ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m

q&mrsm;vufpGJ
(rlvwef;tqifh)
'kwd,wef;

(pDrHcsufe,fajrrsm;twGif;&Sd pDrHcsufausmif;rsm;wGifom oHk;pGJ&ef uefYowfxkwfa0onf/)

 rmwdum
'kwd,wef;

taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
(u) ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uGJrsm; ............................................................. 10
(1) rdrdywf0ef;usif&Sd ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm;/ ................................. 11
(2) jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm; aexdkifusufpm;&m
t"dua'orsm;/ ........................................................ 12
( c ) pGrf;tif ........................................................................ 16
(3) aerS&aom pGrf;tif/ ................................................... 17
( * ) ajrqDvTm ...................................................................... 21
(4) t"duajrtrsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;/ ........................................ 22
(C) a& .............................................................................. 25
(5) a&udkacRwmoHk;pGJpdkY/ .................................................... 26
(6) oHk;NyD;aoma&rsm;udk tusdK;&SdpGmjyefvnftoHk;csjcif;/ ............. 29
( i ) vlESifh ywf0ef;usif .......................................................... 33
(7) oefY&Sif;wJh 'dkYausmif;/ ................................................. 34
(8) yvwfpwpftdwfrsm;/ .................................................. 42
(9) ,ifvHktdrfom/ ......................................................... 46
( p ) av ............................................................................ 49
(10) oefY&Sif;wJhav/ ....................................................... 50
(q) opfyif? opfawm ........................................................... 54
(11) uav;wdkYESpfoufwJh yef;yGifhuav;rsm;/ .......................... 55
(12) wm0efauswJh opfyifeJYopfaphav;rsm;/ ........................... 59
(13) tyif\tpdwftydkif;rsm;/ ............................................ 62
(14) tyifayguf&ef t"duvdktyfcsufrsm;/ ............................. 67

2 3
 aus;Zl;wifvTm
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yuf(pf)w,favmh('f)ZD uav;rsm;azmifa';&Sif;\t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm ae&ma'otESHYrS
taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ausmif;raeEkdifonfh rlvwef;t&G,fuav;i,frsm;ukd vlrsKd;? bmomra&G; ynma&;
tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;&ef jzpfygonf/ okdYygí yuf(pf)w,favmh('f)ZD uav;rsm;azmifa';&Sif;onf
Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &\ ynma&;rl0g'ESit hf nD rlvwef;ynma&;ukd vkyu f idk af qmif&u
G v
f suf&adS om a'ocHjynfwiG ;f
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? bkef;awmfMuD;oifynma&;ausmif;rsm;ESifh wGJzufvsuf aus;vufa'orlvwef;tqifh bkef;
awmfBuD;oif ynma&;ausmif;rsm;? &yf&mG tajcjyKpmoifausmif;rsm;wGif uav;A[kjd yKpepf oifMum;a&;enf;vrf;ukd
tokH;jyKí tultnDay;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ukd 2005 ckeSpfrS pwiftaumiftxnfazmfcJhygonf/
,cktcgwGif a'owGif;ESifh urÇmwpf0ef;wGifjzpfay:aeaom ywf0ef;usifa&;&mjyóemrsm;\ yuwd
ECD Letter tajctae? ywf0ef;usix
a&&Snx
f ed ;f odr;f a&;qkid &f m todtjriftm;enf;vmrIEiS hf ,if;ywf0ef;usiq
f ad &mufpmG ajz&Si;f Ekid af &;ukd enf;vrf;rsK;d pkt
H ok;H jyKvsuaf qmif&u
f idk &f m jyóemrsm;ukd
G af eaom jrefrmEkid if yH wf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;
OD;pD;Xmeonf &nf&G,fcsufwlnDpGm csOf;uyfvmonfh yuf(pf)w,favmh('f)ZD uav;rsm;azmifa';&Sif;ESifh
em;vnfrIpmcRefvTmwpfapmifukd ESpfzuf vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhMuygonf/
þem;vnfrIpmcRefvTmyg ESpfOD;ESpfzuf oabmwlaqmif&Guf&efyg&Sdonfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;teuf
aemiftcg bkef;awmfMuD;oifpmoifausmif;rsm;\ rlvwef;pmoifcef;rsm;twGif;wGif q&mq&mrrsm; uRrf;
usifpGm ynmay;&if;ukdifaqmifoifMum;Edkifrnfh ]]ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m q&mrsm;vufpGJ (rlvwef;
tqifh)}} jyKpka&;om;xkwfa0&efvnf; yg0ifygonf/ þenf;jzifh bkef;awmfBuD;oif pmoifcef;rsm;rSonf
uav;rdbaetdrfrsm;? ,if;rSwpfqifh &yf&Gm ponfjzifh qufpyfvlom;tm;vkH;wGif ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;?
pdr;f vef;pkjd ynfa&;ESihf oefY&iS ;f a&;todtjrifrsm; wk;d yGm;vmaprnfomru ywf0ef;usifxed ;f odr;f a&;OD;pD;Xme\
ausmif;rsm;? &yf&Gmrsm;wGif vuf&Sdaqmif&Gufaeonfh tjrifzGifhoifwef;rsm;wGifvnf; þpmtkyfi,fukd tokH;
jyKvsuf vufawGUusus ynmay;EkdifMuygrnf/
þokdYjzifh ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;OD;pD;XmESifh yuf(pf)w,favmh('f)ZD uav;rsm;azmifa';&Sif;wkdY ESpfzuf
yl;aygif;yg0ifrIjzifh yuf(pf)w,favmh('f)ZD uav;rsm;azmifa';&Sif;\ vuf&Sdynma&;twkdifyifcH a'gufwm
odef;vGifOD;pD;vsuf þ ]]ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m q&mrsm;vufpGJ (rlvwef;tqifh)}} ukd jyKpka&;om;
EdkifcJhMuygjyD/
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ulnDcJhMuol tm;vkH;tm;vnf;aumif; ]]yuf(pf)w,favmh('f)ZD uav;rsm;azmifa';&Sif;}} u txl;yifaus;Zl;
Oyum&wif&SdygaMumif; av;jrwfpGmjzifh rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/

MunfMunfpkd;
Xmaeukd,fpm;vS,f
yuf(pf)w,favmh('f)ZD uav;rsm;azmifa';&Sif;

4 5
 ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m q&mhvufpJGpmtkyf (1) ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uGJrsm;
(2) pGrf;tif
(rlvwef;tqifh)twGuf trSmpm
(3) ajrqDvTm
(4) a&
ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;qdik &f m q&mhvufpGJ (rlvwef;tqif)h pmtkyo f nf rlvwef;tqifh ausmif;om;rsm;
(5) vlom;ESifhywf0ef;usif
tm; ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;ESiyhf wfoufí oif,rl t I cGithf vrf;rsm; zefw;D ay;Edik &f ef rlvwef;q&mrsm;twGuf
(6) av ESifh
&nf&G,fjyKpkxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;wGif ywf0ef;usifpdrf;vef;pdkjynfa&;ESifh oefY&Sif;a&;
(7) opfyif? opfawmrsm; jzpfygonf/
onfvnf; ywf0ef;usiu f akd umif;atmif xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufEikd af &;twGuf tajccHusonfv h yk if ef;jzpfygonf/
ywf0ef;usiu f pkd rd ;f vef;pdjk ynfatmif? oefY&iS ;f atmif pepfwusxde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufMurnfqykd gu ywf0ef;usif t"dutaMumif;t&mu@rsm;udk jrefrmtu©&mpOftvdkuf pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ rnfonfh taMumif;
uvnf; vlom;wdkYtwGuf aumif;usKd;rsm;udk jyefvnfay;aerSmjzpfygonf/ t&m u@udkrqdk qDavsmfovdk a&G;cs,foifMum;Edkifygonf/ Oyrm - avtaMumif;t&mu@udk pwif
oifMum;jyD;aemuf a&taMumif;t&mu@udk a&G;cs,foifMum;Edkifygonf/ odkYaomf taMumif;t&mu@
,cktcgrSm ywf0ef;usiu f xkd ed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smufrt I m;enf;vmonft h wGuf ywf0ef;usi, f ,kd iG ;f ysupf ;D rIrsm;
wpfckcsif;pDwGifyg0ifaom oifcef;pmrsm;udkrl tpOfvdkufoifMum;ay;&ef jzpfygonf/
&Sdvmygonf/ urÇmBuD;u ydNk yD;ylaEG;vmaeygonf/ urÇmBuD;ydyk al EG;vmrIEiS t hf wl aemufqufwGJ tusK;d qufrsm;
tjzpf a&BuD;jcif;? rd;k acgifjcif;? ajrNydKjcif;? ajrivsifvIyfjcif;? rkefwdkif;rsm;wdkufjcif;? tvGefyljyif;rIjzpfvmjcif; taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;jyKpk&mwGif tajccHtm;jzifh q&mESifhausmif;om;rsm; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;
paom obm0ab;rsm; rMumcPBuHKvm&ygonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd urÇmBuD;qufvufyal EG;rIrjzpfap&ef vlom;wdik ;f onfhyHkpHjzifh jyKpkxm;ygonf/ a&;om;jyKpk&mrSm oif,lrItajccHrlrsm;jzpfaom od&mrSrod&modkY vnf;aumif;?
yg0ifapmifah &Smuf&efvt kd yfygonf/ vlwikd ;f rdrw d Ykd wwfEkid o
f nfb h ufrS ywf0ef;usifuxkd ed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf&ef vG,&f mrS cuf&modYk vnf;aumif;? taumiftxnf&&dS mrSm taumiftxnfr&hJ modYk vnf;aumif;? eD;&mrSa0;&modYk
wm0ef&ydS gonf/ uav;rsm;tm; ywf0ef;usiu f kd xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufaomtodrsm;? b,fvakd pmifah &SmufEikd o f nf vnf;aumif; ulajymif;ay;aomtpDtpOfrsm;udk vdkufemxm;ygonf/
qdok nfh enf;vrf;wdYk ukd i,fpOfuwnf;u avhusiahf y;&ef txl;vdt k yfvmygonf/ ywf0ef;usif pdr;f vef;pdjk ynf
atmif? at;csrf;atmif ywf0ef;usifxed ;f odr;f rIukd av;pm;wefz;kd xm;wwfaompdwx f m;rsm; ude;f atmif;vm&ef oif,loluav;rsm; wuf<upGmyg0ifoif,la&;? zdpD;rIrjzpfapbJ aysmf&TifpGmyg0ifoif,la&;ESifh pdrf;vef;
jyKpkysKd;axmifay;&ef txl;ta&;BuD;vmygonf/ pdkjynfa&;ESifh ywf0ef;usifoefY&Sif;a&;vkyfief;rSm ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif Edkifonfhae&mrS yg0if
aqmif&GuftusKd;jyKa&;wdkYudkvnf; OD;wnfcsufxm;ygonf/
,ckvufpJGpmtkyfrSm rlvwef;tqifh ausmif;om;i,frsm;wGif ywf0ef;usifudk cspfjrwfEdk;vmap&ef?
ywf0ef;usifudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufwwfvmap&ef? b,fvdkxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&rnfwdkYudk odvmap&efESifh oifMum;oif,ol nfeh nf;vrf;rsm;tjzpfvnf; vufawGUprf;oyfavhvmoif,el nf;? vufawGUvkyu f ikd &f if;
xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufaom tavhtusifhrsm; i,f&G,fpOfuwnf; tavhtusifhtjzpf&vmap&ef &nf&G,fjyKpk oif,lenf;? Munfh½Iavhvm&if;oif,lenf;? aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh avhvmoif,lenf;? ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;
xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ todtjrifrsm; rQa0ay;onfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh avhvmoif,lenf;? pl;prf;&SmazGavhvmjcif;jzifh oif,lenf;
ponfwYkdukd trsm;qH;k oH;k xm;ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ &SNd yD;todtjrifrsm;udt
k ajccHonfh aqG;aEG;enf;rsm;udk
,ckvufpJGpmtkyfudkrjyKpkrD jrefrmEdkifiHwGifjzpfay:vsuf&Sdaom ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tajctaersm;udk oHk;xm;ygonf/ q&moifjyaqG;aEG;aepOf oifaomtaMumif;t&mESifhqufpyfNyD; oif,lolrsm; pdwfrSmjzpfay:
avhvmoHk;oyfonfh vkyfief;jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ &cdkifjynfe,f? &Srf;jynfe,f? ppfudkif;wdkif;? rEÅav;wdkif;? rauG; vmaom ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; xkwfazmfar;apaomtcGifhta&;udk tm;ay;xm;ygonf/ q&mwynfh yGifhvif;pGm
wdik ;f ? {&m0wDwikd ;f rsm;twGi;f &Sd &yf&mG (16) &GmodYk uGi;f qif;avhvmrIrsm;jyKvkycf yhJ gonf/ avhvmawG&cdS surf sm;udk tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;rIukd tm;ay;aomenf;rsm;udv k nf; oH;k xm;ygonf/ uav;rsm;\ cefYreS ;f Edik rf I pGr;f &nfrsm;
tajccHNyD; vdktyfaeaom ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&mtodrsm;ESifh tavhtusifhrsm;udk owfrSwfazmfxkwf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif avhusifhay;aomenf;rsm;udkvnf; oHk;xm;ygonf/
jyKpkcyhJ gonf/ ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;ESihf opfawma&;&m0efBuD;XmeXmeu jyKpkxw k af 0xm;aom ywf0ef;usif
xdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m ynmay;pmtkyf? pmapmifrsm;udkvnf; rSDjirf;udk;um;ygonf/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif xkwfa0 taMumif;t&macgif;pOfwpfckwdkif;udk jyifqifjyKpk&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg acgif;pOfcJG(8)ck yg0ifatmif
toHk;jyKaeaom ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; avhvmrSDjirf; udk;um;ygonf/ jyKpkxm;ygonf/
(1) taMumif;t&macgif;pOf? (2) twef;? (3) oif,lrI&v'frsm;? (4) vdktyfaomtcsdef? (5) vdktyfaom
vufppGJ mtkyu
f jkd yKpk&mwGif ywf0ef;usit
f aMumif;avhvmrI? ywf0ef;usifraS vhvmrIEiS hf ywf0ef;usiftwGuf ypön;f rsm; (oifMum;oif,rl t
I axmuftulypön;f rsm;)? (6) oifMum;oif,rl eI nf;vrf;rsm;? (7) oif,rl v
I yk if ef;
avhvmrIrsm; (Learning about the environment, through the environment and from the environment) rsm;ESifh (8) wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;wdkY jzpfygonf/
jyKvkyfygonf/ taMumif;t&me,fy,ftm;jzifh atmufygt"due,fy,frsm; yg0ifygonf/ taMumif;t&mtvdkuf owfrSwfvsmxm;aomtcsdefrSm rSef;qNyD; teD;pyfqHk;jzpfEdkifrnfh tcsdefudkom
6 7
 azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ oif,lolausmif;om;rsm;\ aemufcHtajctae? oif,lolausmifom;rsm; pdwf0if aqmif&GufEdkifzdkY ta&;BuD;aMumif; q&mrsm;owdcsyfrdap&ef erlemtaejzifh xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKxm;jcif; jzpfyg
pm;rItajctaetay: rlwnfNyD; tcsdeu f kd twd;k tavQmhjyKvkyEf ikd yf gonf/ ausmif;pmoifcsdet
f wGi;f ? pmoifcef; onf/ uav;rsm; od&Sdxm;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm; (Oyrm-,ciftwef;rsm;wGif od&SdavhvmcJhNyD;aom rdrd
twGif; oif,lrIvkyfief;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;Edkifovdk ausmif;csdefjyify? pmoifcef;jyifywGif ywf0ef;usifudkavhvm ywf0ef;usif&Sd t&GuftrsKd;rsKd;? tyiftrsKd;rsKd;)rS uav;rsm;rodao;aomtjcm;a'orsm; (urÇmt&yf&yf)wGif
Munfh½IEdkifaom oif,lrIvkyfief;rsm;vnf; zefwD;ay;Edkifygonf/ &Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;qDodkY uav;rsm;\tode,fy,f (horizon of knowledge) udk csJUxGifay;&efvdktyf
ygonf/ þuJhodkY aqmif&Guf&mwGif uav;rsm; pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfaom oifMum;oif,lrI taxmuftul
oif,lrIvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; rdrdoifMum;ay;aom twef;? ausmif;om;rsm; tajctae? ywf0ef;usifrS ypön;f rsm; oH;k &efvt
kd yfaMumif;? oifMum;oif,rl I taxmuftulypön;f wpfrsKd;jzpfaom pmvH;k ? ½kyyf ykH guwfjym;
&&SdEdkifaom oifMum;oif,lrI taxmuftulypönf;rsm;tay:rlwnfNyD; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ rsm; (Flash cards) \tcef;u@rSmvnf; ta&;MuD;aMumif;? q&mrsm;\ BudKwifjyifqifrI? oifMum;oif,lrI
odkYaomf oif,lolrsm;udk,fwdkif yg0ifoif,lEdkifrIudktm;ay;aom oif,lrIvkyfief;rsm;jzpf&ef pOf;pm;ay;zdkYawmh
taxmuftulypöönf;rsm; qDavsmfatmif a&G;cs,ftoHk;jyKEdkifrI? oifcef;pmyg taMumif;t&mtopfrsm;tay:
vdktyfygrnf/
uav;rsm;pdw0f ifpm;atmif qGaJ qmifEikd rf w
I YkdrmS ta&;BuD;aMumif; q&mrsm;od&o
dS abmayguf&ef &nf&, G yf gonf/
taMumif;t&macgif;pOftvdu k f oif,rl &I v'frsm; csrwS x
f m;ygonf/ ,if;oif,rl &I v'frsm; aygufajrmuf
q&mrsm;twGufvnf; t"dutaMumif;t&m acgif;pOf (7) ckESifh ywfoufNyD; ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom avhvm
a&;rSm ta&;BuD;ygonf/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;onfh tydkif;wGifvnf; csrSwfxm;onfh oif,lrI&v'frsm;
zwf½Ip&mrsm;udk avhvmEdkif&ef&nf&G,fí q&mrsm;zwf½I&efrSwfpkpmtkyfudkvnf; jyKpkxm;ygonf/ q&mrsm;
aygufajrmufrI&Sdap&ef t"duxm;ppfaq;xm;ygonf/ ppfaq;&mwGif oif,lolrsm;taejzifh wwfodem;vnf
udkvnf; þrSwfpkrsm;rSwpfqifh aemufxyfodvdkonfrsm;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif qufvufNyD; pOfqufrjywf
oGm;rIudk oufaojyEdkifaom tajzrsm;udkvnf; erlemxnfhoGif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ oif,lolrsm;taejzifh
avhvmtm;xkwfrIjyKMu&efvnf; wdkufwGef;tm;ay;tyfygonf/ vdktyfygu þrSwfpkrsm;tay: tajccHNyD;
,if;tajzrsm;twdkif; ajzqdkEdkifrSom rSefuefonf/ wwfajrmufonfr[kwfyg/ ,if;tajzrsm;ESifh oabm
uav;rsm;twGuf uav;wdkYudk,fwdkif yg0ifpl;prf;avhvmvkyfudkifEdkifaom oif,lrIvkyfief;rsm;udk q&mrsm;
obm0tm;jzifh wlaomtajzrsm;udk olwdkYudk,fydkifpum;jzifhajzqdkEdkifvQif wwfajrmufonf[k owfrSwf&ef
udk,fwdkif qufvufzefwD; a&;om;jyKpkaqmif&GufoGm;Edkif&efvnf; wdkufwGef;tm;ay;tyfygonf/
jzpfygonf/ tjcm;tajzopfrsm; ay:xGufvmyguvnf; taMumif;t&m qDavsmfudkufnDrI&Sdygu vufcH
tm;jznfhay;&efjzpfygonf/ bmompum;pGrf;&nf tjynfht0rzGHUjzdK;ao;aom twef;i,fuav;rsm;twGuf
a&;om;ajzqdak prnfth pm; EIwaf r;? EIwaf jzrsm;jzifv
h nf; ajzqdak pEdik yf gonf/ yHrk sm; a&;qGaJ zmfjyapEdik yf gonf/
vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufrIrsm;udkvnf; tuJjzwfppfaq;Edkifygonf/
wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif ½kyfyHkrsm;? "mwfyHkrsm;? o½kyfazmf taxmuftulyHkrsm;jzifh tm;jznfhxm;ygonf/
wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif yef;csDo½kyaf zmfyrkH sm;jzifh tm;jznfx
h m;ygonf/ o½kyaf zmfyrkH sm;xnf&h mwGif wcsKdUo½kyaf zmfykH
rsm;twGuf rl&if;0ufbfqdkufrS &,lxm;onfrsm;udk atmufajcrSwfpkjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/ wcsKdUyHkrsm;udkrl
vGwfvyfpGm&,l toHk;jyKEdkifaom (free download) 0ufbfqdkufrsm;rS &,lxm;ygonf/ wcsKdUae&mwGif
uav;rsm;\"mwfyHkrsm;udk uav;rsm;ESifh tkyfxdef;olrdbrsm;xHrS oabmwlcGifhjyKcsufrsm;&,lí azmfjyoHk;pGJ
xm;ygonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap? rlvo&kyfazmfyHkrsm;? "mwfyHkrsm; a&;qJG? ½kduful;onfh "mwfyHkynm&Sifrsm;?
o½kyfazmfynm&Sifrsm;udk aus;Zl;txl;wif&SdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/ ,if;yHkrsm;udk oHk;NyD;vnf;
uav;rsm;\ pl;prf;avhvmvdkpdwfrsm;udk EId;qGNyD; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/
tcsKdUoifcef;pmrsm;wGif uAsmav;rsm;&Gwfqdk&ef xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/ q&mrrsm;taejzifh uAsmrsm;
&Gwfqdk&mwGif EIwfwdkuf&Gwfqdk&efomru qDavsmfaomtrlt&m? udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; xnfhoGif;&Gwfqdk&ef
uAsmygtaMumif; t&mrsm;udv k nf; aoaocsmcsmod&NdS yD; t"dymÜ ,fjynf0h aom oif,rl jI zpfap&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif;
udkvnf; owdrlMu&ef vdktyfygonf/
tcsKdUoifcef;pm (Oyrm-pwkw¬wef;? opfyifopfawm? opfyifawGu 0ef;usifrSm thHMop&myg) rsm;wGif
toHk;jyKxm;aom ½kyfyHkuwfjym;rsm;rSm tjynfjynfqdkif&m oifcef;pmrS &nfñTef;udk;um; toHk;jyKxm;ygonf/
&nf&G,fcsufrSm uav;rsm;twGuf oif,lrItcGifhtvrf;rsm;zefwD;ay;&mwGif uav;rsm;pdwfyg0ifpm;rI&Sdatmif

