
methods in the same study.
quotation.
e. Merely changing the words but retaining the sentence
structure so that the selection or quotes still bears a
resemblance to the original source. Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative
f. Using so many words and ideas from the original source Research
that it makes up a large portion of your work, even if you Qualitative Quantitative
acknowledge the original author. Purpose To understand To test hypothesis,
and interpret look at cause and
social interactions effect, and make
Broad Categories of Research
predictions
Quantitative Research Group Smaller and not Larger and
 expressed in numbers and graphs Studied randomly selected randomly selected
 used to test or confirm theories and assumptions Variables Study of the Specific variables
 used to establish generalizable facts whole, not studied
variables
 quantitative methods include experiments,
Types of Words, images, or Numbers and
observations recorded as numbers, and surveys
Data objects statistics
with closed-ended questions Collected
Qualitative Research Form of Open-ended Precise
 expressed in words Data responses, measurements using
Collected interviews, structured and
 used to understand concepts, thoughts, or
participant validated data-
experiences
observations, field collection
 used to gather in-depth insights on topics that are notes, and instruments
not well understood reflections
 qualitative methods include interviews with open- Type of Identify patterns, Identify statistical
ended questions, observations described in words, Data features, and relationships
and literature reviews that explore concepts and Analysis themes
theories Objectivity Subjectivity is Objectivity is
 qualitative research has its roots in positivism and expected critical
(Walker, 2010) Subjectivity
Role of Researcher and Researcher and their
 Researcher their biases may e biases are not A. Social Inquiry – to better understand the behavior
known to known to and social interactions among individuals
participants and participants and Ex. Effects on Smokers of Exposure to Graphic
participant participant Warning Images
characteristics characteristics are B. Arts – to investigate methods or approaches that
may be known to deliberately hidden enhance one’s creativity
the researcher from the researcher Ex. Managing Music across Devices and
(double blind
Computers
studies)
C. Information and Communications Technology –
Results Particular or Generalizable
specialized findings that can be to examine the trends and tendencies in the use of
findings that is applied to other information technology
less generalizable populations Ex. Use of Online Resources at Carlos Hilado
Scientific Exploratory or Confirmatory or top- Memorial State University: A Quantitative
Method bottom-up: the down: the researcher Study
researcher tests the hypothesis D. Science – to determine the effectiveness of a newly
generates a new and theory with the developed medicine, treatment, or approach in
hypothesis and data addressing health problems
theory from the Ex. Effect of Dates Biscuits on Nutritional
data collected Status of Preschool Children with Tuberculosis
View of Dynamic, Regular and E. Agriculture and Fisheries – to examine how
Human situational, social, Predictable agriculture in a particular community is influenced
Behavior and personal
by global trends
Most Explore, discover, Describe, explain,
Ex. Current Status of E-agriculture and Global
Common and construct and predict
Research Trends: A Survey Conducted in Murcia, Negros
Objectives Occidental
Focus Wide-angle lens; Narrow-angle lens; F. Business – to assess approaches that will help
examines the tests specific companies in their decision-making processes
breadth and depth hypotheses Ex. The Impact of Reward and Recognition
of phenomena Programs on Teacher’s Motivation and
Nature of Study behavior in Study behavior Satisfaction
Observation a natural under controlled G. Education – presents the latest theories and
environment conditions; isolate practices that pave the way for better teaching and
causal effects learning experiences, both in a classroom and
Nature of Multiple realities; Single reality; online setting
Reality subjective objective Ex. An Exploration of Mathematical Knowledge
Final Narrative report Statistical report for Teaching Geometric Proofs: Applied
Report with contextual with correlations, Educational Research
description and comparisons of
direct quotations means, and Types of Research in Different Areas/Field
form research statistical
participants significance of 1. Applied Research. Designed to solve practical
findings problems of the modern world, rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake; its goal is
to improve human condition.
Philosophical Assumptions of Quantitative and
2. Basic Research. Fundamental or Pure Research, is
Qualitative Researchers
driven by a scientist’s curiosity or interest in a
Qualitative Quantitative scientific question. It is designed to add to an
Methodologies Methodologies organized body of scientific knowledge and does
The individuals construct There exists a reality “out not necessarily produce results of practical value.
reality; thus, realities exist there,” independent of us, 3. Correlational Research. A systematic
in the form of multiple waiting to be known. investigation or statistical study of relationships
mental constructions. among two or more variables, without necessarily
Research investigations Research investigations can determining cause and effect.
produce alternative visions result in statements about 4. Descriptive Research. Provides an accurate
of what the world is like. the way the world really is. portrayal of a class or a particular individual
Researchers bonds with Researchers may remove situation or group. It is also known as statistical
the individuals he or she is him or herself to stand research.
studying, apart from that which is
5. Ethnographic Research. An investigation of a
being researched.
culture through an in-depth study of the members
of the culture; it involves the systematic collection,
Kinds of Research across Fields description, and analysis of data for development
of theories of cultural behavior.
 6. Experimental Research. An objective, systematic,
controlled investigation, for the purpose of
predicting and controlling phenomena and
examining probability and causality among
selected variables. It best establishes cause-effect
relationship.
7. Exploratory Research. Conducted for a problem
that has not been clearly defined. It helps determine
the best research design, data collection method
and selection of subjects.
8. Historical Research. It involves analysis of events
that occurred in the remote or recent past. It can
show patterns that occurred in the past and over
time which can help to see where we came from
and what kind of solutions we have used in the
past.
9. Phenomenological Research. It is an inductive
descriptive research developed form
phenomenological philosophy. Its aim is to
describe an experience as it is actually lived by the
person.
10. Action Research. It involves the application of the
steps of the scientific method in the classroom
problems.
11. Content Analysis. A type of research applied to
written or visual materials for the purpose of
identifying specified characteristics of the
materials.

Two Approaches to Ethnography

1. Realist – researcher provides an objective account

of the situation.
2. Critical – researcher shows his advocacy for a
marginalized group or attempts to empower the
group by giving it voice

Types of Case Studies

1. Intrinsic case study is conducted to understand a

particular case that may be unusual or unique.
2. Instrumental case study represents some other
issues under study and the researcher believes that
this particular case can provide additional insights
into that issue.
3. Multiple or collective case study uses several cases
selected to further understand and investigate a
phenomenon, population or general condition.