Wireless Networkng

By: Fitsum A.

MTU
By: Fitsum A. (MTU) Wireless Networkng December 5, 2023 1 / 73
 Chapter One
Introduction to Wireless
Communication Systems

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outline

Introduction
Wireless Communications
Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
Mobile Radio Systems Around the World
Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications
Examples of Wireless Communication Systems
Wireless Communications System Definitions

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

The communication system is a system model that describes a

communication exchange between two stations, transmitter,
and receiver.
Signals or information passes from source to destination through a
channel, which represents a way that signal use it to move from
source toward destination.
Data transmission process between sender and receiver is refer to
data communication, and deployed physical environment
(hardware / software / protocols / channel ) is network.
Provide electronic exchange of multimedia data, Voice, data,
video, music, email, web pages, etc.

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

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Components of Data Communication

The information to be transmitted is electromagnetic wave or electrical

signal may represent: multimedia data, Voice, data, video,
music, email, web pages, etc

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Components of Data Communication
1 Message (Resource) - all sharable / accessible items over
network, which may physical / virtual, knows as resource.
2 Sender - it is a computer / device from which data / files are
send to specific destination.
3 Receiver - It is the device which receives the data
messages/files/resources.
4 Transmission Medium
physical channel like; network cable, fiber optic, electrical wire,
twisted-pair wire and etc.
logical or virtual channel like; wireless, radio frequency, Wi-Fi,
Wi-Max, and Bluetooth
5 Protocol - Protocols regulate the following characteristics of a
network: access method, allowed physical topologies, types of
cabling, and speed of data transfer. Protocols may include
signaling, authentication, error detection method, and network
policies.
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Types Of Communication Systems
Depending on Signal specification or technology, the communication
system is classified as follows:
Analog
Analog technology communicates data as electronic signals of
varying frequency or amplitude. Broadcast and telephone
transmission are common examples of Analog technology.
Digital
In digital technology, the data are generated and processed in two
states: High (represented as 1) and Low (represented as 0). Digital
technology stores and transmits data in the form of 1s and 0s.

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Types Of Communication Systems

Depending on the communication channel, the communication system

is categorized as follows:
Wired (Line communication)
Parallel wire communication
Twisted wire communication
Coaxial cable communication
Optical fiber communication
Wireless (Space communication)
Ground wave communication
Skywave communication
Space wave communication
Satellite communication

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Examples Of Communication Systems

The following are a few examples of communication systems:

Public Switched Telephone network
Television ad radio
Cellular communication
Internet

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Wireless Communications

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Wireless Communications

Wireless communications is a type of data communication that

is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that
incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a wireless
signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting
information from one point to other, without using any connection
like wires, cables or any physical medium.
Wireless communication generally works through
electromagnetic signals that are broadcast by an enabled device
within the air, physical environment or atmosphere.

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Why Wireless Communication?

The primary and important benefit of wireless communication is

mobility. Apart from mobility, wireless communication also offers
flexibility and ease of use, which makes it increasingly popular day
by day. Wireless Communication like mobile telephony can be
made anywhere and anytime with a considerably high
throughput performance.
Another important point is infrastructure. The setup and
installation of infrastructure for wired communication systems is
an expensive and time consuming job. The infrastructure for
wireless communication can be installed easily and low cost.
In emergency situations and remote locations, where the
setup of wired communication is difficult, wireless communication
is a viable option.

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Wireless and Mobile Communications

Mobile is the ability to be on the move. A mobile device is

anything that can be used on the move, ranging from laptops to
mobile phones. As long as location is not fixed, it is considered
mobile.
User mobility: users communicate anytime, anywhere, with
anyone
Device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere
to the network
Wireless refers to the transmission of voice and data over
radio waves. It allows workers to communicate with enterprise
data without requiring a physical connection to the network.
The wireless network itself can be accessed from mobile workers,
as well as in fixed locations.