8 9
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/ acgif;pOf ]]rdrdywf0ef;usif&Sd ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm;}}

2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/

3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoif,lNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf

(1) rdrdywf0ef;usif&Sd ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm;udk vufawGUuGif;qif;avhvmNyD;
azmfxkwfwwfygrnf/
4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/
5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; A4 pm&Gufrsm;? a&mifpHkcJwHrsm;/

6/ oifMum;oif,lrI avhvma&;c&D;xGufenf;? Munfh½Iavhvmenf;? ½kyfyHka&;qJGenf;/

enf;vrf;rsm;

7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;rsm;/
avhvma&;c&D;rxGufrD atmufygar;cGef;rsm;ar;NyD; oifcef;pmudk tpysKd;aqG;aEG;ygrnf/

q&mr / / ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm;qdkwm bmvJ/

uav;rsm; / / ywf0ef;usifrSm&SdwJh ouf&Sdowå0gtrsKd;rsKd;eJY tyiftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzpfygw,f/ olwdkY aexdkif
usufpm;&m? aygufa&muf&m ae&mrsm;vnf; yg0ifygw,f/
q&mr / / owå0gawG aexdik u f sufpm;&m tyifawGaygufa&muf&ma'oawG[m wpfcek YJ wpfck wlnMD u

Biodiversities
ovm;/
uav;rsm; / / rwlygbl; q&mr/ awmifay:a'oeJY urf;ajca'o taetxm;u b,fvdkrSrwlEdkifygbl;
q&mr/
q&mr / / at;? [kwfw,f/ 'gqdk&if aexdkifusufpm;wJh owå0gawG? aygufa&mufwJhtyifawGaum
wlyghrvm;/
uav;rsm; / / rwlEdkifygbl; q&mr/
ZD0rsKd;pHk rsKd;uGJrsm; q&mr / / 'gqdk&if q&mrwdkYaexdkifwJhywf0ef;usifrSm bmZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGawG&Sdw,fqdkwm od&atmif
avhvma&;xGufMunfh&atmifaemf/
uav;rsm; / / [kwfuJhyg q&mr/

avhvma&;c&D;rwdkifrD BudKwifjyifqifjcif;/
q&mru avhvma&;oGm;rnfhae&mudk BudKwifavhvmxm;&efvdktyfygrnf/ avhvma&;c&D;pOftwGuf
ulnDay;&efrdbrsm;yg&ef BudKwiftultnDawmif; zdwfMum;xm;&efvnf; vdktyfygrnf/ avhvma&;c&D;pOf
tao;pdwf? tcsdef? em&D? ,laqmifvm&rnfhypönf;rsm;? c&D;pOftwGif;vdkufem&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;? avhvm
Munfh&I&ef ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk BudKwifaqG;aEG;xm;&efvdktyfygrnf/
avhvma&;c&D;pOftwGif; uav;rsm; ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;rSm t"dutcsuf jzpfygonf/ uav;
rsm; ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;&Sif;rI &Sd r&Sd? avhvm&efñTefMum;csufrsm;udk vdkufemrI &Sd? r&Sdudk q&mru
rsufjcnfrjywf Munfh½Iwnfhrwfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/
10 11
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

avhvma&;c&D;tNyD; uav;rsm;udk tkypf k (4) pk zJUG apygrnf/ tkypf ik ,ftwGi;f wpfa,mufcsi;f awGU&Scd suf
rsm;udk aqG;aEG;pkpnf;apygrnf/ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk twef;odkYjyefvnfwifjyapygrnf/ ('kwd,wef;t&G,f
jzpfaomaMumifh avhvmrIrsm;pkpnf;&mwGif pmjzifha&;om;Edkif&ef cufcJEdkifygonf/ ½kyfyHkrsm;a&;qJGapNyD;vnf;
rSwfwrf;wifapEdkifygonf/ awGU&Sdcsufrsm; rsm;EdkiforQ rsm;rsm;pkaqmif;&ef tm;ay;yg/ odkYaomf odyfrsm;rsm;
BuD; rarQmfvifhxm;ygESifh/ uav;wdkY avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;udkom aqG;aEG;ap&efjzpfygonf/) vdktyfonf
rsm;udk q&mru jznfhpGufaqG;aEG;ay;Edkifygonf/

8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;
uav;wpfa,mufpDtm; A4 t&G,f pm&Gufwpf&GufpDESifh a&mifpHkcJwHrsm;ay;NyD; ]]rdrdavhvmcJhaom
ywf0ef;usifwGifawGU&Sdaom owå0grsm;ESifhtyifrsm;}} [laomacgif;pOfjzifh o½kyfazmfyHka&;qJGapygrnf/

1/ acgif;pOf ]]jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm;aexdkifusufpm;&m t"dua'orsm;}}

2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/

3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmudkoif,lNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf

(1) jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm;aexdkifusufpm;&mt"duae&mrsm;
(ukef;ydkif;ESifha&ydkif;) udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfajymjyEdkifygrnf/

4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf? (2) csdef/

5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHajryHk/
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm;aexdkifusufpm;&m t"dua'orsm; (ukef;ydkif;
a'orsm;) ajryHk/
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm;aexdkifusufpm;&m t"dua'orsm; (a&ydkif;
a'orsm;) ajryHk/

6/ oifMum;oif,lrI ajryHkudkMunfh½Iavhvmenf;/
enf;vrf;rsm;

7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;rsm;
atmufygar;cGef;rsm;jzifhaqG;aEG;NyD; oifcef;pmudk tpysKd;ygrnf/

q&mr / / (jrefrmjynfajryHu
k kd toH;k jyKNyD;) uav;wdYkaexdik &f ma'ou b,fNrdKUe,f? b,fwikd ;f a'oBuD; q&mr / / q&mr&JU Zmwduawmh (ajryHkay:wGif csif;jynfe,fudkaxmufjyNyD;) csif;jynfe,fuyg/
jynfe,frSm&SdovJ ajymMuygOD;/ vmNyD; ajryHkrSmjyygOD;/ csif;jynfe,fu awmifwef;a'oyg/ 'gaMumifh q&mrwdkYcsif;jynfe,frSm&SdwJh ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJG
uav;rsm; / / (aexdkif&ma'otvdkuf ajzqdkMuygrnf/) ajryHkay:rSm &SmazGawGU&Sd&ef q&mru ulnDyHhydk; awGu uav;wdkYa'orSm&SdwJh ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGawGeJY wlEdkifyghrvm;/
ay;ygrnf/ uav;rsm; / / rwlEdkifygbl; q&mr/
12 13
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;
ay;xm;aomajryHk (2) ckrSm oufqdkif&m a'otñTef;rsm; a&;ay;yg/

q&mr / / [kwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm uJGjym;jcm;em;wJh ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJGrsm;udk pepfwus

rSww f rf;wifEikd zf Ykd t"dua'oawGukd owfrw S xf m;ygw,f/ t"du ZD0rsKd;pHrk sK;d uJaG 'orsm;udk
ukef;ydkif;a'oeJY a&ydkif;a'orsm;vdkY (2) ydkif;cJGjcm;Edkifygw,f/ (jrefrmEdkifiH ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uJG
ukef;ydkif;a'orsm;jyajryHkudkjyNyD;) 'DyHkrSm a'ob,fESpfckawGU&ovJ/ b,fa'oawGvJ/
uav;rsm; / / a'o (8) ck awGU&ygw,f/ txuf{&m0wD? txufcsif;wGi;f ? atmufcsif;wGi;f ? csif;awmif?
&cdkif½dk;r? yJcl;½dk;r? taemuf&Srf;½dk;reJY weoFm&Da'owdkY jzpfygw,f/
q&mr / / uJ? tckZ0D rsKd;pHrk sKd;uJrG sm; a&ydik ;f a'orsm;udk 'DajryHrk mS avhvmMu&atmif/ a&ydik ;f a'oqdw k m
t"dutm;jzifh jrpfawGem;rSm&SdwJht&yfa'oawGudk owfrSwfxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ 'DyHkrSma&m
a'ob,fESpfckawGU&ovJ/ b,fa'oawGvJ/
uav;rsm; / / jrpfaMumif;wpfavsmuf (4) ae&meJY urf;½dk;wef;a'o (2) ae&m awGU&ygw,f/ oHvGif?
csif;wGif;? {&m0wDeJY ppfawmif;jrpfa'orsm;eJY weoFm&DeJY &cdkifurf;½dk;wef;a'orsm; jzpf
ygw,f/

14 15
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/ acgif;pOf ]]aerS&aompGrf;tif}}

2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/

3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf

(1) aerS&&SdaompGrf;tifrsm;udk azmfjywwfygrnf/
(2) tcsdKUaomta&mifrsm; (ta&mif&ifhrsm;) onfaerS&&SdaompGrf;tifudk
ydkrdkpkyf,lxdef;odrf;EdkifaMumif; ajymjywwfygrnf/

4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/

5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; aerS&aompGrf;tifvkyfief;ay;pm&Guf/

6/ oifMum;oif,lrI á ar;cGef;ar;NyD;aqG;aEG;enf;?
enf;vrf;rsm; á vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifapenf;jzifh &SmazGawGU&Sdapaomenf;/

7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;
atmufygoDcsif;udk uav;rsm;ESifhtwloDqdkNyD; trlt&mjyKvkyfygrnf/

aerif;BuD;xGufvdkYvm? vlom;rsm;twGufyg/
vrif;BuD;xGufvdkYvm vlom;rsm;twGufyg/

Energy
Mu,fuav;rsm;vif;vufwm wdkYtm;vHk;twGufyg/
vSywJhurÇm wdkYuav;rsm;twGufyg/

atmufygar;cGef;rsm;ar;NyD; aqG;aEG;ygrnf/
pGrf;tif q&mr / / aerS bmpGrf;tifawG&&SdovJ/
uav;rsm; / / (tajztrsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkif) tylpGrf;tif? tvif;pGrf;tif? taEG;"mwf pojzifh trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkif
ygw,f/
q&mr / / aerS&wJhpGrf;tifudk pkyf,lxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifygovm;/ xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifaMumif; b,fvdk
odEdkifovJ/
uav;rsm; / / pky,
f xl ed ;f odr;f xm;Edik yf gw,f/ (tajztrsK;d rsK;d jzpfEikd )f aeylxx
J ;D aqmif;oGm;&if xD;&Guu
f
aeylaMumifh ylvmygw,f/ t0wfpdkawGudk aea&mifatmufrSmvSef;&if ajcmufNyD; t0wfawG
ylvmygw,f pojzifh trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkifygw,f/

16 17
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

aerSxGufvmwJhpGrf;tifudk xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifaMumif; atmufygtwdkif; vufawGUavhvmapygrnf/ 8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;?

vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&ef nTefMum;csufrsm;udkay;NyD; aqG;aEG;ygrnf/ vufawGUvkyfief; aqmif&Gufapygrnf/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdkyg/
vufawGUvkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rS awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk twef;wGif;rSm jyefvnfaqG;aEG;apygrnf/
vkyfief; A ESifh B wGif a&aiGUysHwm
a&aiGUysH&m bmaMumifhvJ
vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&ef ñTefMum;csuf/ b,ft0wfu
tqifh (1) jy'g;wdkif (tylcsdefwdkif;ud&d,m) (3) acsmif;udk aeylylatmufwGifxm;yg/ a&pdkaeaom t0wf(2) txnfteuf (1) xnfudk ydkjrefovJ
tqifh (2) yHkwGifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; jy'g;wdkif (1) acsmif;atmufajcrSm&Sdaomtzkav;udk pm&Guftrnf; aea&mifwiG v
f eS ;f onf/ tjcm;(1)xnfukd t&dyx
f w
J iG v
f eS ;f onf/
jzifh zHk;tkyfyg/ tjcm; (1) acsmif;udk pm&GuftjzLjzifh zHk;tkyfyg/ usefwpfacsmif;udk bmrSrvkyf
ygESifh/
tqifh (3) b,fjy'g;wdkif[m tylqHk;jzpfvJqdkwm cefYrSef;cdkif;yg/ tylqHk; jy'g;wdkifudk eHygwf (1) [k
wyfyg/ tpDtpOftvdkuf eHygwfwyfyg/ cefYrSef;csufudk owfrSwfxm;onfhae&mwGif csa&;
cdkif;xm;yg/
tqifh (4) rdepf tenf;i,f (3-4) rdepfcefY apmifhyg/
tqifh (5) tyl&SdefaMumifh jy'g;wdkifrSm tylcsdefjywJhae&mudk aq;a&mifjc,fcdkif;yg/ rSwfwrf;wifxm;yg/
tqifh (6) rnfonfhjy'g;wdkifu tylqHk;jzpfovJ[laom &v'fudkMunfhNyD; rdrdcefYrSef;xm;csuf rSef
rrSefudk ppfaq;yg/ tcsdKUta&mifrsm; (ta&mif&ifhrsm;) onf aerS&&Sdaom pGrf;tifudk wlnDaom wD&SyftusÐ (4) xnfwkdYudk? a&yHk;xJwGif twla&pdrfxm;NyD;aemuf yHkwGifjyxm;onfh ae&m (4)
ydrk pkd yk ,
f x
l ed ;f odr;f xm;Edik af Mumif; aqG;aEG;NyD; tESpfcsKyfygrnf/ ae&mwGif wD&SyfawGudk ajcmufatmifvSef;xm;vdkufonf/

(u) ajcmufonfhEIef;ay:rlwnfNyD; wD&SyfawGudk tpDpOfusatmifpDay;yg/ aemuftusqHk;ajcmufrnfhwD&SyfrS

pwifpDpOfay;yg/

tajz/ / ..........................................................................................................
(aemuftusqHk;rSajcmuf) (tjrefqHk;ajcmuf)

(c) txufygprf;oyfrIrS a&aiGUjyefapaom tajctae (2) &yfudk azmfjyyg/

(1)/ / ..........................................................................................................

(2)/ / ..........................................................................................................

18 19
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

q&mr / / tvGefylaom aEG&moDwGif ta&mifazsmhazsmh t0wftxnfrsm;udk bmaMumifh 0wfqifoifh

ovJ/
uav;rsm; / / ta&mif&ifhrsm;[m tylpkyf,lxdef;odrf;EdkifrIrsm;NyD; 0wfqif&mrSm ydkylapygw,f/ ta&mifazsmh
rsm;uawmh tyludk pkyf,lxdef;odrf;xm;rI enf;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh t0wf0wf&mrSm tyl
oufomapygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tvGefyljyif;wJh aEG&moDrSmqdk&if ta&mifazsmhrsm;udkom
a&G;cs,f0wfqifoifhygw,f/

Soil
ajrqDvTm

20 21
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/ acgif;pOf ]]t"duajrtrsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;}}

2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/
3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf
(1) erlem,lxm;onfhajrrsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;jzpfonfh (1) oJajr? (2) Ekef;ajr
ESifh (3) &THUap;ajrwdkY\ wlnDcsufrsm;ESifh uJGjym;csufrsm;udk avhvmMunfh½I
ajymjywwfygrnf/
4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/

5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; (1) oJajr? (2) Ekef;ajr ESifh (3) &HTUap;ajrwdkY\ erlemrsm;?

