PRACTICAL

RESEARCH
I
QUARTER 1 MODULE 1 LESSON 2
The Characteristics, Processes and
Ethics of Research
Learning
Objectives
• At the end of the lesson, the learner
should be able to describe the
characteristics, processes and ethics
in research
Activity: Tell Me What’s Wrong

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
 ACTIVITY 1
Sophia Dela Cruz

Feeling blessed to have these kids as

subjects for my research #research
#humansubjects #thesisit

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Guide
Questions
•1. What can you say
about the picture?
•2. Is there something
wrong with the
picture? In the
caption?
•3. What could be the
violations committed
by the researcher?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
 Guide Questions
4. What do we call these violations in
conducting research?

5. Do you know that there are other violations

in conducting research?
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Characteristics of Research

• 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct

experience or observation by the researcher.
• 2. Logical. Research is based on valid
procedures and principles.
• 3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process
because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
Characteristics of Research

•4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven

analytical procedures in gathering the
data, whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
• 5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and
precise judgment.
Characteristics of Research

• 6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a

methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.
• 7. Replicability. The research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results
The Seven Steps of the
Research Process
  Factors to Consider in
Selecting a Research
Problem
• 1. Researcher‘s area of
interest
• 2. Availability of funds
1. Define and • 3. Investigator‘s ability and
develop your training
topic (Research
Problem)
 NOTE • Distinguishing among Topic, Research Problem, Purpose, and
Research Questions
• RESEARCH • PURPOSE RESEARC
• TOPIC PROBLEM STATEMENT H
broad subject a general educational
issue, concern, or
the major intent or
objective of the study
QUESTIO
matter
addressed by the
controversy
addressed in research
used to address the
problem
N
study. that narrows the narrows the
topic. purpose into
specific questions
To understand how that the researcher
students cope with would like answered
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students in study.
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General printed modular
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How do senior
SHS Mathematics printed modular teacher facilitating high school
distance learning students in 12
modality SEPNAS learn
Find background
information about
your chosen
topic (Review of
Related
Literature).
• Plan your research
design including your
sample
(Methodology).
• Gather necessary data using
open ended questions (for
qualitative research) and
closed-ended questionnaire or
paper pencil test questionnaire
(for quantitative research)
(Data Gathering Activities).
• Process and analyze
data using thematic
analysis (for
qualitative research)
and statistical tools
(for quantitative
research).
• Formulate new insights gained
(for qualitative research)
conclusions (for quantitative
research) and recommendations.
•Define new
problem.
Ethics in Research

• Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible

conduct of research which educates and monitors
researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the
aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and
supports the values required for collaborative work,
such as mutual respect and fairness.
Ethical considerations in conducting research
1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects’ right to privacy and dignity and

protection of subjects from personal harm

3. Presentation of research findings

4. Misuse of research role

5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance

6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

 Ethics in Research
• 1. Informed Consent.
Aims to secure in order protect the rights of the
participants in a research
 Inform your participants about the criteria set for
choosing them as informants and the schedule of one-
on-one interview at the convenient time they are
available. Participation to the study will be completely
voluntary.
 Ethics in Research
• 2. Honesty. It report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.
• 3. Objectivity. Avoid bias in experimental design,
data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research.
 Ethics in Research
• 4. Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements;
act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought
and action.
• 5. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and
negligence; carefully and critically examine your
work and the work of peers. Keep good records of
research activities.
 Ethics in Research
• 6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and
resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
• 7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honor patents,
copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of
intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit
where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.
 Ethics in Research
• 8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications,
such as papers or grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient
records.
• 9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor,
and advise others. Promote their welfare and allow
them to make their own decisions.
 Ethics in Research
• 10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to
advance research and scholarship, not to advance your
own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
• 11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’
opinion, treat them fairly and do not outsmart others.
 Ethics in Research
• 12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social
acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education, and advocacy.
• 13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against
colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their
scientific competence and integrity.
 Ethics in Research
• 14. Competence. Maintain and improve your
own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take
steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.
• 15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and
institutional and government policies.
 Ethics in Research
• 16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for
animals when using them in research. Do not conduct
unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
• 17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a
research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks
and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
and anonymity.
 Rights of Research Participants

• 1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms

that describe certain standards of human behavior and
are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They
constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the
protection of human dignity, inherent to all human
beings.
 Rights of Research Participants

• 2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations

of the mind, which have both a moral and a
commercial value.
 Rights of Research Participants

• 3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of

copyright-protected material without permission of the
copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the
rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the
exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are
breached by a third party.
 Rights of Research Participants

• 4. Voluntary Participation. People must not

be coerced into participating in research
process. Essentially, this means that
prospective research participants must be
informed about the procedures and risks
involved in research and must give their
consent to participate.
 Rights of Research Participants

•5. Anonymity. It is the protection of

people’s identity through not disclosing
their name or not exposing their
identity. It is a situation in data
gathering activities in which
informant’s name is not given nor
known.
 Rights of Research Participants

• 6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his

personal matters and relationships secret. It
is the ability of an individual to seclude him
from disturbance of any research activity.
Ethical Standards in Research Writing

• Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification,

or plagiarism.
• It doesn’t include honest error of differences of opinion.
• It can erode trust between researchers and funding
agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at
the same institution to receive grants.
PLAGIARISM
• Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas,
works, processes, and results without giving due credit.
• should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original
works; a violation of intellectual property rights.
Three different acts are considered
plagiarism:
• 1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
• 2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation
marks, and
• 3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your
own words
Activity 1: Question and Answer

• 1. Why is research practical and realistic?

• 2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or

research problem. What is the importance of considering those factors
in selecting a research problem?

• 3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new
problem.
• 4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?
• 5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why?
Let’s Practice

Group 1: Ethics Simulation Case Number 1.

Tony conducted an experiment that yielded findings that has low
significance. He was bothered because he followed the same pattern and
methodology derived from four other related studies that elicited highly
significant results. To avoid disappointment, he then modified some data in
his research in order to come up with the same highly significant results.
He even made up some data to make it appear that he had more
participants that the actual count. In the appendices of his paper, the
names of some of his participants can be read from the screenshots of the
list of samples.
Guide Question:
What ethical dilemmas were implied in the situation?
 What is it?
• Discussion of Activity 1
• You just learned the characteristics, processes and ethics of research.
•1. As a researcher, you can play the role of a member of a research
team, can you identify the processes involved in conducting research and
its characteristics? Enumerate those processes.
• 2. What are the various research ethics and rights of a research
participant?
 What’s more?

• Read and Analyze

• Direction: Read the following articles below and answer the questions that follow .Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
• Ethics in Qualitative Research
• Questions:
• 1. Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?
• 2. Are SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission study on humans rather than animal models
unethical?
• 3. If you were a part of the research teams conducting such phenomenon, what will you do to
correct the unethical feature of the experiment?
 What I Can Do

•1. How do you characterize good

research writing?
• 2. What is the importance of following the
ethical standards in conducting a research?
Assessmen
t
Questions?
• See you in Module 1 Lesson 3