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Wireless Transmission

Wireless systems operate via transmission through space, other

than through physical connections. Without the use of wires or
electronic conductors, wireless communication allows for
information to be transmitted by using electromagnetic waves.
The various types of wireless communication include radio
broadcast (RF), infrared (IR), satellite, microwave, and Bluetooth.
Mobile phones, GPS, Wi-Fi, and cordless telephones are devices
that use wireless transmission to exchange data and information.
Two major issues involved in wireless mode of communication are:
1 Communication channel often varies with time and frequency
2 There is always interference between multiple service users

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Wireless Transmission

The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of

electromagnetic radiation according to the wavelength or
frequencies.
The full electromagnetic spectrum ranges from three Hz
(extremely low frequency) to 300 EHz (gamma rays).

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Wireless Transmission

Communicating between two or more devices using a wireless

signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
We can divide wireless transmission waves into three broad
groups: radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves.

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Wireless Transmission

Radio Waves
The first wireless communication technology is open radio
communication to seek out widespread use, and it still serves a
purpose nowadays.
Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 kHz and
1 GHz are normally called radio waves.
Radio waves are electromagnetic signals, that are transmitted by
an antenna.
Radio waves, for the most part, are omnidirectional. When an
antenna transmits radio waves, they are propagated in all
directions. This means that the sending and receiving antennas
do not have to be aligned.

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Wireless Transmission

Omnidirectional antenna

Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems.

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Wireless Transmission

Applications
The omnidirectional characteristics of radio waves make them
useful for multicasting, in which there is one sender but many
receivers.
Radio waves, particularly those waves that propagate in the sky
mode, can travel long distances. This makes radio waves a good
candidate for long-distance broadcasting such as AM and FM
radio, television, maritime radio, cordless phones, and
paging are examples of multicasting.
Radio waves, particularly those of low and medium frequencies,
can penetrate walls.

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Wireless Transmission
Microwaves
Microwaves are good for transmitting information from one place
to another because microwave energy can penetrate haze, light
rain and snow, clouds, and smoke.
Microwave is a form of high frequency radio signal in which the
signal is not broadcast but is transmitted in a straight line
through the air.
Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300
GHz are called microwaves.
Microwaves are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits
microwave waves, they can be narrowly focused. This means that
the sending and receiving antennas need to be aligned.
The unidirectional property has an obvious advantage. A pair of
antennas can be aligned without interfering with another pair of
aligned antennas.
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Wireless Transmission

Microwaves
Two types of antennas are used for microwave communications:
the parabolic dish and the horn.
A parabolic dish antenna is based on the geometry of a
parabola: Every line parallel to the line of symmetry (line of sight)
reflects off the curve at angles such that all the lines intersect in a
common point called the focus. These antennas find their
applications as high gain antennas for point-to-point
communication and also as radio telescopes. Satellite method
A Horn antennas: A horn antenna or microwave horn is an
antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a
horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Theyre used today for radar
guns, door sensors, and microwave radiometers. Terrestrial
method

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Wireless Transmission

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular

telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.

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Wireless Transmission

Applications
Microwaves, due to their unidirectional properties, are very useful
when unicast (one-to-one) communication is needed between the
sender and the receiver.
They are used in cellular phones, satellite networks, and wireless
LANs, Wi-Fi, GPS.
Microwaves are used for cooking food and for satellite
communications.

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Wireless Transmission
Infrared
Infrared (IR) is relatively low energy and can be used for
short-range communication.
IR waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz
(wavelengths from 1 mm to 770 nm).
Infrared waves, having high frequencies, cannot penetrate walls.
This advantageous characteristic prevents interference between
one system and another in one room cannot be affected by another
system in the next room.
IR only allows a one-to-one type of connection.
It is generally used for short-range, line-of-sight,
communications.

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Wireless Transmission

Applications
The Infrared Data Association (IrDA), an association for
sponsoring the use of infrared waves, has established standards for
using these signals for communication between devices such as
keyboards, mice, PCs, and printers.
For example, some manufacturers provide a special port called the
IrDA port that allows a wireless keyboard to communicate
with a PC.