(erlemr&Edkifygu yHkqJGxm;aom yHkrsm;)
6/ oifMum;oif,lrI á ar;cGef;ar;NyD; aqG;aEG;enf;?
enf;vrf;rsm; á vufawGUprf;oyf vkyfudkifenf;/
(twwfEdkifqHk; ajrerlemypönf;ppfrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;xm;&ef vdkygw,f/ r&Edkifygu
7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;rsm; ½kyfyHkrsm;oHk;&efjzpfygw,f/ ajrerlemrsm;udk uav;tm;vHk; xdawGUudkifwG,f prf;oyfEdkif&ef
uav;rsm;udkatmufygar;cGef;rsm;ar;NyD;oifcef;pmudktpysdK;ygrnf/ jzpfygw,f/ ajrerlemrsm;udk uav;tm;vHk; prf;oyfvkyfudkifcGifh&atmif pDpOfxm;&ef
vdktyfygw,f/) bmawGawGUovJ ajymjyMuygOD;/
q&mr / / uav;wdkYausmif;0if;rSm&SdwJhajrtrsKd;tpm;u bmtrsKd;tpm;vJ/ uav;rsm; / / avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk wpfa,mufcsif; tvSnfhusajymjyygonf/
uav;rsm; / / (a'ouGmjcm;csufay:rlwnfNyD; tajztrsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkifygonf/) oJajr? Ekef;ajr? &HTUap;ajr? q&mr / / uav;rsm;\ awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;uGufwGif rSwfwrf;wifygrnf/
ajr0g? ajreD? ausmufp&pfajr? pojzifhtajztrsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkifygonf/
q&mr / / tJ'DajrrSmyg0ifwJht&mawGu bmawGvJ/ &HTUajr oJajr Ekef;ajr
uav;rsm; / / "mwfowåKawG? ouf&t dS aumifi,fav;awG? a&? av wdYk jzpfygw,f/ (uav;rsm; rodygu
ndKrnf;aomta&mif jzLvTvTta&mif ndKazsmhazsmhta&mif
q&mrrS jznfhpGufay;&efjzpfygw,f/)
q&mr / / at;? [kww f ,f/ ajrBuD;awGtm;vH;k rSm wlnw
D t
hJ csuaf wG&w dS ,f/ ajrBuD;xJrmS owåK"mwf pdkpGwf? &HTUyg0ifrIrsm;&if ydkap;uyf ajcmufaoGU tpdk"mwftenf;i,f&Sd? rGrGav;
awG? ouf&t dS aumifi,fuav;awG? a&eJY avwdkYyg0ifw,fqdkwJh tcsufuawmh wlygw,f/
'gayr,fh yg0ifwJht&mawG aygif;pyfaeyHkawG? tcsKd;tpm;awGrwlwJhtcg ajrtrsKd;tpm;awG a&xdef;EdkifrItm;aumif; a&xdef;odrf;EdkifrItm;enf; a&xdef;odrf;EdkifrItoifhtwifh
[m a'otvdkuf uJGjym;jcm;em;oGm;ygw,f/ Oyrm-yifv,faomifurf; a'orSmqdk&if
ajrqDtm[m&yg0ifrIoifhwifh ajrqDtm[m&yg0ifrItm;enf; ajrqDtm[m&yg0ifrIrsm;
oJajrawG rsm;ygw,f/ awmifay:a'oawGrSmqdk&if xHk;ausmufajrawG rsm;Edkifygw,f/
Mopaw;vswdkufrSm&SdwJh e,lZDvefEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwnf;rSmyif ajrtrsKd;tpm;aygif; (2000)
ausmf &Sdygw,f/ vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk q&mru jznfhpGufaqG;aEG;ygrnf/
uav;rsm; / / 'gqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiHrSma&m ajrtrsKd;tpm; b,favmuf&SdygovJ q&mr/
q&mr / / jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ajrtrsKd;tpm; tMurf;zsif; (24) rsKd;avmuf&Sdw,fvdkY ynm&SifawG avhvm 8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;
rSwfwrf;wifxm;wm od&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh jrefrmEdkifiH[m urf;½dk;wef;a'o? awmifay: atmufygar;cGef;rsm;ar;NyD; aqG;aEG;ajzqdkapygrnf/
a'o? ajrjyefYcsKdifh0Srf;a'o pwJha'oawGeJY trsKd;rsKd;zJGUpnf;xm;awmh a'otvdkuf uJGjym;
jcm;em;aewJh ajrtrsKd;tpm; trsm;BuD;&SdrSmyg/ 'DaeYoifcef;pmtwGufawmh uav;wdkY q&mr / / ajrBuD;trsKd;tpm; b,fESpfrsKd;&SdovJ/
udk,fwdkif Munfh½IavhvmzdkY q&mr t"duajrtrsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;udk ,lvmygw,f/ avhvm uav;rsm; / / (ajrBuD;trsKd;tpm;trsm;BuD;&Sdygonf)/ ajrBuD;wGifyg0ifaomt&mawG zJGUpnf;yHkrwl?
udkifwG,fMunfhMu&atmifaemf/ ae&ma'orwlwJhtwGuf ajrtrsKd;tpm; trsKd;rsKd;&SdEdkifygonf/
22 23
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

q&mr / / t"duajrtrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk azmfjyyg/

uav;rsm; / / &HTUajr oJajr? Ekef;ajr/
q&mr / / tJ'Dajr (3) rsKd;&JU uGmjcm;csufawGudk azmfjyyg/

&HTUajr oJajr Ekef;ajr

ndKrnf;aomta&mif jzLvTvTta&mif ndKazsmhazsmhta&mif
pdkpGwf? &HTUyg0ifrIrsm;&if ydkap;uyf ajcmufaoGU tpdk"mwftenf;i,f&Sd? rGrGav;
a&xdef;EdkifrItm;aumif; a&xdef;odrf;EdkifrItm;enf; a&xdef;odrf;EdkifrItoifhtwifh
ajrqDtm[m&yg0ifrIoifhwifh ajrqDtm[m&yg0ifrItm;enf; ajrqDtm[m&yg0ifrIrsm;

Water
a&

24 25
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/ acgif;pOf ]]a&udkacRwmoHk;pGJjcif;}}

2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/

3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf

(1) a&udk wef;zdk;xm;wwfvmrnf/
(2) a&udk tavtvGifhr&Sdatmif oHk;pGJwwfrnf/
4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/

5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; a& (1) bl; (odkYr[kwf) (1) cGuf

6/ oifMum;oif,lrI vufawGUvkyfaqmifenf;? cefYrSef;awG;awmjcif;/

enf;vrf;rsm;

7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;
ausmif;upm;uGif; (odkY) pmoifcef;twGif; us,f0ef;aomae&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm;pkpnf;apí
tkyfpkwpfpkvQif 5 a,muf (odkY) 6 a,mufpD vlOD;a& tay:rlwnfí tkyfpkrsm;zGJUyg/ (Oyrm-ausmif;om;OD;a&
20 cefY&Sdaom pmoifcef;twGuf 5 a,muftzGJU 4 tkyfpk &&Sdrnfjzpfonf/) tkyfpktzGJUrsm;tm; tzGJUwpfckvQif
wpfwef;pD pDwef;apygrnf/ xdkYaemuf q&mru upm;enf;tm;&Sif;jyygrnf/

q&mr / / uav;wdkYa&/ tzGJUav;awG zGJUNyD;NyDqdkawmh q&mrwdkY upm;enf;av; pMur,f/ uav;

wdkY&JUtzGJUrSm&SdwJh a&SUqHk;u om;om;^rD;rD;&JU vufckyfxJudk q&mru a&xnfhay;r,f/
tJh'Dtcgus a&SUqHk;u om;om;^rD;rD;awGu udk,fhaemufrSm&SdwJh oli,fcsif;&JUvufxJudk
a&av;awGa&mufatmif xnfhay;&r,f/ wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf udk,fhaemufrSm&SdwJh
oli,fcsif;awGukd a&av;awGxnfah y;&if; aemufq;kH uoli,fcsif;&JUvufxJ a&a&mufatmif
xnfhay;oGm;r,faemf/ (vufawGUvkyfaqmifjcif;)
q&mr / / uJ? uav;wdkYa&/ uav;wdkY&JUtzGJUrSm&SdwJh aemufqHk;wef;u oli,fcsif;qDudk a&a&muf
atmif ydkYay;Edkifvm;/
(q&mru tzGJUtm;vHk;&JU a&SUqHk;u uav;awG vufckyfxJudk a&xnfhay;&if; aemufqHk;u uav;awG&JU uav;rsm; / / ydkYay;Edkifygw,f/ ydkYray;Edkifygbl;/
vufxJ a&a&muf^ra&muf apmihfMunhfaeygr,f/ tcsKdUu vrf;wpf0ufavmufrSmwif a&ukefoGm;r,f/ q&mr / / wcsdKUu ydkYay;EdkifjyD; wcsdKUu bmvdkYrydkYay;EdkifwmvJ odvm;/ (pOf;pm;apjcif;)
wcsKdUuvnf; aemufq;kH uav;qD a&a&mufatmifxnfEh ikd rf ,f/ tJ'h t
D zGUJ awGtm;vH;k udk rSwo
f m;xm;NyD;aemuf uav;rsm; / / (uav;rsm;tm; pOf;pm;apjyD;aemuf) (yxruav;tzGJU) a&awGrzdwfatmif aocsm
a&udk acRwmoHk;pGJoifhwJhtaMumif; pwifaqG;aEG;ygrnf/) *½kwpdkufo,fvdkYyg q&mr/
q&mr / / (rydkYEdkifwJhtkyfpku uav;rsm;udkar;&ef) om;om;^rD;rD;wdkYtzGJUrSm b,folqDudk aemufqHk;
ydkYay;EdkifcJhvJ/)
uav;rsm; / / armifarmifqDudk a&mufygw,fq&mr/ (tzGJU\ tv,favmufrS uav;trnf Oyrm)
q&mr / / [kwfw,f uav;wdkY&JU / ausmfausmf (tzGJU\ aemufqHk;rS uav;trnf Oyrm) qDudk
a&ra&mufbJ armifarmifqDudkyJ bmvdkYa&mufwmvJqdkawmh a&SUu om;om;^ rD;rD;wdkY
a&ydYk ay;wke;f u vufxu J a&awGu tjyifut kd rsm;BuD;zdwu
f susefcv
hJ Ykd armifarmifq
h rD mS wif
26 27
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

a&ukefoGm;wmuG,fh/ 'gayr,fh yxruav;wdkYtzGJUrSmawmh vufxJua&awG trsm;BuD; 1/ acgif;pOf ]]oHk;NyD;aoma&rsm;udk tusdK;&SdpGmjyefvnftoHk;csjcif;}}

rzdwfbJ om;om;^rD;rD;wdkYoli,fcsif;awGudkay;cJhvkdY aemufqHk;u udkudk (yxrtzGJU aemuf
qHk; uav;trnf Oyrm) qDudka&udk ay;Edkifwmaygh/ 2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/
q&mr / / q&mrwdkY urÇmBuD;rSmvnf; tJh'DvdkyJuav;wdkY&JU/ q&mrwdkYtxJrSm a&raomufwJhol?
a&rcsKd;wJholawG&Sdvm;/ 3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf
uav;rsm; / / r&Sdygbl;/ (1) oHk;NyD;aoma&rsm;udk tusdK;&SdpGmjyefvnftoHk;jyKaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk
q&mr / / rSefwmayghuG,f/ wpfaeYwpfaeY a&aomufwJholawG? a&csKd;wJholawGu trsm;BuD;qdkawmh em;vnftoHk;jyKwwfygrnf/
cke om;om;^rD;rD;wdkY upm;wJhenf;av;vdk a&aomuf&ifvnf; trsm;BuD;zdwfwmwdkY? (2) oHk;NyD;aoma&rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;onfhtwGuf &&SdEdkifaomtusdK;rsm;udk
rukefwJha&awG oGefypfwmwdkY? a&csKd;&ifvnf; a&awGtrsm;BuD; avmif;csKd;wmwdkY vkyf ajymjywwfygrnf/
vkduf&if om;om;^rD;rD;wdkYqDrSmyJ a&awGtrsm;BuD; ukefoGm;rSmayghuG,f/ tJ'Dvdkqdk&if 4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/
aemufvlawGu ausmfausmfhvkdyJ a&r&bl;jzpfrSmaygh/ (uav;rsm;em;vnfatmif&Sif;jyjcif;)
q&mr / / uJ? uav;wdkYa&/ q&mrwdkYu aemufuvlawGtwGuf a&ay;oifhvm;^ray;oifhbl;vm;/ 5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; toHk;jyKNyD;a&udkoG,fwef;vsuf rdom;pkpm;oHk;&efoD;ESH pdkufysKd;xm;aomyHk/
uav;rsm; / / ay;oifhygw,f/
6/ oifMum;oif,lrI Munfh½Iavhvmenf;? ½kyfyHkjyvsufaqG;aEG;aomenf;/
q&mr / / [kwfjyD/ tJh'Dvdkqdk om;om;^rD;rD;wdkYvufxJrSmyJ a&awG trsm;BuD;rukefoGm;atmif a&
enf;vrf;rsm;
aomuf&if ukefoavmufyJaomufyg/ a&awGudk roGefypfygeJY/ a&csKd;&ifvnf; pepfwuseJY
csKd;Mu&r,faemf/ oabmwlvm;/ 7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;
uav;rsm; / / wlygw,f q&mr/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;jzifh tpysdK;aqG;aEG;ygrnf/
8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif; q&mr / / uav;wdkY? tdrfrSma&csKd;&if b,frSma&csKd;MuovJ/ vlawG tdrfrSma&csKd;w,fqdk&if b,fvdk
atmufygtwdkif; EIwfar;EIwfajzjzifh ppfaq;ygrnf/ «q&mrESifhuav;rsm; twef;xJjyefa&mufaomtcg(odkY) a&csKd;wmrsKd; awGUzl;ovJ/
rdrdwdkYxdkifcHkrsm;wGif ae&m,ljyD;aomtcg» uav;rsm; / / om;wdkYuawmh tdrfrSma&csKd;&if tdk;xJrSm&SdwJha&udk cyfNyD;csKd;ygw,f q&mr/ tjcm;vlawG
vnf; wdik u f aD wG? td;k awGxrJ mS xnfah vSmifxm;wJah &udk cyfcsKd;wmrsKd; awGUzl;ygw,fq&mr/
q&mr / / 'DaeYuav;wdkY bmupm;enf;aqmhcJhMuovJ/ q&mr / / [kwfvm;? tJ'Dvdk a&awGudkcyfcsKd;awmh jrefjrefcyfcsKd;ovm;? jznf;jznf;cyfcsKd;ovm;/
uav;rsm; / / a&ay;enf; (odkY) a&upm;enf;(odkY) a&o,fenf;/ csKd;vdkufwJha&awGu bmjzpfoGm;ovJ/ b,fa&mufukefovJ/
q&mr / / tJh'Dupm;enf;rSma&udk aemufqHk;u oli,fcsif;qDa&mufatmif b,fvdkay;&rvJ/ uav;rsm; / / om;wdkYuawmha&csKd;&if jrefjrefcyfcsKd;ygw,f q&mr/ tJ'DvdkcsKd;rS tm;&ygw,f/
uav;rsm; / / vufxJua&udk trsm;BuD;rzdwfusatmif *½kwpdkufay;&ygr,f/ q&mr / / jrefjrefcyfcsKd;vdkufwJh a&awG[m udk,fay:uswm rsm;ovm;? 'grSr[kwf ab;uswm rsm;
q&mr / / [kwfNyD tJhvdkyJ/ om;wkdYorD;wdkYoHk;wJh a&awGudk tjcm;olawGvnf; oHk;vdkY&atmif b,fvdk ovm;/
oHk;rvJ/ uav;rsm; / / tJ'gawmh om;wdkYudk,fwdkif rjrifawmh rodygbl;/ udk,fay:usw,fxifygw,f q&mr/
uav;rsm; / / enf;enf;yJoHk;&ygr,f (odkY) rzdwfatmif oHk;&ygr,f (odkY) trsm;BuD; roHk;&ygbl;/ (odkY) q&mr / / om;wdkYjrefjrefcyfcsKd;vdkufwJha&awG[m udk,fay:uswmrsKd;&Sdovdk udk,fudkausmfNyD; ab;rSm
vdkoavmufyJ oHk;&ygr,f/ usukefwm trsm;BuD;jzpfygw,f/ a&awG ab;rSmtrsm;BuD;usukefwm a&awGqHk;½HI;oGm;wm
aygh/ om;wdkYudk,fwdkifa&csKd;awmh rjrifEdkifayr,fh? oli,fcsif;awG a&csKd;wJhtcg owdxm;
avhvmMunfhaygh/ NyD;awmh csKd;vdkufwJha&awGu bmjzpfoGm;ovJ/ b,fa&mufukefovJ/
uav;rsm; / / csKd;vdkufwJh a&awGu ajrBuD;ay:a&mufNyD; pD;qif;oGm;ygw,f q&mr/ edrfhwJhae&modkY
pD;qif;oGm;ygw,f/ wcsdKUae&mrSmqdk&if ajray:rSm a&awGtdkifjzpfaewmawmif awGU&wwf
ygw,f/
q&mr / / a&csKd;vdkufvdkY ajrBuD;ay:usoGm;wJha&awGudk jyefoHk;vdkY&Edkifao;vm;/
uav;rsm; / / ajrBuD;ay:usoGm;wJha&awGudk jyefoHk;vdkYr&awmhygbl; q&mr/ ajrawGeJY a&moGm;NyDjzpfvdkY
jyefoHk;vdkYr&awmhygbl; q&mr/
28 29
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

q&mr / / ajrawGeJYa&moGm;wJha&awGu vlawGtwGuf jyefoHk;vdkYraumif;wmawmh rSefygw,f/ vlawG qdk&if a&cyf&wJhtvkyfvnf; oufomygw,f/ bl;yifu oD;wJhtoD;awGeJY? t&GufawGudk
twGuf wdkuf½dkufoHk;wmrsKd;r[kwfbJ tjcm;oG,f0dkufwJhenf;eJYaum jyefoHk;&if &Edkifvm;/ vwfvwfqwfqwf cl;pm;Edkifygw,f/ vwfvwfqwfqwf cl;csufpm;awmh ydkt&om
pOf;pm;MunfhygOD;? tJ'Dvdka&awGudkjyefoHk;wmrsKd; uav;wdkY awGUzl;ygovm;/ &Sdygw,f/ bl;oD;zdk;? bl;&Gufzdk;vnf; rukefawmhygbl;/
uav;rsm; / / aMomf/ orD;tbd;k wkYd trd rf mS a&csKd;vdu
k v
f Ykd ajrBuD;ay:usoGm;wJah &awGukd ajrmif;azmufay;NyD; q&mr / / orD;ajymwm odyfaumif;ygw,f/ csKd;vdkYajrrSm usukefwJha&awGudk pepfwusjyefoHk;&if
bl;yifrSma&&atmif vkyfay;xm;awmh bl;yifu odyfoefwmudk awGUzl;ygw,f q&mr/ a&ukefoufomw,f/ cyf&wmoufomw,f/ tyifuxGufvmwJhtoD;tESHawGudkvnf;
q&mr / / orD;awGUzl;wmudkjyefajymjywm odyfaumif;ygw,f/ orD;wdkYtbdk;tdrfrSmqdk&if bl;oD;wdkY? vwfvwfqwfqwf cl;pm;Edkifw,f/ toD;tESHtwGuf r0,f&awmh tukeftusvnf;
bl;&GufwdkY 0,fpm;p&mrvdkawmhbl;aygh/ [kwfvm;/ oufomwmaygh/ orD;tbd;k bl;yifpu kd w
f meJY 'Dyx
kH rJ mS tyifawGukd csK;d a&eJYpu
kd w
f mwlovm;
uav; / / tbdk;wdkYtdrfrSm bl;oD;wdkY? bl;ñGefYwdkYudk 0,fpm;p&m rvdkwJhtjyif orD;wdkYtdrfudkawmif MunfhMunfhMuygvdkY q&mruajym&if; jyifqifxm;wJh atmufygyHkudkjyygr,f/
tbdk;u bl;oD;awG? bl;ñGefYawGudk cl;NyD;ay;ao;w,f/ NyD;awmh tbdk;tdrfuxGufwJh uav;rsm; / / 'DyHkxJrSmawmh a&csKd;wJhae&meJY tyifpdkufwJhae&mawGudk a&ajrmif;oG,fay;xm;wmuawmh
bl;oD;eJY bl;ñGefYawGu csufpm;&if odyft&omaumif;wmyJ/ vwfvwfqwfqwf csufpm; wlygw,f/ pdu k w f t
hJ yifawGuawmh 'DyrkH mS bl;yifvnf;pdu k x
f m;w,f/ csOfaygifyifawGvnf;
wJhtwGuf t&omydkaumif;wmvdkY tbdk;uajymygw,f/ pdkufxm;w,f/ iSufaysmyifvnf; pdkufxm;ygw,f/ bl;yifeJY iSufaysmyifu toD;awGawmif
q&mr / / orD;tbd;k ajymwm rSew f ,forD;/ toD;tESaH wGqw kd m vwfvwfqwfqwfc;l NyD; csufpm;&if oD;aeygw,f/ tbdk;pdkufwmuawmh bl;yifwpfrsKd;wnf; jzpfygw,f/
t&omydk&Sdw,f/ 0,fxm;NyD; MumrScsufpm;&if t&omodyfraumif;awmhbl;/ NyD;awmh tJ'D q&mr / / yHkxJrSmawmh a&csKd;vdkufvdkY ajrrSmusoGm;wJha&udkoHk;NyD; pdkufwJhtyifawGuawmh ydkrsm;yg
bl;oD;awG&zdkYtwGuf tbdk;u b,fa&udkoHk;wmvJ/ w,f/ wu,fvdkY ajromcyfus,fus,f&Sdw,fqdk&if udk,fhNcHxJrSm bl;yif? csOfaygifyif?
uav; / / a&csKd;vdkufwJhtcg ajrBuD;ay:usoGm;wJh csKd;a&awGudk ajrmif;oG,fNyD;awmh bl;yifudk a&& iSufaysmyif pwJhtyifawGudk pdkufEdkifwmaygh/ tJ'Dvdk pdkufxm;r,fqdk&if toD;tESHawGudk
atmifvkyfay;xm;wmyg q&mr/ vwfvwfqwfqwf pm;Edkifw,f/ tJ'DtwGufvnf; ydkufqHrukefbl;/ tJ'Dvdk aumif;wJh
tusKd;aus;Zl;awG&wm bmaMumifhvJ/
uav;rsm; / / a&csKd;vdkufvdkY usoGm;wJha&awGudk tusKd;&Sdatmif b,fvdkjyefoHk;rvJpOf;pm;NyD; vkyfwJh
twGufjzpfygw,f q&mr/
q&mr / / at;? [kwfw,f/ csKd;vdkufvdkY ajrrSmusoGm;wJha&udkawmif pOf;pm;oHk;wwf&if tusdK;rsm;
w,fqdkwm uav;wdkYaumif;aumif;odoGm;NyDaygh/ uav;wdkYtdrfawGrSmvnf; tJ'Dpdwful;
udk erlem,lNyD; vkyfMurvm;/
uav;rsm; / / vkyfygr,f q&mr/

8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;?
atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;ajzqdkapygrnf/

q&mr / / a&csKd;w,fqdk&if a&awGudkzvm;eJYcyfcsKd;wJhtcgrSm jrefjrefcyfavmif;csKd;wmeJY cyfjznf;jznf;

cyfavmif;csKd;wm b,fvdkcsKd;wmu a&ukefoufomapovJ/
uav;rsm; / / a&csKd;&mrSm cyfjznf;jznf;cyfavmif;csKd;wmumu a&udk udk,fay:usNyD; ab;xGufuswJha&
oufomapygw,f q&mr/
q&mr / / [kwfw,f/ orD;tbdk; bl;yifpdkufwJhtwGuf oD;oefYa& xyfrukefbl;aygh/ tJ'Dvdk oHk;NyD;wJh q&mr / / a&csKd;vdkufvdkYajrrSmusoGm;wJha&udk tusdK;&Sdatmif bmvdkjyefvnfoHk;Edkifao;ovJ/
a&awGudk vlawGtwGuf wdkuf½dkufjyefoHk;&if raumif;ayr,fh tyifawGtwGufawmh jyefoHk; uav;rsm; / / a&ajrmif;oG,fNyD; oD;yif? pm;yifawGpdkuf&mrSm jyefvnfoHk;Edkifygw,f/
Edkifygw,f/ q&mr / / a&csKd;vdkufvdkY ajrrSmusoGm;wJha&udk tyifawGpdkuf&mrSmjyefoHk;&if bmtusdK;aus;Zl;awG
q&mr / / orD;tbdk;vdk a&csKd;vdkufvdkYusoGm;wJha&udk jyefvnfoHk;wJhtwGuf bmtusKd;aus;Zl;awG &EdkifovJ/
&ovJorD;/ uav;rsm; / / a&csKd;vdkYajrrSmusoGm;wJha&udk jyefoHk;wJhtwGufa&aumif;awG tukefoufomygw,f/
uav; / / a&csKd;vdkufvdkY ajray:usoGm;wJha&udkvnf; jyefvnftoHk;jyK&ma&mufygw,f/ bl;yif a&udkcyf,l&w,fqdk&ifvnf; a&cyf&wmoufomapygw,f/ tyifawGu toD;tESHawGu
twGuf a&xyfuek pf &mrvdw k thJ wGuf a&ukevf nf; oufomygw,f/ csKd;a&udk cyf,&l w,f vwfqwfwJhtwGuf csufpm;&wmvnf; t&omaumif;ygw,f/ 0,frpm;&wJhtwGuf

30 31
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

tukeftusvnf; oufomygw,f/ tdrfeD;em;csif;? rdwfaqGawGudkvnf; NcHxGufoD;ESHawG

rQa0ay;pm;Edkifygw,f/ a&udkacRwm&mvnf; a&mufygw,f/ tusdK;&SdwmawGuawmh
trsm;BuD;yg q&mr/
q&mr / / uav;wdkYajymwmawG odyfaumif;w,f/ a&csKd;vdkufvdkY ajrrSmusoGm;wJha&udk pOf;pm;
oHk;wm tusKd;aus;Zl;odyfrsm;w,fqdkwm uav;wdkYaumif;aumif;em;vnfoGm;w,fqdk&if
uav;wdkYtdrfrSma&m jyefoHk;MurSmvm;/
uav;rsm; / / [kwfuJh/ jyefoHk;ygr,f q&mr/
q&mr / / at;? aumif;w,f/ jyefoHk;r,fajymvdkY q&mr0rf;omw,f/ obm0a&awGudk tusdK;&Sd&Sd
oHk;wm odyfaumif;ygw,f/ ywf0ef;usif&Sda&udk pepfwusxdef;odrf;oHk;&ma&mufygw,f/

Human Being and

Environment
vlom;ESifh ywf0ef;usif

32 33
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/acgif;pOf ]]oefY&Sif;wJh wdkYausmif;}} q&mr / / puúLpkwfawG? yvwfpwpftpawG? rkefYxkyfwJhtdwfawGu ausmif;0if;xJudk b,fvdka&muf

vmwmvJ/ opf&GufajcmufawGua&m ausmif;0if;xJ b,fvdka&mufvmwmvJ/
2/twef; 'kwd,wef;/ uav;rsm; / / puúLpkwaf wG? yvwfpwpftpawG? rkeYfxyk w f thJ w
d af wGuawmh ausmif;olausmifom;awGypfvYkd
ausmif;0if;xJa&mufaewmyg q&mr/ opf&GufajcmufawGuawmh opfyifu a<uuswmyg
3/oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf
q&mr/
(1) ausmif;oefY&Sif;atmiftrdIufrsm;pepfwus b,fvdkpGefYypf&r,fqdkwmudk
q&mr / / 'Dvdkqk&d if puúLpkwfawG? yvwfpwpftpawG? rkeYf xkyfwJhtdwfawGausmif;0if;xJrSm r&Sdatmif
ajymjywwfNyD; vufawGUvdkufemwwfygrnf/
bmvkyf&ifaumif;rvJ/ (jyóemajz&Sif;wwfatmif ar;cGef;ar;ay;jcif;)
(2) ausmif;oefY&Sif;atmif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wdkif; wm0ef&SdaMumif;
uav;rsm; / / tJ'gawGudk ausmif;0if;xJypfwmrsKd;rvkyfbJ trdIufawGypfwJhae&mwpfck vkyfay;xm;&if
ajymjywwfrnf/
aumif;ygw,fq&mr/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wdkif; vdkufemzdkYvnf;vdkygw,f q&mr/
(3) trdIufrsm;udkaqG;jrnfhvG,faom trdIufrsm;ESifh raqG;vG,faom trdIuf
q&mr / / opfyifua<uuswJh opf&GufajcmufawG? opfudkif;ajcmufawGudka&m bmvkyfoifhovJ/
rsm;udk cJGjcm;ypfwwfygrnf/
uav;rsm; / / tJ'gawGudkawmh aeYwdkif;aumuf,lNyD; oefY&Sif;atmif trdIufypfwJhae&mrSm oGm;ypfoifh
4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/ ygw,f q&mr/
q&mr/ / uav;wdkYajymwm odyfaumif;w,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DaeYupNyD; yvwfpwpfpawG? rkefYxnfhwJh
5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; yvwfpwpftdwfrsm;? trdIufxnfh&efawmif;rsm;? trdIufaumf&ef a*:jym;? yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk ypfzdkYtrdIufjcif;awmif;wpfck&,f? puúLpkwfawGeJY opf&Gufajcmuf?
trdIufvSnf;&ef wHjrufpnf;? trdIufxnfhypf&ef trIdufyHk;/ opfudkif; ajcmufawGypfzdkY trdIufjcif;awmif;wpfvHk;vnf; xm;ay;r,f/ tJ'Dvdk jcif;awmif;
(2) ck bmaMumifh oD;jcm;cJGxm;&w,fqdkwm uav;wdkY b,fvdkem;vnfovJ/
6/ oifMum;oif,lrI vufawGU Munfh½Iavhvmenf;/ aeYpOftrdIufrsm;aumufonfh vkyfief;udk
enf;vrf;rsm; vufawGUvkyfaqmifenf;/ vlwdkif;ausmif;0if;xJrSm trdIufrypf&ef vdkufem
enf;/ uav;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;enf;/ opf&GuftrdIufrsm;&Sif;&ef ]wpfpjrif
wpfpaumuf} rludk vufawGUvdkufemusifhoHk;enf;/

7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;/
atmufygar;cGef;rsm;jzifh tpysdK;aqG;aEG;ygrnf/

q&mr / / uJuav;wdkY q&mrwdkYtwef;xJrSm trdIufawGudk b,frSmypfovJ/

uav;rsm; / / trdIufawmif;xJrSm ypfygw,fq&mr/
q&mr / / tJ'Dvdk trdIufawmif;xJypfawmh twef;xJrSm trdIufawGjyefYusJaewmrsKd; awGU&vm;/ 'grS
r[kwf twef;wGif;rSm oefY&Sif;aeovm;/
uav;rsm; / / twef;xJrSm oefY&Sif;aeygw,f/ trdIufawGjyefYusJaewmrsKd; rawGU&ygbl;/
q&mr / / oefY&Sif;wmeJY trdIufawG½Iyfaewm b,f[mu aumif;ovJ/
uav;rsm; / / oefY&Sif;aewmu aumif;ygw,fq&mr/
q&mr / / twef;rSm trdIufawGr&SdbJ oefY&Sif;aeovdk ausmif;0if;uaum oefY&Sif;ae&if raumif;
bl;vm;/
uav;rsm; / / aumif;ygw,f q&mr/
q&mr / / tck wdkYausmif;0if;xJrSm oefY&Sif;aeovm;/ trdIufawG awGUae&ovm;/
uav;rsm; / / trdIufawGawGUaeygw,f q&mr/ uav;rsm; / / yvwfpwpftrdIufawGeJY tjcm;trdIufawGudk cJGxm;Edkifatmifvkyfwmyg q&mr/
q&mr / / trdIufawGu bmtrdIufawGvJ/ q&mr / / [kwfw,f/ 'gayrJh bmaMumifh oD;jcm;pDcJGxm;&wmvJ/
uav;rsm; / / puúLpkwfawG? yvwfpwpfpawG? rkefYxkyfwJhtdwfawG? opf&GufajcmufawG awGU&ygw,f uav;rsm; / / (bmrSjyefrajzwJhtwGuf)
q&mr/ q&mr / / puúLpwdkY? opf&GufajcmufwdkY opfudkif;ajcmufwdkYqdkwm ajrrSmjr§Kyfvdkuf&if rdk;a&? aewdkY
34 35
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

xdwJhtcg tcsdefodyfrMumbl;/ aqG;jrnfhoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'D aqG;oGm;wJhtcg ajraqG;tjzpf

tyifawGpdkuf&mrSm jyefvnfoHk;Edkifw,f/ 'gayr,fh yvwfpwpfuawmh ajrrSmjr§Kyf&ifvnf;
ESpfaygif;trsm;BuD;MumwJhtxd raqG;bl;/ acsmif;awGajrmif;awGxJ ypf&ifvnf; acsmif;awG?
a&ajrmif;awG ydwfqdkYukefwwfygw,f/ a&xJypfrd&ifvnf; yvwfpwpf tjzLpawGu
ig;awGpm;wJhtpmeJYwlawmh ig;awGu yvwfpwpfpawGudk olwdkYtpmxifNyD; pm;Muw,f/
'Dawmh ig;awGaoaMuwmawGjzpfw,f/
uav;rsm; / / trdIufawGudk a&mNyD;rD;½dIU&ifa&m q&mr/ om;wdkYtdrfem;u tbdk;qdk&if trdIufawGudkpkNyD;
aeYwdkif; NcHaxmifhrSmrD;½dIUwm om;awGUae&ygw,f/
q&mr / / uav;ar;wm odyfaumif;wJh ar;cGef;yg/ (uav;rsm; ar;cGef;ar;&Jatmif tm;ay;jcif;)
vlawGu oefY&iS ;f atmif wHjrufpnf;vSn;f Muygw,f/ tJ'v D kd trdu
I af wGajymifatmifvn
S ;f wm
NcH0if;oefY&Sif;zdkYaumif;wJh tavhtusifhyg/ NyD;awmh trdIufawGudk rD;½dIYypfMuygw,f/ rD;½dIY
vdkufwJhtcg bmawGxGufvmwm awGU&ovJ/
uav;rsm; / / rD;cdk;awGxGufvmygw,f/ NyD;awmh teYHvnf;an§mfygw,f q&mr/
q&mr / / tJ'DrD;cdk;awGudk avoifhwJhtcg½SLbl;vm;/ ½SLrdwJhtcg avu oefY&Sif;ovm;? roefY&Sif;bl;
vm;/ xGufvmwJhteHYua&m arT;ovm;? eHovm;/
uav;rsm; / / trdIufawGudk rD;½dIUvdkYxGufvmwJhrD;cdk;aiGUawGu roefY&Sif;ygbl;q&mr/ rD;cdk;awGudk½SLrd&if
acsmif;awmifqdk;ygw,f/ rsufpdawGvnf; pyfygw,f/ rsuf&nfawGawmif usvmwwfyg
w,f/ teHYuvnf; rarT;ygbl;/ an§mfygw,fq&mr/

36 37
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

q&mr / / tJ'Dvdkqdk&if trdIufawGudkrD;½dIUwm vkyfoifhovm;/ rvkyfoifhbl;vm;/ uav;rsm; / / rodygbl; q&mr/

uav;rsm; / / rD;r½dIUoifhygbl; q&mr/ rD;r½dIU&&if trdIufawGudk b,fvdkvkyfrvJ/ q&mr / / at;/ puúLawGqdkwm 0g;uaejyKvkyfwm/ puúLawGjzKef;wD;r,f/ AvmpmtkyfrSmygwJh
q&mr / / uav;wdkYar;wJhar;cGef;u odyfta&;BuD;ygw,f/ (uav;rsm;ar;aom ar;cGef;rsm; ta&; pm&GufawGudk pkwfNzJNyD; uav;upm;p&mawGvkyfr,fqdk&if 0g;yifawGudk csKd;zsufaewmeJY
BuD;aMumif; todtrSwfjyKay;jcif;) trdIufawGu aeYwdkif;xGufaew,f/ rD;½dIU&ifvnf; wlw,f/ puúLawGudk ESpfzufpvHk;pma&;Edkifayr,fh wpfzufwnf;rSmoma&;NyD; vTwfypfwm
raumif;bl;qdkawmh aeYpOfxGufvmwJhtrdIufawGudk bmvkyf&ifaumif;rvJqdkwm pOf;pm; vnf; puúLawGudk jzKef;wD;&ma&mufygw,f/ tJ'Dtavhtusifhuvnf; raumif;ygbl;/
p&maygh/ 0g;yifawGudk jzKef;wD;&ma&mufygw,f/
uav;rsm; / / om;wdkYawmh wcsdKUvlawGtrdIufawGudk acsmif;xJ? a&xJypfwmrsKd; awGUzl;ygw,f/ wcsdKUu
awmh tdrf0if;xJrSm wGif;wl;xm;NyD; wGif;xJtrdIufawG ypfwmrsKd;vnf; awGUzl;ygw,f/
q&mr / / a&xJypf&if yvwfpwpfawGukd ig;awGu olwYkdtpmxifNyD;pm;vdYk ig;awGaoukew f thJ aMumif;
q&mr ajymjyxm;NyD;NyDaemf/ useftrdIufawG a&xJypfwmudka&m uav;wdkY aumif;w,f
xifovm;/ bmaMumifhvJ/
uav;rsm; / / trdIufawGudk a&xJypfwm raumif;bl;vdkYxifygw,f q&mr/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh wcsKdU
vlawGu tJ'Da&awGudk aomufoHk;aevdkYyg/
q&mr / / uav;wdkYajymwm rSefygw,f/ tdrf0if;xJrSmyif ajrwGif;wl;xm;NyD;awmh trdIufawGudk
ypfwma&m uav;wdkYb,fvdk,lqovJ/
uav;rsm; / / tJ'DvdktrdIufawGudk tdrf0if;xJrSm wGif;wl;ypfwmawmh aumif;w,fxifygw,f q&mr/
trdIufawGvnf; vrf;ab;rSjyefYusJraeawmhbl;/ a&xJvnf; ypfp&mrvdkawmhbl;/ rD;½dIU
p&mvnf; rvdkawmhbl;/
q&mr / / uav;wdkYajymwmrSefygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tckacwfrSmu yvwfpwpfawGoHk;wm odyfrsm;vm
w,f/ yvwfpwpfu ESpfaygif;tMumBuD; (ESpfaygif; 500 rS 1000 txd) raqG;bJ aeEdkif
w,f/ 'Dawmh yvwfpwpfpawGudka&m b,fvdkvkyf&ifaumif;rvJ/
uav;rsm; / / (pOf;pm;&if; bmrSrajzwJhtwGuf)
q&mr / / yvwfpwpftdwfawGu wm&SnftoHk;cHawmh oHk;NyD;wJhyvwfpwpftdwfawGudk a&aq;NyD;
jyefvnfoHk;&ifvnf; trdIufrjzpfbJ jyefoHk;Edkifwmaygh/ yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk avQmhoHk;
wmvnf; aumif;wJhenf;vrf;wpfckjzpfygw,f/ avQmhoHk;awmh trdIufjzpfwm enf;wmaygh/
oHk;NyD;rvdkawmhvdkY ypfvdkufwJhyvwfpwpfpawGudk oD;oefYwGif;wl; jr§Kyf&ifvnf; aumif;yg
w,f/ NyD;awmh yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk bmeJYvkyfw,fqdkwm uav;wdkYodvm;/
uav;rsm; / / yvwfpwpftaphawGuae vkyfw,fvdkY Mum;zl;ygw,fq&mr/
q&mr / / tJ'DyvwfpwpfaphawGudk bmeJYvkyfxm;w,fqdkwma&m odovm;/
uav;rsm; / / rodygbl; q&mr/
q&mr / / yvwfpwpfaphawGqdkwm obm0t& ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumrSjzpfvmwJh a&eHrS xkwfxm;wm/
yvwfpwpfpawGudk rqifrjcifbJoHk;ae&if tJ'D"mwkypönf;awGudk jrefjrefukefatmif jzKef;
ypf&ma&mufygw,f/ csufcsif;tpm;jyefxdk;vdkYr&wJh obm0ypönf;awGudk jzKef;rypfoifhyg
bl;/ EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmawmh oHk;NyD;wJhyvwfpwpfawGudk jyefvnfNyD; vloHk;ukef
ypönf;awGvkyfwJhpepfudk usifhoHk;aeMuNyD/ 'dkYEdkifiHrSmawmh oHk;NyD;wJhyvwfpwpfawGudk jyef
vnfo;kH NyD; vlo;kH ukeyf pön;f awGvyk w
f m enf;aeao;w,f/ 'gaMumifh yvwfpwpftpawGukd
ajrrSmwl;jr§Kyfwm taumif;qHk;jzpfygw,f/ puúLawGudkvnf; rjzKef;oifhygbl;/ puúLawGudk
bmeJYvkyfxm;w,fqdkwma&m uav;wdkYodMuvm;/