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Propagation Modes in Wireless Transmission

Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are
available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them.
The various methods of propagation depend largely on frequency .
This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.
Unguided signals can travel from the source to destination in
several ways: Propagation methods
1 Ground Propagation,
2 Sky Propagation, and
3 Line-of-Sight Propagation

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Propagation Modes in Wireless Transmission

Ground Propagation
In ground propagation, radio waves travel through the lowest
portion of the atmosphere, hugging the earth.
These low-frequency signals emanate in all directions from the
transmitting antenna and follow the curvature of the planet.
Distance depends on the amount of power in the signal: The
greater the power, the greater the distance.

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Propagation Modes in Wireless Transmission

Sky Propagation
In sky propagation, higher-frequency radio waves radiate
upward into the ionosphere (the layer of atmosphere where
particles exist as ions) where they are reflected back to earth.
This type of transmission allows for greater distances with lower
output power.

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Propagation Modes in Wireless Transmission

Line-or-Sight Propagation
In line-or-sight propagation, very high-frequency signals are
transmitted in straight lines directly from antenna to antenna.
Antennas must be directional, facing each other, and either tall
enough or close enough together not to be affected by the
curvature of the earth.

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Propagation Modes in Wireless Transmission

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Advantages of Wireless Communication

Cost: The cost of installing wires, cables and other infrastructure

is eliminated in wireless communication and hence lowering the
overall cost of the system compared to wired communication
system. In historical buildings, drilling holes for cables is not a
best idea as it destroys the integrity and importance of the
building.
Mobility: Mobility is the main advantage of wireless
communication system. It offers the freedom to move around while
still connected to network.
Ease of Installation: The setup and installation of wireless
communication networks equipment and infrastructure is very
easy as we need not worry about the hassle of cables.

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Advantages of Wireless Communication

Reliability: Since there are no cables and wires involved in

wireless communication, there is no chance of communication
failure due to damage of these cables, which may be caused by
environmental conditions, cable splice and natural diminution of
metallic conductors.
Disaster Recovery: In case of accidents due to fire, floods or
other disasters, the loss of communication infrastructure in
wireless communication system can be minimal.

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Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

The most concerning disadvantages are Interference, Security and

Health.
Interference: Wireless Communication systems use open space
as the medium for transmitting signals. As a result, there is a
huge chance that radio signals from one wireless communication
system or network might interfere with other signals.
Security: One of the main concerns of wireless communication is
Security of the data. Since the signals are transmitted in open
space, it is possible that an intruder can intercept the signals
and copy sensitive information.
Health Concerns: Continuous exposure to any type of
radiation can be hazardous. Even though the levels of RF energy
that can cause the damage are not accurately established, it is
advised to avoid RF radiation to the maximum.

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Limitations of Wireless Technologies

Higher loss-rates due to interference

emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning
Restrictive regulations of frequencies
frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all
occupied
Low transmission rates/ Limited memory
local some Mbit/s, regional e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM
Lower security, simpler active attacking
radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be
simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones
Always shared medium
secure access mechanisms important

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Applications

Applications can benefit from wireless networks and mobile

communications, particular application environments seem to be
predestined for their use.
Replacement of wired networks
Due to economic reasons, it is often impossible to wire remote
sensors for weather forecasts, earthquake detection, or to provide
environmental information.
Tradeshows need a highly dynamic infrastructure, but cabling takes
a long time and frequently proves to be too inflexible.
Wireless access points in a corner of the room can represent a
solution.