38 39
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

uav;rsm; / / aeYpOfa<uuswJhopf&GufajcmufawGudka&m oefY&Sif;atmifb,fvdkvkyfoifhygovJ q&mr/ q&mr / / 'gqdk&if uav;wdkYtrdIufawGudk b,fvdkypfwm taumif;qHk;vJ/

q&mr / / opf&GufawGuawmh aeYpOfa<uaerSmyJ/ aeYpOfa<uaewJh opf&GufajcmufawGudk ra<uygeJYvdkY uav;rsm; / / trdIufawGudk wGif;wl;ajrrSmjr§Kyfwm taumif;qHk;jzpfygw,f/ aqG;vG,fwJh trdIufawGudk
wm;vdkYr&bl;/ 'Dawmh opf&GufajcmufawGudk ajymifatmif bmvkyfoifhovJ/ (q&mru ajrwGif;wpfck? raqG;vG,fwJh yvwfpwpftrdIufawGudk ajrwGif;wpfck wl;jr§Kyfoifhygw,f/
tajzray;ao;bJ uav;rsm; udk,fwdkifpOf;pm;vmatmif vrf;zGifhay;jcif;? uav;awG aqG;vG,fwJh trdIufawGu cPMum&if ajraqG;jyef&vdkY opfyifrsm;pdkuf&mrSm tJ'DajraqG;udk
taejzifh olwdkYay;aomtBuHtwdkif; vdkufemwwfMuygw,f/) jyefoHk;Edkifygw,f/ yvwfpwpftrdIufuawmh ESpfaygif;trsm;BuD;MumrS aqG;wJhtwGuf
uav;rsm; / / aeYpOf ausmif;rwufrD opf&GufajcmufawGudk aumufNyD; trdIufawmif;rSmxnfh&if opf&Guf yvwfpwpftrdIufawGenf;atmif yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk jyefvnfoefYNyD;oHk;wmrsKd;jyKvkyf
ajcmuftrdIufawG ausmif;0if;xJrSmr&SdawmhbJ oefY&Sif;oGm;rSmygq&mr/ oifhygw,f/ avQmhoHk;wmrsKd;vnf; vkyfoifhygw,f/
q&mr / / at;? orD;ajymwJhtBuH odyfaumif;w,f/ tJ'Dvdkjzpfatmif q&mra&m? uav;wdkYyg q&mr / / uav;wdkYajymwm odyfaumif;ygw,f/ tckacwfrSm yvwfpwpftdwfawGoHk;wmu odyf
]]trdIufpwpfpjrif wpfpaumuf}} wmrsKd;vkyf&if tm;vHk;vdkufemEdkifrSmvm;/ rsm;vmawmh yvwfpwpftdwfoHk;wmeJYywfoufvdkY aemufwpfBudrfaqG;aEG;r,f/ b,fvdk
uav;rsm; / / om;wdkYuawmh vdkufemEdkifygw,fq&mr/ orD;wdkYvnf; vdkufemEdkifygw,f q&mr/ oHk;&if aumif;w,f/ b,fvdkoHk;&if raumif;bl;qdkwm uav;wdkY od&wmaygh/ avmavm
q&mr / / tJ'Dvdk tm;vHk;oabmwlw,fqdk&if q&mr ]]wpfpjrif wpfpaumuf}} qdkwJh pmwef;av; q,frSmawmh om;wdkY orD;wdkYywf0ef;usifrSm yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk vlawG b,fvdkoHk;ae
a&;vmr,f/ tm;vHk;jrifomwJhae&mrSm uyfxm;r,f/ b,fae&mrSm uyfxm;&if aumif; w,fqdkwm avhvmxm;Muyg/ NyD;awmh ausmif;wpfausmif; oefY&Sif;atmif usef;rma&;eJY
rvJ/ tm;vHk;jrifEdkifrvJ/ (tvkyfudk uav;rsm;u olwdkYudk,fwdkifqHk;jzwfwJh tvkyfvdkY nDñGwfatmifbmawG oefY&Sif;zdkYvdkw,fqdkwmudkvnf; pOf;pm;vmcJhaemf/
jrifvmap&ef uav;wdkY\ oabmxm;rSwfcsufudk awmif;jcif;jzpfygw,f/)
uav;rsm; / / ausmif;t0if0u opfyifrSm uyfxm;&if tm;vHk;ausmif;vmwmeJYjrifygw,fq&mr/
q&mr / / at;? aumif;w,f/ reufzefupNyD; pmwef;vnf;uyfr,f/ trdIufawG wpfpjrif wpfp
aumufNyD; trdIufjcif;xJxnfhwJh ausmif;0if;oefY&Sif;a&;tvkyfudk pvkyfMur,fvdkY q&mru
ajymvdkufygrnf/ q&mrwdkYrSm ]tdrf? vrf;? &Gm? ausmif;? oefY&Sif;aMumif;pkaygif;trdIufodrf;}
qdkwJhpum;&Sdw,f/ ausmif;rSm ? vrf;rSm? tdrfrSmyg oefY&Sif;atmif vlwdkif;u wm0ef,l
vkyfoifhw,f/ ausmif;uawmh oefY&Sif;NyD; tdrfeJYvrf;rSm npfywfae&if aumif;yghrvm;/
'gaMumifh rdrdaMumifh tdrfrSm vrf;rSm? ausmif;rSm trdIufr&IyfapeJY/ trdIufawGY&if oefY&Sif;
atmif pepfwuspGefYypfMuyg/ tJ'gqdk&if uav;wdkY[m ywf0ef;usifavmuudk tvSqifwJh
uav;awG jzpfvmrSmyg/

8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;

q&mr / / ausmif;0if;oefY&Sif;atmif trdIufawGudk b,fvdkpGefYypfoihfovJ/

uav;rsm; / / trdIufawGudk trdIufjcif;awmif;rSm pepfwusypfoifhygw,f q&mr/
q&mr / / trdIufawGudk pepfwusypfw,fqdkwm b,fvdkypfwmvJ/
uav;rsm; / / aqG;jrnfhvG,fwJh puúLwdkY? opf&GufajcmufpwmawGudk wpfae&m? aqG;zdkYcufwJh yvwfpwpf
trdIufawGudk wpfae&mcJGypfwmjzpfygw,fq&mr/
q&mr / / yvwfpwpftrdIufawGeJY tjcm;trdIufawGudk rD;½dIU&if bmjyóem&SdovJ/
uav;rsm; / / trdIufawGudkrD;½dIU&if raumif;wJhrD;cdk;awG? teHYawGxGufygw,f/ tJ'gawGu vlawGtwGuf
raumif;ygbl;q&mr/
q&mr / / trdIufawGudka&xJ? jrpfacsmif;awGxJypf&ifa&m/
uav;rsm; / / a&xJypf&if yvwfpwpftjzLawGudk ig;awGu olwdkYtpmeJYwlvdkYpm;&if ig;awG aoEdkifyg
w,f/ trdIufawGudk a&xJypfwm vHk;0raumif;ygbl;/ a&ajrmif;awG ydwfapEdkifygw,f/
tJ'Da&udk aomufoHk;wJhvlawGtwGufvnf; raumif;ygbl;/

40 41
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/ acgif;pOf ]]yvwfpwpftdwfrsm; (<uyf<uyftdwfrsm;)}}

2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/
3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf
(1) yvwfpwpftdwfrsm; (<uyf<uyftdwfrsm;) oHk;jcif;\ aumif;usdK;ESifh
qdk;usdK;rsm;udk ajymjywwfygrnf/
(2) yvwfpwpftdwfrsm; (<uyf<uyftdwfrsm;) udk ab;uif;atmif oHk;wwf
vmygrnf/
(3) yvwfpwpftdwfrsm;udk avQmhoHk;jcif;? rvdktyfu roHk;&efjiif;qefjcif;?
jyefvnfoHk;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmygrnf/
4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/
5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; yvwfpwpftdwftrsKd;rsKd; (<uyf<uyftdwfrsm;)/
6/ oifMum;oif,lrI Munfh½Iavhvmenf;? aqG;aEG;enf;/ usef;rma&;udk xdcdkufapEdkifw,f/ uifqma&m*gudk jzpfapEdkifygw,f/ tJ'D cJ"mwfeJY
enf;vrf;rsm; tqdyfawG vlYudk,fcE¨mxJ a&mufvmwmrsm;vmwmeJYtrQ wpfcsdefcsdefrSm 'ku©ay;awmhrSm
jzpfygw,f/ yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk tjcm;b,fvdkoHk;wmrsKd;awG awGUzl;ao;ovJ/
7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;/ uav;rsm; / / orD;wdkYawmh tdrfem;rSm yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk rD;arT;&mrSm avmifpmtjzpf oHk;wmudk
awGUzl;ygw,f/ yvwfpwpftdwfudk rD;½dIUvdkufw,f/ NyD;awmh xif;awG&JUatmufbufrSm
q&mr / / t&iftywfu uav;wdkYudk yvwfpwpftdwfawGtaMumif; aqG;aEG;r,fvdkY q&mr rSmxm; xnfhvdkufw,f/ yvwfpwpfudk &mbmap;trQifawGtpm; rD;arT;&mrSmoHk;ygw,f/ yvwf
wm rSwfrdMuao;vm;/ (uav;rsm; pdwf0ifpm;rI &Sd r&Sd od&efar;jcif;) pwpfu csufcsif;rD;avmifw,f/ rD;u tjyma&mifxGufvmw,f/ teHYuawmh pl;w,fvdkY
uav;rsm; / / rSwfrdygw,f q&mr/ vlawG yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk b,fvdkoHk;aMumif; Munfh½Iavhvm uav;wpfOD;u ajymygonf/ tjcm;uav;awGuvnf; olwdkYvnf; yvwfpwpfpawGudk
xm;zdkYvnf; rSmygw,fq&mr/ rD;arG;wJhae&mrSm oHk;aeMuwmudkawGUzl;aMumif; ajymjyvmygw,f/
q&mr / / uav;wdkYu q&mrrSmwmudk aoaocsmcsmrSwfrdwmyJ/ aoaocsmcsmrSwfxm;wJhtwGuf q&mr / / [kwfvm;/ vlawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk rD;arG;wm awmfawmfrsm;Mu
aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ vlawG yvwfpwpfawGudk b,fvdkoHk;w,fqdkwmudkaum avhvmxm; ovm;/
Muovm;/
uav;rsm; / / avhvmxm;ygw,f q&mr/ wcsKdUvlawGu pm;p&mawG0,fwJhtcgrSm yvwfpwpftdwf
xJrSm pm;p&mawGxnfho,fwwfygw,f q&mr/
q&mr / / pm;p&mqdkwm b,fvdkpm;p&mawGvJ/
uav;rsm; / / pm;p&mawGuawmh pHkvdkYygyJ/ aumufn§if;aygif;vnf; xnfho,fygw,f/ vufzuf&nf
vnf; xnfhw,f/ rkefY[if;cg;t&nfvnf;xnfhw,f/ 0,fwJhpm;p&mwdkif;udk yvwfpwpf
tdwfxJrSm xnfho,fygw,f/
q&mr / / yvwfpwpfudk pm;p&mawGxnfhwm q&mrvnf; awGUzl;w,f/ toD;tESHawGxnfhwmawmh
udpör&Sdygbl;/ 'gayr,fh ylwJhvufzuf&nfwdkY? rkefY[ifcg;t&nfawGrsKd;? ylwJhpm;p&mawG
xnfho,fwmuawmh raumif;bl;uJGU? q&mrajymxm;w,frdkYvm;/ yvwfpwpftdwfawG
qdkwm a&eHpdrf;uae vkyfxm;wmvdkY/ a&eHeJY tyl awGUxdwJhtcgrSm "mwfjyKNyD; "mwfwpfrsKd;
xGufvmw,f/ yvwfpwpftdwfrSm cJ"mwfeJYtqdyf"mwfrsm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dtqdyf"mwfrsm;eJY
'dkifatmufpifrsm;u o,fvmwJhpm;p&mxJ a&mufapw,f/ tJ'Dpm;p&mudkpm;wJhvlawG&JU
42 43
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

uav;rsm; / / orD;wdkYawmhawGUzl;wmajymjywmjzpfygw,f/ odyfrsm;ovm;qdkwmawmh rodygbl;/ uav;rsm; / / rD;arG;zdkY yvwfpwpfudkrD;½dIUvdkufwJhtcgrSm "mwfwpfrsKd; xGufvmygw,f/ tJ'D"mwfawGudk
q&mr / / yvwfpwpftdwfawG? tydkif;tpawGudk rD;½dIUwJhtcgrSm rD;ta&mifujymvJhaew,f/ xGuf awmh tDovif;atmufqdk'feJY 'dkifatmufpifrsm;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'gawGudk ½SL½dIufrd&if
vmwJhteHYuvnf; pl;&S&Sjzpfw,fqdkwm rSefygw,f/ txl;ojzifh xGufvmwJhteHYu vlawG aoG;eJY qD;rsm;twGif;a&mufNyD; uifqma&m*gjzpfapEdkifygw,f q&mr/
usef;rma&;twGuf vHk;0raumif;ygbl;/ yvwfpwpfpawGudk rD;½dIUvdkufw,fqdk&if taiGU q&mr / / uav;wdkY/ tckodxm;wmawGudk rodao;wJhvlawGudkjyefajymMuaemf/ 'grS vlawGroifhwJh
wpfrsKd; xGufvmw,f/ tJ'DtaiGUudk tDovif;atmufqdk'feJY 'dkifatmufpifvdkY ac:ygw,f/ enf;awGeJY yvwfpwpfawGudkoHk;wmrsKd; rvkyfMurSm/ 'grSvlawGusef;rma&; xdcdkufwm
tJ'DtaiGUawGudk ½SL½dIufrdwJhvlawG&JU aoG;eJY qD;rsm;twGif;a&mufNyD; uifqma&m*gudk rsKd;awG rjzpfrSm/ aemufNyD;awmh yvwfpwpfawGudk rvdk&if oHk;&efjiif;y,fzdkY (Refuse)?
jzpfapEdkifygw,f/ avQmhoHk;zdkY (Reduce)? jyefvnfoHk;zdkY (Reuse) rvdkawmhwJh yvwfpwpfawGudk ukefMurf;
uav;rsm; / / tJ'DvdktrsKd;rsKd;a&m*gawGjzpfEdkifwmudk vlawGurodbJ oHk;aewmvm;q&mr/ tjzpf ypönf;opfawG jyefvnfxkwfvkyfEdkifwJh ae&modkYydkYay;zdkY (Recycle)? aemufqHk; rvdk
q&mr / / trsm;pkuawmh rodvdkYoHk;aewmvdkY q&mrawmhxifygw,f/ wcsdKUuawmh enfenf;av; awmhwJhtcgrS ajrrSmwGif;wl;jr§KyfzdkYvnf; ajymjyzdkY ta&;BuD;w,faemf/
cPavmuf taiGUudk½SLrdwm bmrSrjzpfavmufygbl;vdkY ,lqNyD; yvwfpwpfpawGudk uav;rsm; / / [kwfuJhygq&mr/ jyefajymjyygr,f/
rD;arG;wJhae&mrSm oHk;aewmjzpfEdkifygw,f/ enf;enf; enf;enf;eJY rsm;vmawmh vludk 'ku©
ay;rSmqdkwm rodvdkYvkyfaewmvdkY q&mrawmhxifygw,f/
uav;rsm; / / 'Davmuf vlawGtwGufab;jzpfapEdkifwJh yvwfpwpftdwfawG? <uyf<uyftdwfawGudk bm
aMumifh xkwfoHk;aeMuwmvJ q&mr/
q&mr / / yvwfpwpftw d uf o,f&wmvG,w f ,f/ ayghyg;w,f/ wm&Sncf w H ,f/ aps;oufomw,f/
'gaMumifh xkwfvkyfoHk;aewm jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh vlawGu roHk;oifhwJhenf;awGoHk;NyD;
oHk;awmh yvwfpwpftdwfawGu vlawGudk trsKd;rsKd;'ku©ay;wmaygh/ 'gaMumifh yvwfpwpf
tdwfawGudk avQmhoHk;zdkYvdkw,f/ rvdk&ifroHk;zdkY jiif;qef&efvdkygw,f/ oHk;NyD; yvwfpwpf
tdwfawGudk aq;NyD; aemufjyefoHk;&ef vdkygw,f/

8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;

q&mr / / uav;wdkYa&/ tckaqG;aEG;cJhwm bmtaMumif;vJ/

uav;rsm; / / yvwfpwpftdwfawG (<uyf<uyftdwf) awGtaMumif;yg q&mr/
q&mr / / yvwfpwpftw d af wGukd b,fuxkwv f yk x
f m;wmvJ/ vlawGu bmaMumifh oH;k aeMuwmvJ/
uav;rsm; / / yvwfpwpftw d af wGukd a&eHprd ;f uae xkwx f m;wmyg/ yvwfpwpftwd af wGu o,f&wm
vG,w f ,f/ ayghyg;w,f/ wm&SnfcHw,f/ aps;vnf;oufomw,f/ 'gaMumifh vlawGu
oHk;aewmyg/
q&mr / / vlawGu yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk oHk;wJhae&mrSm vlawGtwGuf ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfapwJh
oHk;enf;awGu bmawGawGUzl;ovJ/
uav;rsm; / / ylwJhpm;p&mawGudk yvwfpwpftdwfawGrSm xnfho,fwmrsKd;awG? yvwfpwpfpawGudk
rD;arG;wJhae&mrSm oHk;wm[m vlawGtwGuf usef;rma&;udk xdcdkufapEdkifygw,f/
q&mr / / ylwJhpm;p&mawGudk yvwfpwpftdwfrSmxnfho,f&if bmawGxGufvmovJ/
uav;rsm; / / yvwfpwpfrSm cJ"mwfeJY tqdyf"mwfawG ygygw,f/ tyleJYawGU&if tJ'D"mwfawG xGufvm
ygw,f/
q&mr / / tJ'D"mwfawGygwJh tpmawG pm;wmrsm;vm&if bmawGjzpfEdkifovJuG,fh/
uav;rsm; / / tJ'D"mwfawGygwJhtpmpm;wmrsm;vm&if uifqma&m*gjzpfapEdkifygw,f/
q&mr / / yvwfpwpfawGudk rD;arG;&mrSmoHk;&ifaum bmawGjzpfEdkifovJ/

44 45
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/ acgif;pOf ]],ifvHktdrfom toHk;jyKyg}} txl;ojzifh rd;k &GmaewJt h csde?f aeraumif;wJt

h csdeq
f &kd if tDt;D yg&wm awmfawmfcufygw,f/
q&mr / / ywf0ef;usifrSm roefYawmh ,ifaumifawGvnf;ydkrsm;vmEdkifw,f/ ,ifaumifawG rsm;
2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/ vm&if vlawGpm;wJhtpmawGay:em;? vlawGu tJ'DtpmawGpm;awmh aexdkifraumif; jzpf
wwfw,f/ aexdkifraumif;&if ae&wmvnf;tqifrajyovdk? aq;uko&&ifvnf; aiGawG
3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoif,lNyD;aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;onf
xyfukefapygw,f/ aq;uko&wJhtwGufukefusrIu ,ifvHktdrfomzdk;xufawmif rsm;Edkif
(1) ,ifvHktdrfom bmaMumifhoHk;oifhaMumif; ajymjywwfygrnf/
ygw,f/ udk,fhtdrfrSm ,ifvHktdrfom&Sdr,fqdk&if oufaomifhoufom tdrfomoHk;Edkifw,f/
(2) ,ifvHktdrfomudk pepfwusoHk;wwfvmygrnf/
rdk;umvrSmqdk&ifvnf; tqifajyajyoHk;Edkifwmaygh/ aeraumif;wJhtcgqdk&ifvnf; tqif
4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/ ajyajy oHk;Edkifwmaygh/ uav;wdkY ,ifvHktdrfomudkpepfwus b,fvdkoHk;&r,fqdkwm odMu
vm;/
5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; ,ifvHktdrfomyHkESifh ab;em;rSm vufaq;&efa&tdk;ESifh qyfjymxm;onfhyHk/ uav;rsm; / / ,ifvHktdrfomoHk;&if a&udkoHk;&if taumif;qHk;jzpfygw,f/ oHk;NyD;&if vufaq;zdkY tdrfom
6/ oifMum;oif,lrI ½kyfyHkudkjyNyD; aqG;aEG;ajymqdkenf;/ teD;tem;rSm qyfjymeJYa&wdkYvnf;&SdzdkYvdkygw,f/ ,ifvHkzdkYtwGufuawmh tdrfomudkoHk;NyD;
enf;vrf;rsm; wdkif; tdrfomaygufudk vufudkifygwJhopfom;zHk;eJY zHk;xm;zdkYvdkygw,f/ 'grS ,ifaumifawG
tdrfomaygufuae tdrfomwGif;xJ r0ifEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f/ 'grSom ,ifvHkrSmjzpfygw,f/
7/ oif,lrIvkyfief; q&mr / / uav;wdkYajymjywm odyfaumif;ygw,f/ wcsKdUuav;awGu roHk;zl;wmrsKd; &SdEdkifygw,f/
'gaMumifh tm;vHk;jrifEdkifatmif q&mru ,ifvHktdrfomyHkwpfck jyifqifvmygw,f/ 'DrSm
q&mrESifhuav;rsm; atmufygtwdkif;aqG;aEG;Muygrnf/
MunfhMuyg/ 'guawmh tdrfomcGufjzpfygw,f/ 'guawmh tdrfomydkuf jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&m
q&mr / / uav;wdkY/ tdrfrSm tDtD;ygcsifwJhtcgrSm b,frSmygMuovJ/ tjcm;uav;awGa&m b,frSm uawmh tdrfomwGif;jzpfygw,f/ tay:bufu 0g;wdkY? x&HwdkYeJY zHk;umxm;NyD; ajrzdkYxm;
ygwm awGUzl;ovJ/ ygw,f/ ,ifaumifawGr0ifEdkifatmif umxm;wmyg/ 'DtdrfomcGufudkvnf; 'Dvdk vufudkif
uav;rsm; / / orD;? om;wdkYtdrfrSmawmh ,ifvHktdrfomrSm tDtD;ygygw,fq&mr/ wcsdKUuav;awGawmh ygwJhtzHk;eJY oHk;NyD;&if ydwfxm;&efvdkygw,f/ 'grSom tdrfomcGufxJ ,ifaumifawG r0if
tdrrf mS ,ifvt kH rd o
f mr&Swd t hJ wGuf ajruGuvf yfrmS ygcswmawGUbl;ygw,f/ vlBuD;awGvnf; EdkifrSm jzpfygw,f/
awmxJoGm; tDtD;ygwmrsKd;awG &Sdygw,f/
q&mr / / ,ifvHktdrfomrSm tDtD;ygwmeJY awmxJ? uGif;xJrSm tDtD;ygwm b,f[mu usef;rma&;eJY
nDñGwfovJ/
uav;rsm; / / ,ifvHktdrfomoHk;wmu usef;rma&;eJY ydknDñGwfygw,f/ tjyifbufrSmygcs&if ywf0ef;usif
udk npfywfapygw,f/
q&mr / / 'gqdk&if vlawGu bmaMumifh ,ifvHktdrfom roHk;MubJ tjyifrSm? awmxJrSm tDtD;ygwm
rsKd;awG vkyfaeMuwmvJ/
uav;rsm; / / wcsdKUtdrfawGrSmqdk&if ,ifvHktdrfom r&SdMuygbl;/ olwdkYu ,ifvHktdrfom raqmufEdkifMu
ygbl;/ ydkufqHrwwfEdkifMuygbl;/
q&mr / / wcsdKUtdrfawGrSmqdk&if ,ifvHktdrfom r&SdMubl;qdkwm q&mrvnf; odaeygw,f/ ydkufqH
rwwfEdkifbl;qdkwm ajymwmvnf;Mum;zl;ygw,f/ wu,fawmh ,ifvHktdrfomaqmuf&if
ydkufqHawmh enf;enf;ukefygw,f/ tdrfomcGufwdkY? tdrfomydkufwdkY 0,fzdkYvdkygw,f/ 'gay
r,fh tJ'Dukefusp&dwfudk rvdkwJhtjcm;ae&mawGrSm acRwmvdkuf&if &Edkifygw,f/ Oyrm-
uGrf;pm;wmwdkY? aq;vdyfaomufwmwdkY? t&ufaomufwmwdkYudk (2) v (3) vavmuf
acRwmvdu k &f if ,ifvt kH rd o
f m wpfcak wmh&ygw,f/ 'gqdk rdom;pktm;vH;k tqifajyajyoH;k Edik f
wmaygh/ ,ifvHktdrfom roHk;bJtjyifrSm tDtD;ygwJhtwGuf bmawGjzpfvmEdkifovJ/
uav;rsm; / / tDtD;ygwJhtcg awmxJajy;&ygw,f/ awmxJrSmoGm;wJhtcgvnf; aemufuvdkufvmwJh
acG;wdkY? 0ufwdkYudk wkwfeJY&rf;&ygw,f/ ywf0ef;usifrSmvnf; npfnrf;rIjzpfapygw,f/
46 47
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

uav;rsm; / / tdrfwdkif; ,ifvHktdrfomoHk;Mu&if odyfaumif;rSmaemf q&mr/

q&mr / / [kwfwmaygh/ tdrfwdkif;,ifvHktdrfomoHk;r,fqdk&if rdom;pkwdkif;twGuf tqifajyajy
tdro
f moH;k Edik o
f vdk ywf0ef;usifoefY&Sif;rIeJY usef;rma&;eJYnDñGwfzdkY taxmuftuljzpfapyg
w,f/

8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;jcif;
atmufygar;cGef;rsm;jzifh aqG;aEG;ajzqdkapygrnf/

q&mr / / tdrftjyifbufrSmjzpfap? awmxJrSmjzpfap tDtD;ygwJh tavhtusifhaMumifh bmawGjzpfwwf

ovJ/
uav;rsm; / / tdrftjyifrSmjzpfap? awmxJrSmjzpfap tDtD;ygwm ywf0ef;usifudknpfnrf;apygw,f/ acG;
wdkY? 0ufwYkdukd armif;xkwaf e&wmvnf; tDt;D ygwJt h cgawGU&wwfw'hJ u k y© g/ txl;ojzifh
rd;k &GmaewJt
h csed ?f aeraumif;wJhtcsdefqdk&if cufcJrIydkjzpfapygw,f/ NyD;awmh ,ifaumif
awGvnf; tnpftaMu;ay:vmem;NyD; vlawGpm;r,fh tpmawGay: vmem;wmrsKd;awGvnf;
&Sdwwfygw,f/ 'gaMumihf usef;rma&;twGuf raumif;ygbl;/
q&mr / / at;? [kwfw,f/ ,ifvHktdrfomoHk;r,fqdk&if b,fvdktusdK;aus;Zl;awG &EdkifovJ/
uav;rsm; / / ,ifvHktdrfomoHk;r,fqdk&if tdrfrSmoufaomifhoufom tDtD;ygEdkifygw,f/ acG;wdkY? 0uf
wdkYudk armif;xkwfaep&mvnf; rvdkawmhygbl;/ rdk;&Gmaevnf; tqifajyajyoHk;Edkifygw,f/
aeraumif;wJhtcgrSmvnf; tqifajyajyoHk;Edkifygw,f/ ,ifaumifawGvnf; rvmEdkifwJh
twGuf usef;rma&;twGuf aumif;ygw,f/ ywf0ef;usif oefY&Sif;a&;ukd trsm;BuD;
taxmuftuljyKygw,f q&mr/
q&mr / / bmaMumifh ,ifvHktdrfom tdrfwdkif;rSmxm;oifhovJ/

Air
uav;rsm; / / roefY&Sif;wJhtwGuf aeraumif;jzpf&if aq;ukorItwGuf tukeftus[m ,ifvHktdrfom
twGuf ukeu f swmxuf rsm;Edik yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh tdrw f ikd ;f rSm ,ifvt
kH rd o
f m&Sod ifyh gw,f/
q&mr / / tdrfwdkif;rSm ,ifvHktdrfom&Sdvmatmif b,fenf;vrf;eJY vkyfEdkifovJ/
uav;rsm; / / vlawGtwGuf rvdktyfwJhtoHk;p&dwfawGjzpfwJh uGrf;wdkY? aq;vdyfwdkY? t&ufwdkYtwGuf
ukefusaewmawGudk acRwmvdkuf&if ,ifvHktdrfom aqmufEdkifygw,f/
avxk

48 49
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/ acgif;pOf ]]oefY&Sif;wJhav}} &GufajcmufawG avwdkufvdkY a<uuswmudkMunfhNyD;vnf; ywf0ef;usifrSm av&SdaMumif;

odEdkifygw,f/
2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/ q&mr / / uav;wdkYu ywf0ef;usifrSmjzpfaewmudkMunfhNyD; qufpyfajzvdkufwm odyfaumif;wmyJ/
3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf tJ'Dav[m vlawGtwGuf vdktyfovm;/ rvdktyfbl;vm;/ vdktyfw,fqdk&if b,fvdk
(1) vlwdkYtwGuf oefY&Sif;wJhav r&SdrjzpfvdktyfaMumif;ajymjywwfygrnf/ avrsKd; vdktyfwmvJ/
(2) avudkroefY&Sif;apwJhtaMumif;rsm;udk ajymjywwfygrnf/ uav;rsm; / / avu vlawGtwGufvdktyfygw,fq&mr/ aumif;wJhavvdktyfygw,fq&mr/
(3) avoefY&Sif;atmif uav;rsm;taejzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifonfrsm; ajymjy q&mr / / uav;wdkYajymwm odyfrSefygw,f/ wu,fvdkY avaumif;avoefYr&&if vlawGbmjzpf
wwfygrnf/ EdkifovJ/
uav;rsm; / / avaumif;avoefYawG r&bl;qdk&if vlawGtoufr½SLEdkifbJ aoukefrSmygq&mr/
4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/ q&mr / / uav;wdkYajymwm rSefvdkufwm/ uJ? uav;wdkYESmacgif;awGudk tckvdk vufn§dK;eJY vufreJY
5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; ,yfawmif/ zspNf yD; ydwx
f m;MunfMh uprf;/ cPMumawmh q&mru ESmacgif;awGukd n§pxf m;wJv
h ufawGukd
jyefvTwfcdkif;vdkufygw,f/ NyDawmh uav;wdkYtckvdk ESmacgif;awGudk ydwfMunfhvdkufawmh
6/ oifMum;oif,lrI vufawGUvkyfaqmif&if; aqG;aEG;aomenf;/ bmawGjzpfovJvdkY ar;ygw,f/
enf;vrf;rsm; tjyeftvSef ajymqdkaqG;aEG;aomenf;/
ywf0ef;usifudk Munfh½IavhvmaqG;aEG;aomenf;/

7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;
q&mreJY ausmif;om;rsm; aeomaomaeYwpfaeYrS ausmif;tjyifxGufNyD; opfyifwpfyifatmufrSm pkxdkifNyD;
ywf0ef;usifudkavhvm&if; atmufygtwdkif; tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;Muygrnf/

q&mr / / uav;wdkYa&/ av[m uav;wdkYywf0ef;usifrSm tNrJ&Sdaeygw,f/ avudk uav;wdkY jrifzl;

Muovm;/
uav;rsm; / / avudk rjrifzl;ygbl; q&mr/ q&mraum avudkjrifzl;ovm;[if/
q&mr / / q&mrvnf; uav;wdkYvdkygyJ avudkrjrifzl;ygbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh avrSm ta&mif uav;rsm; / / touf½SLvdkY r&awmhygbl;/ touf½SLr&awmh armvmygw,f/
tqif;r&Sdawmh rsufpdeJYrjrifEdkifvdkYyg/ uav;wdkY avudk rjrifzl;Muayr,fh uav;wdkY q&mr / / at;[kww f ,f/ toufr½SL&&if armvmw,f/ touf½LS w,fqw kd m bmud½k LS wmvJov
d m;/
ywf0ef;usifrSm avawG&Sdaew,fqdkwm b,fvdkodEdkifovJ/ uav;rsm; / / touf½SLw,fqdkwm avudk½SLwmyg q&mr/
uav;rsm; / / tckvdk vufeJYvkyfMunfhvdkuf&if? 'grS q&mr / / at;[kwfw,f/ avudkr½SL&bl;qdk&if vlawGarmNyD; aoukefrSmjzpfw,f/ vlawG touf&Sif
r[kwf ,yfawmifeJY cwfMunfhvdkuf&if aeEdkifatmif b,fvdkavudk vdktyfw,fvdkYxifovJ/
avu rsufESmrSm vm[yfygw,f/ tJ'D uav;rsm; / / avaumif;avoefYvdkygw,f q&mr/
vdk vkyfMunfhwmeJY ywf0ef;usifrSm av q&mr / / uav;wdkYajymwJh avaumif;avoefYqdkwm b,fvdkavrsKd;vJuG,fh/
awG tNrJ&Sdaew,fqdkwm odEdkifygw,f/ uav;rsm; / / avxJrSm rD;cdk;eHYwdkY? tn§DeHYwdkY? tan§mfeHYwdkY? tykyfeHYwdkYuif;wJhavudk avaumif;avoefYvdkY
q&mr / / aemufaum ywf0ef;usifrSm av&Sdae ac:ygw,f q&mr/
aMumif; b,fvdkrsm; avhvmMunfh½IEdkif q&mr / / at;? [kwfw,f/ roefY&Sif;wJhavxJrSm rD;cdk;eHYawG? tn§DeHYawG? tan§mfeHYawG? tykyfeHYawG
ao;ovJ/ qdkwm b,fvdka&mufvmwmvJ/
uav;rsm; / / a[m? opfyifuopf&GufawG avwdkufvdkY uav;rsm; / / rD;cdk;eHYawGuawmh rD;cdk;awGaMumifh jzpfvmwmyg/ tn§DeHYawGeJY an§mfeHYawGuawmh taumif
vIyfaeygw,f/ opf&GufawG avwdkufvdkY awG? tom;ig;awGu xGufvmwmyg/ om;pdrf;? ig;pdrf;awGqdk&if nD§ygw,f/ tom;
vIyw f mudk MunfNh yD;vnf; ywf0ef;usifrmS ig;awGudk aMumfvdkufwJhtcgrSm an§mfygw,f/ tykyfeHYqdkwmuawmh taumifawG aowJh
av&SdaMumif; odEdkifygw,f q&mr/ opf tcgrSm Mumvm&if tykyfeHYxGufvmygw,f/ wpfcgu <uufwpfaumifaoaewm orD;wdkY
50 51
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

wpftdrfvHk; ykyfapmfeHaeygw,f/ tJ'D<uufaoudk&SmNyD; ajrwl;jr§KyfvdkufawmhrS ykyfwJhteHY tom;ig;uxGufwJh tn§DeHYxGufwJhypönf;awGudk trdIufykH;xJ oGm;ypfay;ygr,f/ tan§mfeHY
vnf; aysmufoGm;ygw,f/ tD;ayguf&ifvnf; tykyfeHYxGufygw,f/ tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif ararazazwdkYudk tom;ig;rsm; csufjyKwfpm;wmu aMumfpm;wm
q&mr / / tJ'Dvdkqdk&if avxJrSmoefY&Sif;aeatmif bmawGvkyf&ifaumif;ovJ/ rD;cdk;awGuawmh rD;zdk xuf vlawGusef;rma&;twGuf aumif;aMumif; ajymjyygr,f/
acsmifwdkY? trdIufrD;½IdUwm? awmrD;½dIUwm? puf½HkawG? ,mOfawGuxGufwJh rD;cdk;awGaMumifh q&mr / / uav;wdkYu q&mrajymjyxm;wmawGudk aumif;aumif;rSwfrdMuw,f/ avoefYatmif
jzpfvmwmyg/ 'gaMumifh trdIufawGudk rD;r½dIUoifhygbl;/ ajrrSmwl;jr§Kyfoifhygw,f/ awmrD; EdkifwJhbufu0dkif;vkyfwm odyfaumif;ygw,f/ udk,fwdkifvnf;avaumif;avoefY udk½SL&
½dIUwmrsKd;vnf; rvkyfoifhygbl;/ rD;zdkacsmifrSmvnf; rD;cdk;awG odyfrxGufwJh xif;ukef w,f/ tjcm;vlawGvnf; avaumif;avoefYudk ½SL&apwJhtwGuf tm;vHk;twGuf aumif;
oufomwJhrD;zdkrsKd;awG oHk;oifhygw,f/ tykyfeHYawG uif;atmifuawmh tdrfawGeJY ywf0ef; usdK;jzpfapygw,f/ ywf0ef;usifavxkudkvnf; oefY&Sif;atmifvkyfay;&ma&mufapygw,f/
usifrSm taumifawGaoaewmrsKd;r&Sdatmif oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;xm;oifhygw,f/ taumifawG
aooGm;&ifvnf; ajrrSmwl;NyD; jr§Kyfoifhygw,f/ ,ifvHk? teYHvHkwJh tdrfomrsKd;udkvnf;
oHk;oifhygw,f/
q&mr / / ywf0ef;usifrSm tn§DeHYawGuif;atmifaum b,fvdkvkyfoifhovJuG,fh/
uav;rsm; / / tnD§eHYawGu om;pdrf;? ig;pdrf;awGu xGufwmrsm;ygw,f/ om;pdrf;? ig;pdrf;awGudk aoao
csmcsmaq;NyD; xGufvmwJhraumif;wJh taMu;cHGawG? tawmifawGudkvnf; aoaocsmcsm
xkyfNyD; trdIufypfwJhae&mrSm ypfoifhygw,f/
q&mr / / uav;wdYk taeeJY ywf0ef;usifrmS avaumif;avoefY&atmif bmawG0ikd ;f vkyaf y;Edik yf govJ/
uav;rsm; / / om;wdkY? orD;wdkYuawmh tdrfxJrSm&SdwJhtrdIufawGudk trdIufyHk;xJa&mufatmif pepfwus
ypfay;Edkifygw,f/ tdrfxJrSmvnf; <uufawGbmawG aoaewmrsKd;rjzpfatmif tdrfudk
oefY&Sif;atmifvkyf&mrSm 0dkif;ulEdkifygw,f/ tom;ig;awGudk csufwJhaeYqdk&if rD;zdk;acsmifu
xGufvmwJhtrdIufawGudk trdIufykH;xJa&mufatmif ypfay;Edkifygw,f/ NcHxJuxGufvmwJh
trdIufawGudk rD;½dIUwmrsKd; rvkyfygbl;/ wl;xm;wJhwGif;xJa&mufatmif ypfay;Edkifygw,f/
tdrfomudkvnf; oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; oHk;&ygr,f/
q&mr / / uav;wdkYtJ'Dvdkvkyfay;r,fqdk&if ywf0ef;usifavxJrSm rD;cdk;awG? tn§DeHYawG? tykyfeHYawG
uif;vmrSm jzpfygw,f/ uav;wdkYararazazawGudkvnf; tom;ig;awGudk aMumfpm;r,fh
tpm; csufjyKwfpm;zdkY ajymr,fqdk&if rD;zdk;acsmifuxGufwJh tan§mfeHYawGvnf; oufomvm
rSmaygh/ csufjyKwfpm;&ifvlawG usef;rma&;twGufvnf; ydkaumif;apygw,f/
uav;rsm; / / [kwfuJhyg q&mr/ om;wdkY? orD;wdkYajymjyygr,f/