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Applications

Business
Enable the company to keep track of all activities of their travelling
employees,
Keep databases consistent With wireless access, the laptop can be
turned into a true mobile office,
Efficient and powerful synchronization mechanisms are needed to
ensure data consistency

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Applications

Vehicles
transmission of news, entertainment road conditions, weather
personal communication using cellular
position identification via GPS
inter vehicle communications for accident prevention
vehicle and road inter communications for traffic control, signaling,
data gathering
ambulances, police, etc.: early transmission of patient data to the
hospital, situation reporting

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Applications

Mobile workers
access to customer files and company documents stored in a central
location
collaborative work environments
access to email and voice messages

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Applications

Infotainment and more

Internet everywhere? Not without wireless networks!
Intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent
information (knowing via GPS, contact to a local base station, or
triangulation where you are).
Pay via electronic cash, and send this information to a service
provider.
ad-hoc networks for multi user games

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Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
Wireless Communication is enjoying its fastest growth period in
history due to enabling technologies which permit wide spread
deployment.
Wireless Communication was made available to the entire
population when Bell laboratories conceived the Cellular
concept in the1960s and 1970s.
With the development of highly reliable, miniature, solid state
radio frequency hardware in the 1970s,the wireless
communications era was born.
Figure given illustrates how mobile telephony has penetrated our
daily lives compared with other popular inventions of the 20th
century.
With the boom in citizens band (CB) radio and cordless
appliances, number of users of mobile and portable radio in 1995
was about 100 million or 37%of the U.S. population.
The number of cellular telephone users grew from 25000 in
1984 to about 16 million in 1994.
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Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

By 1934, 194 municipal police radio systems and 58 state police

stations had adopted amplitude modulation (AM) mobile
communication systems for public safety in the U.S.
In 1935, Edwin Armstrong demonstrated frequency modulation
(FM) for the first time, and since the late 1930s.
FM has been the primary modulation technique used for mobile
communication systems throughout the world.
Many mobile radio standards have been developed for wireless
systems throughout the world, and more standards are likely to
emerge.
The most common paging, cordless, cellular, and personal
communications standards used in North America, Europe,
and Japan.

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Mobile Radio Systems Around the World

History:
The world’s first cellular system was implemented by the Nippon
Telephone and Telegraph Company (NTT) in Japan.
The European Total Access Cellular System (ETACS) was
deployed 1985. The American system AMPs was almost identical
to ETACS.
In Germany, a cellular standard called C-450 was introduced in
1985.
The first generation European cellular systems are generally
incompatible with one another because of the different
frequencies and communication protocols used.
GSM (Global System for Mobile) which was first deployed in
1990 in a new 900 MHz band which all of Europe dedicated for
cellular telephone service

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Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications

The concept, called Personal Communication Services (PCS),

originated in the United Kingdom when three companies were
given spectrum in the 1800 MHz range to develop Personal
Communication Networks (PCN) throughout Great Britain.
PCN was seen by the U.K. as a means of improving its
international competitiveness in the wireless field while
developing new wireless systems and services for citizens.

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Examples of Wireless Communication Systems

Most people are familiar with a number of mobile radio

communication systems used in everyday life.
Garage door openers, remote controllers for home
entertainment equipment, cordless telephones, hand-held
walkie-talkies, pagers (also called paging receivers or beepers),
and cellular telephones are all examples of mobile radio
communication systems.
However, the cost, complexity, performance, and types of services
offered by each of these mobile systems are vastly different.
The term mobile has historically been used to classify any radio
terminal that could be moved during operation.

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Wireless Communications System Definitions

Base Station
A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with mobile stations. Base stations are located at
the center or on the edge of a coverage region and consist of radio
channels and transmitter and receiver antennas mounted on a
tower.
Control Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request, call
initiation, and other beacon or control purposes.
Forward Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of information from the base
station to the mobile.

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Wireless Communications System Definitions
Paging Systems
Paging systems are communication systems that send brief
messages to a subscriber. Depending on the type of service, the
message may be either a numeric message, an alphanumeric
message, or a voice message.
Paging systems are typically used to notify a subscriber of the
need to call a particular telephone number or travel to a known
location to receive further instructions.

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Wireless Communications System Definitions

SIMPLEX Systems
In this type of transmission mode, data can be sent only in one
direction i.e. communication is unidirectional. We cannot send a
message back to the sender.
Unidirectional communication is done in Simplex Systems where
we just need to send a command/signal, and do not expect any
response back.
Examples of simplex Mode are loudspeakers, television
broadcasting, television and remote, keyboard and monitor etc.
HALF DUPLEX Systems
Half-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted
in both directions on a signal carrier, but not at the same time.
Example of half duplex is a walkie- talkie in which message is sent
one at a time but messages are sent in both the directions.