8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;
atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdkyg/

q&mr / / uav;wdkYa&/ 'Dae q&mrwdkYaqG;aEG;avhvmcJhwm bmtaMumif;vJ/

uav;rsm; / / oefY&Sif;wJhavtaMumif;yg q&mr/
q&mr / / vlawGtwGuf oefY&Sif;wJhavr&Sd&if bmawGjzpfvmEdkifovJ/
uav;rsm; / / oefY&Sif;wJhavr&Sdbl;qdk&if vlawGtouf½SL&wmcufNyD; aoukefEdkifygw,f/
q&mr / / avudkroefY&Sif;apwmawGu bmaMumifhvJ/
uav;rsm; / / rD;cdk;awG? tan§mfeHYawG? tn§DtykyfeHYawGaMumifh av[m roefYr&Sif;jzpfvmwmyg/
q&mr / / avudkoefY&Sif;atmif uav;wdkYu bmawG0dkif;vkyfaqmifEdkifovJ/
uav;rsm; / / avoefY&Sif;atmif trdIufawGudkrD;&dIUwmrsKd;rvkyfygbl;/ trdIufawGudk wGif;xJypfygr,f/

52 53
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/ acgif;pOf ]]uav;wdkYESpfoufwJh yef;yGifhuav;rsm;}}

2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/

3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf

(1) olwdkYESpfoufaom yef;yGifhuav;rsm;\ trnf? ta&mif? teHYrsm;udk
ajymjywwfygrnf/
(2) olwdkYESpfoufwJhyef;udk bmaMumifhESpfoufaMumif;ajymjywwfygrnf/
(3) yef;vSvSav;vdkcsif&if yef;yifav;awGpdkuf&aMumif; ajymjywwfygrnf/
(4) yef;vSvSav;eJYwlatmif b,fvdkusifhBuH&r,fqdkwm ajymjywwfygrnf/

4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/

5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; uav;rsm; tdrfrS,laqmifvmaom yef;uav;rsm;ESifh q&mrudk,fwdkif

,laqmifvmaom yef;uav;rsm; (py,fyef;? ESif;qDyef;? ZDZ0gyef;? a'pDyef;?
yk@&dufyef;? Zvyfyef;)/
6/ oifMum;oif,lrI tm½kHig;yg;toHk;jyKjyD; oif,lavhvmenf;/
enf;vrf;rsm; (yef;av;rsm;udkjyNyD;yef; trnf? ta&mif? yHkoP²mef? teHYwdkYudk ajymjyap
aomenf;? yef;uav;rsm;udk teD;uyfMunfh½Iavhvmapaomenf;?
yef;uav;rsm;\teHYudk arT;Munfhapaomenf;?
yef;av;rsm;\ yGifhzwfav;rsm;udk omomav; udkifMunfhaomenf;?)

7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;

Tree and Forest

atmufygar;cGef;rsm;jzifh tpysKd;aqG;aEG;
ygrnf/

q&mr / / uav;wdkYa&? q&mr

opfyif? opfawm raeYurSmvdkufwJh yef;

av;awG ,lvmMu
ovm;/
uav;rsm; / / ,lvmygw,fq&mr/
q&mr / / rSmwJhtwdkif; ,lvmwJh
twGuf om;wdYkorD;wdYk
u vdr®mw,f/ bm
yef;av;awG,lvmw,fqdkwm q&mrudk jyygOD;/
uav;rsm; / / olwdkY,lvmaomyef;av;rsm;udk vufjzifhudkifNyD; ajr§mufjyMuygonf/
q&mr / / [m? uav;wdkY,lvmwJhyef;av;awGu odyfvSwmyJ/ bmyef;awG ,lvmw,fqdkwm ajymjy
ygOD;/ wpfa,mufcsif;pD ajymMu&atmif/

54 55
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

uav;rsm; / / orD;,lvmwmu ESif;qDyef;yg q&mr? om;,lvmwmu pHy,fyef;yg q&mr? orD; q&mr / / ta&twGuftenf;trsm; MunfhvdkufwmeJYjrif&atmif b,fvdkwef;pD&ifaumif;rvJ/
,lvmwmuvnf; pHy,fyef;yg q&mr/ orD;,lvmwmuawmh Zvyfyef;jzLav;ygq&mr/ (uav;rsm;pOf;pm;vmatmif ar;aomar;cGef;)
om;,lvmwmuawmh om;wdkYtdrfa&SU NcHpnf;½dk;rSmaygufaewJh yk@&dufyifu yk@&dufyef; uav;rsm; / / twef;nDatmif jyefpDMuygonf/
eDeDav;ygq&mr? om;,lvmwmuawmh ZDZ0gyef;ygq&mr/ q&mr / / uJ? tckqdk&if wlwJhyef;trsm;qHk;,lvmwJh uav;awGtwef;u t&SnfqHk;? tenf;qHk;
twef;u twdkqHk;MunfhvdkufwmeJY jrifNyDvm;vdkY ar;ygrnf/ nDnDnmnmpDwmeJY pkNyHKNyD;
pDwm bmuGmovJ/ (EdIif;,SOfydkif;jcm;pOf;pm;wwfatmif ar;wJhar;cGef;)
uav;rsm; / / pkNyHKpD&if a&wGuf&wmcufygw,f/ tenf;trsm; rjrifomygbl;/ nDnDnmnmwef;pD&if
MunfhvdkufwmESifh tenf;trsm;udk odomjrifomygw,f q&mr/
q&mr / / at;? uav;wdkYajzwm odyfaumif;w,f/ uJ? uav;wdkYa&? yef;av;awGtm;vHk; vSw,f
aemf/ yef;wdkif;arT;ovm;qdkwm odatmifb,fvdkvkyfMunfhrvJ/ arT;wJhyef;awGu wpfpk?
'DrSmpk&yfr,f/ rarT;wJhyef;awGuwpfpk 'DrSm&yfr,fvdkY q&mru uav;rsm;udk vkyfief;ay;
ygrnf/
uav;rsm; / / yef;awGudk vdkuferf;MunfhMuNyD; arT;wJhyef;awGu wpfpk? rarT;wJhyef;awGuwpfpkpD &yfMuyg
w,f/
q&mr / / arT;wJhyef;awGu bmyef;awGvJ/ rarT;wJhyef;awGu bmyef;awGvJvdkYar;ygrnf/ (teHYudk
tajccHNyD; cJGjcm;wwfatmifar;jcif;)
uav;rsm; / / pHy,fyef;? ESif;qDyef;? Zvyfyef;? ZDZ0gyef;awGu arT;wJhyef;awGyg/ a'pDyef;? yk@&dufyef;
awGuawmh ta&mifvSayr,fh rarT;ygbl;vdkYuav;rsm;u jyefajzygonf/
q&mr / / [kwfw,f/ uav;wdkYuyef;awGudk teHYay:rlwnfNyD; cJGjcm;ajymjyEdkifw,f/ yef;awGrSm
q&mr / / uav;wdkY,lvmwJhyef;awGxJrSm wlwmawG&Sdovdk? rwlwmawGvnf;&Sdaew,f/ wlwJhyef; ta&mifvSvdkY vlawGucspfovdk teHYarT;vdkY cspfwmvnf;&Sdw,f/ wcsdKUuawmh ta&mif
av;awG ,lvmwm b,fESpfa,muf&SdovJqdkwmodcsif&if bmvkyfMunfh&if aumif;rvJ/ uvnf;vS? teHYvnf;arT;vdkY cspfMuw,f/ uav;wdkYaum b,fyef;udk tcspfqHk;vJ/ bm
(uav;rsm;udk pOf;pm;apaomar;cGef;) aMumifh cspfwmvJ/
uav;rsm; / / ,lvmwJh yef;wlwJhausmif;om;awGtm;vHk; pkvdkuf&if &ygw,fq&mr/ uav;rsm; / / orD;wdkYuawmh pHy,fyef;udktcspfqHk;yg/ ta&mifuvnf; jzLjzLazG;w,f? teHYvnf; arT;yg
q&mr / / at;? aumif;w,f/ uav;wdkYajymovdk pHy,fyef;awG,lvmwm b,fESa,muf&SdovJ/ w,f/ 'gaMumifh cspfwmyg/ om;wdkYuawmh ESif;qDyef;udktcspfqHk;yg/ ta&mifawGuvnf;
'Dae&mrSm vmpkyg/ ESif;qDyef;awG,lvmwm b,fESa,muf&SdovJ/ 'Dae&mrSm vmpkyg/ trsKd;rsKd;&Sdw,f/ teHYuvnf;arT;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh cspfwmyg/ om;uawmh Zvyfyef;av;
ZDZ0gyef;awG,lvmwm b,fESa,muf&SdovJ/ 'Dae&mrSmvmpkyg/ yk@&dufyef; ,lvmwm udk cspfygw,f/ olu yefumav;vdk vSnfhupm;vdkY&wJhtwGuf cspfwmyg/ yk@&dufyef;
b,fESa,muf &SdovJ/ 'Dae&mrSmvmpkyg/ Zvyfyef;,lvmwJh ausmif;om;awGu 'Dae&mrSm av;u ta&mifav;u eD&Jw,f/ tpkvdkuf pkyGifh&if odyfvSygw,f/ 'gaMumifh om;u
vmpkygvdkY q&mruajymygr,f/ tm;vHk;pkNyD;aomtcg rwlwJhyef;awG ,lvmolrsm;u rdrd cspfwmygvdkY ajzygw,f/
ae&mrSm &yfaeMuygr,f/ uJ? tckqdk&if b,fyef;,lvm wJhuav;ta&twGufu trsm; q&mr / / uav;wdkY bmaMumihfcspfw,fqdkwm odyfaumif;w,f/ vlwdkif;rSm rdrdESpfoufrItay:
qHk;vJ/ (a&wGufjcif;ESifh EdIif;,SOfjcif;udk odatmifar;jcif;) rlwnfNyD; cspfEdkifygw,f/ rdrda&G;cs,frIt& trsKd;rsKd;uJGEdkifovkd wlwmvnf;jzpfEdkifygw,f/
uav;rsm; / / pHy,fyef;,lvmolawGu (8) a,muf&ydS gw,f/ trsm;qH;k yg q&mr/ 'kw, d trsm;qH;k uawmh
ESi;f qDyef;jzpfygw,f/ (6) a,muf&ydS gw,f/ ZDZ0gyef;,lvmwmawmh (4) a,muf&ydS gw,f/ 8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;
Zvyfyef;,lvmwmawmh (3) a,muf&Sdygw,f/ yk@&dufyef; ,lvmwmawmh (1) a,muf
&Sdygw,f q&mr/ q&mr / / uJuav;wdkY ,lvmwJhyef;awGu bmyef;awGvJ/
q&mr / / uav;wdkYa&wGufwm rSefw,f/ yef;ta&twGuf trsm;tenf;tvdkuf wef;pDr,fqdk&if uav;rsm; / / pHy,fyef;? ESif;qDyef;? Zvyfyef;? ZDZ0gyef;? yk@&dufyef;? a'pDyef;awGygq&mr/
b,fvpkd MD urvJ/ trsm;qHk;u 'Dae&mrSmpDr,fqdk&if usefwJhyef;awG ,lvmolawGu tpD q&mr / / uav;wdkY,lvmwJhyef;awGrSm uav;trsm;qHk;,lvmwJhyef;u bmyef;vJ/
tpOftvdkuf pDjyygOD;/ uav;rsm; / / pHy,fyef;yg q&mr/
uav;rsm; / / uav;rsm;wef;pDwm rnDrnmjzpfaeygonf/ pkNyHKaeovdk jzpfaeygonf/ q&mr / / vlawGu yef;awGudk cspfMuwm bmaMumifhvJ/

56 57
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

uav;rsm; / / yef;awGu ta&mifuvnf; vSw,f/ arT;vnf;arT;w,f/ 'gaMumifh vlawGu olwdkYudk 1/ acgif;pOf ]]wm0efauswJhopfyifeJYopfaphav;rsm;}}
cspfMuygw,f/
2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/
atmufyguAsmudk q&mrESifhuav;rsm; trlt&mjzifh oDqdkMuygrnf/
3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf
(1) wm0efauswJoh pfyifrsm;eJY opfaphav;rsm;taMumif; ajymjywwfygrnf/
yef;uav;wdkif;vSygw,f (2) opfyifawG? opfaphav;awGudk wm0efausaomuav;rsm;jzpfatmif
b,fvdkaexdkif&rnfqdkwmudk ajymjywwfygrnf/
yef;uav;wdkif;vSygw,f/ tvSudk,fpD&SdMuw,f/ 4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf/
&eHYoif;wJhyef;udkawmh? vlwdkif;ydkcspfaygh/
yef;vSwmu bmeJYwl? ½kyfvSwmeJYwl/ 5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; opfyifatmufrSm aygufaeaom trsKd;wlopfyifav;rsm;udk oGm;a&muf
arT;MuLwmubmeJYwl? pdwfvSwmeJYwl/ avhvmjcif;/
pdwfxm;vSol bmeJYwl? arT;wJhyef;eJYwl/
arT;wJhyef;qdk vlwdkif;u? oabmusw,fAs/ 6/ oifMum;oif,lrI uGif;qif;NyD; Munfh½Iavhvmenf;?
pdwfxm;vSol b,fvdkvl? trsm;udkulnDol/ enf;vrf;rsm; aqG;aEG;ajymqdkenf;/
oli,fcsif;udkvnf; ulwwfol? rdbq&mvnf;ul/
i,foludkvnf;tNrJul? OD;pm;ay;wwfol/ 7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;
q&mrESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf aeomwJhaeYwpfaeYrSm ausmif;teD;rSmaygufaewJh ukuúdKyifBuD; wpfyifatmuf
udk oGm;a&mufygw,f/ opfyifBuD;atmufrSmaygufaewJh ukuúdKyifaygufav;awGem;rSm 0dkif;&yfvdkufMuNyD;
atmufygtwdkif; aqG;aEG;Muygw,f/ (a'otvdkufaygufwJhtyifudk tpm;xdk;oif&ef jzpfygw,f/)

q&mr / / uJ? uav;wdkYa&/ tck q&mrwdkY t&dyfcdk&yfaewJh opfyifBuD;udk bmyifac:ovJqdkwm

odwJhuav;awGu vufaxmifNyD;jyyg/
pHy,fyef;av; uav;rsm; / / odwJhuav;rsm;u tyifudk b,fvdkac:aMumif;odwJhtwGuf vufawGaxmifMuygw,f/
rodwJhuav;awGuawmh vufaxmifwJh uav;awGudk ai;MunfhaeMuygw,f/ 'Dawmh
pHy,fyef;av;? oif;MuLMuL? vufaxmifjywJh uav;wpfa,mufudk q&mru orD;u tJ'Dtyifudk b,fvdkac:aMumif;
oli,fcsif;awG tm;vHk;
&eHYoif;vdkYtqif;jzL?
odatmif ajymjyvdkufyg
pHy,fyef;av; bmvYdkjzL/
vdkY ajymvdkufygw,f/
pdwfxm;vSvdkYjzL/ uav; / / odwJhuav;u tJ'Dtyif
pHy,fyef;av; bmvdkYarT;? udk ukuúdKyifac:aMumif;
pdwfxm;vSvdkYarT;/ tm;vHk;Mum;atmif ajym
toGifvnf;vS? pdwfxm;vS/ jyvdkufygw,f/
pHy,fyef;vdkYusifhBuHMu/ q&mr / / opfyiftrnfukd tm;vH;k
odatmif ajymjyay;wJh
twGuf aus;Zl;wifyg
w,f/ tck tyifBuD;&JU
atmufbufrmS tyifi,f
av;awGtrsm;BuD;ayguf
aewmawGUrdMuao;vm;/
58 59
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

uav;rsm; / / opfyifaygufav;rsm;udk teD;uyfMunfh&if; awGUygw,fq&mrvdkY jyefajzMuygw,f/ 8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;

aoaocsmcsmMunfhwJhuav;awGu wcsdKUtyifav;awG&JU t&Gufxdyfem;rSm opfaphtcHG
awmif ruGmao;bJ usefaeao;wmudkawGUNyD; awGUjrifwmudkajymjyMuygw,f/ q&mr / / uav;wdYk a& opfyifawGtaMumif;avhvmcJw h mrSm opfyifawGu wm0efausw,fvYkdajymwm
q&mr / / at;/ [kwfw,f/ q&mrvnf; wcsdKUtyifi,fav;awG&JU t&GufrSm opfaphawmif ruGm bmudkwm0efausw,fvdkY uav;wdkYem;vnfcJhovJ/
ao;wmudk awGUaeygw,f/ tJ'Dtyifi,fav;awGu bmyifawGjzpfr,fvdkYxifovJvdkY uav;rsm; / / opfyifBuD;awGu toD;awGudk ajrrSma<uusapygw,f/ 'guvnf; tyifBuD;awG wm0ef
ar;vdkufygw,f/ auswm jzpfygw,f/ a<uuswJhopfaphawGuvnf; a&wdkY? ajrwdkY? aewdkYeJY xdawGUwJhtcgrSm
uav;rsm; / / ukuúdKyifatmufbufrSm aygufw,fqdkawmh 'Dtyifi,fav;awGuvnf; ukuúdKyifawG tyifi,fav;awG aygufvmygw,f/ tJ'guvnf; opfaphawGwm0efauswmjzpfygw,f/
jzpfr,fxifygw,fvdkY ajymMuygw,f/ q&mr / / opfyifawG? opfaphav;awG wm0efausovdk uav;wdkYvnf; wm0efaus&r,fqdkwm bm
q&mr / / [kwfygw,f/ ukuúdKyifatmufrSmqdk&if trsm;tm;jzifh ukudúKaphawGusNyD; ukudúKyifav;awG wm0efawGauszdkY vdkovJ/
aygufvmygw,f/ wrmyifatmufrSmqdk&ifaum/ uav;rsm; / / uav;awGtwGuf ywf0ef;usifqdkwm tdrf? vrf;? ausmif;? &yf&Gmywf0ef;usifawGrSm rdrd
uav;rsm; / / wrmyifatmufrSmaygufwJh tyifi,fav;awGu wrmyifawGjzpfrSmyg q&mr/ aMumifh ajrBuD;? jrpfacsmif;? tif;tdkifawGrSm npfywfwmrsKd;rjzpfatmif? avxJrSmvnf;
q&mr / / at;/ [kwfw,f/ 'Dtyifi,fav;awG[m ukudúKyifi,fav;awG jzpfygw,f/ ukudúKyifBuD; rdrdaMumifh ywf0ef;usifudktaESmifht,SufjzpfwmrsKd; rjzpfatmifxdef;odrf; apmifha&Smufwm
uvnf; olYopfaphav;awGudk wm0efausaus ajrrSmcsay;w,f/ ukudúKaphav;awGuvnf; rsKd;? rdrdaMumifh ywf0ef;usif ydkoefY&Sif;atmif? ydkaumif;atmif? ydk*kPfwufp&mjzpfatmif
ajrwdkY? a&wdkYeJYxdvmwJhtcgrSm ukudúKyifi,fav;awG aygufvmapygw,f/ ukudúKyifBuD;u vkyfay;wmudk wm0efausw,fvdkY owfrSwfygw,f q&mr/
vnf; olYwm0efudkausatmif vkyfaqmifay;w,f/ ukudúKaphi,fav;awGuvnf; olwdkY q&mr / / [kwfw,f/ uav;wdkYajymwmrSefygw,f/ rdrdywf0ef;usifudk rdrdaMumifh rnpfnrf;apwm/
wm0efausatmif aqmif&u G af y;Muygw,f/ tJ'v D kd rdrw
d m0efukd ausatmifaqmif&u
G af y;wJh ajrBuD;ay:eJY? a&awGxJrSm trdIufawGypfwmrsKd; rvkyfMuwm/ avxJrSm rD;cdk;awGjzpfatmif
twGuf tckukudúKyifi,fav;awGudk awGU&wmjzpfygw,f/ wm0efausw,fqdkwm uav; vnf; trdIufawG rD;r½dIUMuwm/ ywf0ef;usifrSm qlnHNyD; taESmifht,Sufjzpfatmifvnf;
wdkY b,fvdkem;vnfMuovJ/ wm0efausatmifvkyfaqmifwm aumif;ovm;uav;wdkY/ toHrvkyfMuwm/ ywf0ef;usifpdrf;vef;pdkjynfatmif opfyifyef;tvSyifpdkufwm/ trdIuf
uav;rsm; / / wm0efausw,fqw kd m ud,
k vf yk &f r,ft
h vkyu
f kd vkyaf qmifwmjzpfygw,f/ wm0efausatmif awGudk usif;wl;NyD; pepfwusypfwmawG[m wm0efauswJhvkyfief;awG jzpfygw,f/
vkyfaqmifwm aumif;ygw,f q&mr/
q&mr / / uav;wdkYtdrfrSmqdk&ifvnf; b,folYrSm bmwm0efawG&SdMuovJ/ atmufyguAsmav;tm; q&mESifhausmif;om;twlwuG trlt&mjzifh &GwfqdkMuygrnf/
uav;rsm; / / azazuawmh ydkufqH&SmwJhwm0efudk t"duaqmif&Guf&ygw,f/ araruawmh tdrfrSm
csufjyKwfNyD; pm;p&m&atmif t"dutm;jzifh aqmif&Gufay;ygw,f/ orD;wdkYwm0efuawmh
wm0efauswJhuav;rsm;
azazararudktdrfrSm 0dkif;ulvkyfay;&ygw,f/ azazararcdkif;wJh tdrfrItvkyfawGudk 0dkif;vkyf
ay;&ygw,f/ NyD;awmh ausmif;oGm;&ygw,f/ ausmif;rSmvnf; q&mray;wJh tvkyfawGudk
1/ trdIufawGudkBuHKovdkrypfeJY?
NyD;atmifvkyfaqmifay;&ygw,f/
ajrrSmwl;vdkYjr§Kyf&w,f/
q&mr / / uav;wdkYu rdom;pkrSmvnf; wm0ef,l&wmawG&Sdw,f/ ausmif;rSmvnf; wm0ef,l&wm
trdIufawG[m ajraqG;jzpfvdkY
awG &Sdw,f/ uav;wdkYaexdkifwJhywf0ef;usifrSmaum tjcm;bmwm0efawG&Sdao;ovJ/
opfyifpdkuf&moHk;&w,f/ oHk;r,f? oHk;r,f/
uav;rsm; / / bmrSrajzwJhtwGuf q&mru atmufygtwdkif; qufvufaqG;aEG;ygw,f/
q&mr / / uav;wdYk ausmif;vmwJt h cgrSm vrf;twdik ;f avQmufvm&w,f/ vrf;uvnf; uav;wdYk 2/ trdIufawGudka&xJrypfeJY?
ywf0ef;usiyf /J ausmif;a&mufw,fqdk&if ausmif;uvnf; uav;wdkY&JU ywf0ef;usifyJ/ a&awGroefYjzpfwwfw,f/
uav;wdkYu &yf&GmwpfckrSmaexdkifwJhtwGuf &yf&Gmuvnf; uav;wdkYtwGuf ywf0ef;
usifyJ/ 'gaMumifh udk,hfywf0ef;usifudk udk,fhaMumifh npfywfatmif? t½kyfqdk;atmif? emrnf 3/ trdIufawGudkrD;r½dIUeJY?
ysufatmif rvkyf&bl;/ vrf;rSmom trdIufrypf&wmr[kwfygbl;/ a&xJrSmvnf; trdIuf rD;cdk;rTefvdkYavnpfr,f/
ypfwmrsKd;awG rvkyf&ygbl;/ avxJrSmvnf; rD;cdk;awGjzpfatmif trdIufawG rD;½dIUwmrsKd;awG 4/ 0ef;usifpdrf;atmiftyifpdkufpdkY?
vnf; rvkyf&ygbl;/ toHawGqlnHNyD; ywf0ef;usifudk taESmifht,Sufjzpfatmifvnf; t&dyf&vdkY tvSqifr,f/
rvkyf&ygbl;/ ywf0ef;usifrSm ydkoefY&Sif;atmif? ydkaumif;atmif? ydk*kPfwufatmif vkyf tJ'Dwm0efausatmifvkyf&if?
aqmifay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygw,f/ wm0efauswJhuav;jzpfr,f/
BudK;pm;uG,f? BudK;pm;r,f/

60 61
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

1/ acgif;pOf ]]opfyif\tpdwftydkif;rsm;}}
2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/
3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf
opfyif\ t"dutpdwftydkif; (4)rsKd;udk ajymjywwfrnf/ opfyif\ t"du
tpdwftydkif; (4)rsKd;\ vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk ajymjywwfrnf/

4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef (40) rdepf? (2) csdef/

5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; á opfyif\tpdwftydkif; (4) ydkif;jy ydkpwm?

á opfyif\tpdwftydkif; (4) ydkif;uGufvyfjznfhygvkyfief;pm&Guf/
á opfyif\tpdwftydkif; (4) ydkif; pmvHk;uwfjym;ESifh
tu©&m r? p? u? & pmvHk;uwfjym;/
t&Guf
6/ oifMum;oif,lrI a[majymydkYcsaqG;aEG;enf;?
enf;vrf;rsm; tkyfpki,fzGJUvkyfief;/
tudkif;tcuf
tjrpf
7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;/
yifpnf
uav;wpfa,muftm; twef;a&SUodkYxGufí rdrd\cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ñTefjyum tpdwftydkif;\
trnfrsm;udk twef;om;rsm;tm; ajymjyapygrnf/ tjcm;uav;wpfa,muftm; twef;a&SUodYkxu G &f yfapygrnf/
xdkuav;tm;MunfhNyD; olY\cE¨mudk,f tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tjcm;uav;rsm;u ajymjyapygrnf/ vlwGif
cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;&SdouJhodkY opfyifwGifvnf; tpdwftydkif;rsm;&SdaMumif; aqGaEG;ygrnf/ opfyif\
tpdwftydkif; (4) ydkif;jyydkpwmudk csdwfqJGjyovsuf opfyiftpdwftydkif; (4) ydkif;jzpfonfh tjrpf? yifpnf?
tudkif;? t&Guf a0g[m&pum;vHk; (4) vHk;udk rdwfqufay;ygrnf/ &Gwfqdkjyygrnf/ uav;rsm; vdkufvH&Gwfqdk
apygrnf/
opfyiftpdwftydkif;ydkpwm/

7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;/
tyiftpdwftydkif; a0g[m&pum;vHk;rsm;a&;jyNyD; a0g[m&pum;vHk;rS t"dupum;vHk;udk rsOf;om;jyygrnf/
xdkpum;vHk;zJGUpnf;xm;onfh tajccHtu©&mrsm;udk ajymjyygrnf/

á tjrpf = r
á yifpnf = p
á tudkif; = u
á t&Guf = &

vl\cE¨mudk,f tpdwftydkif;wpfckpDonf olYvkyfief;wm0efrsm;&Sdovdk opfyif\tpdwftydkif; wpfckpDrSmvnf;

oufqdkif&m vkyfief;wm0efrsm;&SdaMumif;aqG;aEG;ygrnf/
62 63
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

á tjrpf - ajrBuD;atmuftwGif;&Sd tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/ opfyifudkwnfNrJatmif axmufray;

onf/ ajrqDvTmrS a&ESifh tm[m&"mwfudk pkyf,lonf/ odrf;qnf;onf/ yifpnfrS
wpfqifh t&GufodkY tpmcsufvkyf&efay;ydkYonf/
á yifpnf - opfyifxdyfqHk;ydkif;&Sd tudkif;tcuf? t&GufwdkYudk axmufray;onf/ tjrpfuay;ydkYaom
tm[m&ESifha&udk t&GufqDodkY ydkYay;onf/ t&GufucsufvkyfNyD;aom tpmudk tjrpfqDodkY
jyefvnfo,f,lydkYaqmifay;onf/
á tudkif;tcuf - yifpnfxyd yf ikd ;f rS jzmxGuo
f nf/ opf&u
G rf sm;a0qmpGm xGu&f adS p&ef taxmuftyHah y;aom
tydkif;jzpfonf/
á t&Guf - aea&mifjcnfrS&&Sdaom pGrf;tifudk tpmtjzpfcsufvkyfay;onf/

8/ wwfajrmufrIppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;/

uav;rsm;tm; tkyfpk (4) pkzJGUyg/ tkyfpk (1) pkpDodkY tyiftpdwftydkif; (4) cktrnfrsm;a&;xm;aom uwfjym;
ESifh tu©&m (4) rsKd;uwfjym;udk a0xm;ygrnf/ q&mu opfyiftpdwt f ydik ;f wpfc\
k trnfu&kd w
G q
f v
kd Qif
uav;u tyiftpdwt f ydik ;f a&;xm;aom uwfjym;ESihf tu©&muwfjym;udk ,lNyD; uGufvyfjznfhyg ydkpwmwGif
vma&mufuyfapygrnf/ xdkYaemuf ,if;tpdwftydkif;\ vkyfief;udk tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;odkY ajymjyapygrnf/
tjrefqHk;ESifh rSefrSefuefuefa&G;cs,fNyD; ajymjyEdkifaomtkyfpku trSwf&ygrnf/

atmufazmfjyygyHw
k iG f oufqikd &f m opfyiftpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;trnfuwfjym;ESihf t"dutu©&mpmvH;k udk uyfay;
yg/

tjrpf r

tudkif; u
uav;rsm;tm;atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdkapygrnf/

q&mr / / tjrpfonf opfyif\b,fae&mwGif&SdovJ/

t&Guf & uav;rsm; / / opfyif&JUatmufqHk;ydkif; ajrBuD;atmufwGif&Sd/
q&m / / tjrpf&JU vkyfief;awGu bmawGvJ/
uav;rsm; / / opfyifudk wnfNrJaeatmif axmufray;onf/ ajrqDvTmrSa&ESifh tm[m&"mwfudk pkyf,l
yifpnf p onf/ odrf;qnf;onf/ yifpnfrSwpfqifh t&GufodkY tpmcsufvkyf&ef ay;ydkYonf/
q&m / / opfyifrSm tjrpfr&Sd&if bmjzpfrvJ/
uav;rsm; / / (tajztrsKd;rsKd;) aooGm;r,f? ajcmufoGm;r,f? tyifvJusoGm;r,f pojzifh . . . /
q&m / / yifpnfonf opfyif\ b,fae&mwGif&SdovJ/
uav;rsm; / / tjrpfESifhtudkif;Mum;/
q&m / / yifpnfu bmawGvkyfay;ovJ/
64 65
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

uav;rsm; / / opfyifxdyfqHk;ydkif;&Sd tudkif;tcuf? t&GufwdkYudk axmufray;onf/ tjrpfuay;ydkYaom 1/ acgif;pOf ]]tyifayguf&ef t"duvdktyfcsufrsm;}}

tm[m&ESifh a&udk t&GufqDodkY ydkYay;onf/ t&Gufu csufvkyfNyD;aomtpmudk tjrpfqDodkY
jyefvnfo,f,lydkYaqmifay;onf/ 2/ twef; 'kwd,wef;/
q&m / / yifpnf&JU vkyfief;awGudk o½kyfazmfyHk a&;qGJyg/
3/ oif,lrI&v'f ,ckoifcef;pmoifNyD;aomtcg uav;rsm;onf
uav; / / (yHktrsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkif) yifpnf&JU vkyfief;awGudk o½kyfazmfyHk/
(1) vufawGUudk,fwdkif tyifpdkufysdK;wwfvmrnf/
q&m / / tudkif;tcufawGu opfyif&JU b,fae&mrSm &SdovJ/
(2) taphrS tyifayguf&ef t"duvdktyfcsufrsm;udk ajymjywwfrnf/
uav; / / yifpnfxdyfydkif;rS jzmxGufaew,f/
(3) taphrS tyifaygufyHktqifhqifhudk aocsmpGm Munfh½IavhvmwwfjyD;
q&m / / tudkif;tcufu bmvkyfay;ovJ/
jyefajymjywwfrnf/
uav;rsm; / / opf&Gufrsm;a0qmpGm xGuf&Sdap&ef taxmuftyHhay;/
q&m / / t&GufawGu b,fae&mrSm &SdvJ/ 4/ vdktyfaomtcsdef rdepf (40)? (2)csdef/
uav;rsm; / / tudkif;tcufawGrSjzmxGufae/ opfyiftudkif;tcufawG&JU xdyfqHk;ydkif;/ «pdkufysdK;&ef (1) csdefESifh Munfh½IavhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm; jyefvnfaqG;aEG;&ef
q&m / / t&GufawGu bmvkyfay;vJ/ (1) csdefjzpfygonf/ Mum;xJwGif wpfywf? (10) &ufcefY ausmif;rwufrD
uav;rsm; / / aea&mifjcnfrS&&Sdaom pGrf;tifudk tpmtjzpfcsufvkyfay;w,f/ (odkYr[kwf) ausmif;qif;csdefwGif rdrdtkyfpkwm0efusonfhtyifrsm;tm; aeYpOf
a&avmif;&efESifh awGU&Sdcsufudk rSwfom;xm;&ef vdktyfygrnf/»
5/ vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; á yJBuD;aph(4) aph?
á ajrBuD;/
6/ oifMum;oif,lrI tkyfpki,fzGJUvkyfief;vkyfaqmifenf;?
enf;vrf;rsm; Munfh½Iavhvmenf;/

7/ oif,lrIvkyfief;/

(yxrqifh)
,ckvkyfief;udk wpfywf (odkYr[kwf) (10) &ufcefY BudKwifvkyfaqmif&ef jzpfygonf/

66 67
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

cGuf(1) yJBuD;aphudk ajrBuD;xJxnfhygrnf/ aeYpOfa&avmif;ygrnf/ cGuf(3) yJBuD;aphudk ajrBuD;rygbJ cGufxJxnfhygrnf/ aeYpOfa&avmif;ygrnf/

aea&mif&&Sdonfhae&mwGif xm;ygrnf/ aea&mif&&Sdonfhae&mwGif xm;ygrnf/

cGuf(2) yJBuD;aphudk ajrBuD;xJxnfhygrnf/ cGuf(4) yJBuD;aphudk ajrBuD;xJxnfhygrnf/

aea&mif&&Sdonfhae&mwGif xm;ygrnf/ a&ravmif;yg/ aeYpOfa&avmif;ygrnf/ aea&mifr&onfhae&mwGif xm;ygrnf/

68 69
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

uav;rsm;tm; bmjzpfvmr,fxifovJvdkY BudKwifcefYrSef;apygrnf/ uav;rsm;\ BudKwifcefYrSef;csufrsm;udk

rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygrnf/
q&m / / taph&JUBuD;xGm;rItajctae b,fvdkjzpfvmrvJ/ cGuftm;vHk;twlwl jzpfr,fxifovm;/
uav; / / (tajztrsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkif) wlr,f? rwlbl; pojzifh (MudKwifcefYrSef;csufrsm;udk rSef? rSm; ajym&ef
r[kwfbJ rSwfwrf;wifxm;&efomjzpfygonf/)
q&m / / tyifaygufrItaumif;qHk;cGufu b,fcGufjzpfrvJ/
uav; / / (tajztrsK;d rsK;d jzpfEikd )f cGuf (1)? cGuf (2)? cGuf (3)? cGu(f 4) pojzifh (BudKwifcefYreS ;f csurf sm;udk
rSef? rSm; ajym&efr[kwfbJ rSwfwrf;wifxm;&efom jzpfygonf/)

uav;rsm;udktkyfpk (4) pkcJGyg/ tkyfpk (1) pkpDtm; cGufwpfckpDudk aeYpOfñTefMum;csuftwdkif; aqmif&Guf&efESifh

Munfh½IavhvmrSwfwrf;wif&ef wm0efay;ygrnf/

('kwd,qifh)
wpfywf (odYk r[kw)f (10) &ufMumaomtcg cGuaf v;cGuu f kd uav;tm;vH;k tm; aocsmpGmMunf½h aI vhvmapNyD;
awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;jyKpkygrnf/ uav;wdkYESifh bmawGawGU&Sd&ovJ aqG;aEG;ygrnf/

cGuf(1) cGuf(2) cGuf(3) cGuf(4)

awGU&Sdcsuf tapmqHk; tyif tyifrayguf/ tan§mifhxGufaomfvnf; taygufaemufus?
ayguf? tyif&Sifoef/ tyifrayguf/ tyifBuHKvSD/

q&m / / uav;wdkYcefYrSef;xm;csufrsm;ESifh awGY&Sdcsufrsm; wlnDygovm;/ bmaMumifhvJ/

uav; / / (tajztrsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkif) wlnDygw,f/ uGJjym;aeygw,f/ (taMumif;&if;rsm;vnf; trsKd;rsKd;
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q&m / / cGuf (2) rSmbmawGUvJ/ bmaMumifhjzpfwmvdkY xifovJ/
uav; / / tyifrayguf/ ajrMuD;a&m? aea&mifa&m &ayr,fh tyif&SifoefzdkY a&r&vdkY/
q&m / / cGuf (3) rSmbmawGUvJ/ bmaMumifhjzpfwmvdkYxifovJ/
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q&m / / cGuf (4) rSm bmawGUvJ/ bmaMumifhjzpfwmvdkY xifovJ/
uav; / / tyifaygufaemufus/ tyifusKHvSD/ ajrBuD;eJY aeYpOfa&&&Sdaomfvnf; aea&mifr&wJhtwGuf/
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70 71
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

72 73
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

74 75
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

76 77
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

78 79
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

80 81
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

82 83
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

84 85
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

86 87
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

88 89
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

90 91
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

92 93
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

94 95
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

96 97
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

98 99
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

100 101
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

102 103
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

104 105
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

106 107
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

108 109
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

110 111
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

112 113
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

114 115
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

116 117
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

118 119
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

120 121
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

122 123
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

124 125
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

126 127
 'kwd,wef; 'kwd,wef;

128 129