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Wireless Communications System Definitions

Full Duplex Systems

Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication.
Example of Full Duplex is a Telephone Network in which there is
communication between two persons by a telephone line, using
which both can talk and listen at the same time.
Subscriber
A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communications system.
Transceiver
A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving
radio signals.

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By: Fitsum A. (MTU) Wireless Networkng December 5, 2023 50 / 73
 Chapter Two
Modern Wireless Communication
Systems

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Cellular Network

Cellular telephone systems are designed to provide two-way

voice communication at regional or national coverage.
Each transmitter is called a Base Station which covers certain
area called a Cell.

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Cellular Communication services

Voice communication
Short Messaging Service (SMS)
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) to access the Internet

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Cellular System

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Mobile Cellular System Components

Mobile Station (MS)

Transmitter, Receiver, Antenna, CPU and Battery, End User
Interface , Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Base Station (BS)
Interfaces with MSC using Communicates RF energy.
RF transmission of information to MSC and RF reception from
MSC.
Voice processing and Actual handoff.
Components: Voice radios, Setup radios, Locate radios, Antennas,
Voice trunks to MSC, Data link to MSC

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Mobile Cellular System Components

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Central point of control in the cellular system. Interfaces BS to
PSTN Coordination of paging and handoff.
Communication with other cellular entities such as Databases
(VLR, HLR, etc.)
Performance monitoring, fault recognition.
Switching of voice calls to and from PSTN.
Switching of voice calls to and from other cellular systems.
Control of signaling functions for call establishment.
Collection of billing data.

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Mobile services

Services provided by a network make it interesting for its

customers.
The GSM offers three types of services.
Bearer services (data).
Tele services (voice).
Supplementary services (data & voice).

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 Cellular Systems Generations
(1G, 2G, 3G & 4G)

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First Generation (1G) Cellular Systems

Early 1980s in North America

Consists of analog cellular systems.
Provide inexpensive mobile service with satisfactory efficiently
using the limited available spectrum.
Characteristics:
Analog FM
FDMA
Channel BW: 25 kHz or 30 kHz

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Second Generation (2G) Cellular Systems

Switch to Digital Technology.

Provides higher spectrum capacity and
Lower price with superior performance.
Privacy of user traffic (voice and data)
Develop a single global system (not realized)

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Characteristics of (2G) Cellular Systems

Higher quality signals

Higher data rates
User traffic (data or digitized voice) converted to analog signal for
transmission Encryption
Simple to encrypt digital traffic
Error detection and correction
Channel access Channel dynamically shared by users via Time
division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access
(CDMA)

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Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems

Seeks to fully merge mobility with Internet.

Develop a global standard for worldwide access. 3G Capabilities
Support for packet-switched and circuit-switched services
Adaptive interface to Internet
More efficient use of available spectrum
Support for variety of mobile equipment
Flexibility to allow introduction of new services and technologies

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Fourth Generation (4G) Cellular Systems

4G is the major generation of mobile cellular systems, deployed

with the following objectives:
Wireless Internet
Higher bit rates
New network
New air interface
Cost reduction
additional user services

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Fourth Generation (4G) Cellular Systems

Higher bit rates than 3G

Higher efficiency and lower cost per bit than 3G
Air interface and MAC optimized for IP traffic
Smaller cells, on average, than 3G
Higher frequency band than 3G

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Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS (Local
Multipoint Distribution System)

The rapid growth of the Internet has created a concurrent demand

for broadband Internet and access from business and homes
throughout the world.
In developing nations where there is inadequate
telecommunications backbone infrastructure ,
there is a tremendous need for inexpensive, reliable, rapidly
deployable broadband connectivity.
VoIP become prevalent, it is quit conceivable that a single
broadband Internet connection could provide all of the needed
telecommunications services: telephone, television, radio, fax,
and Internet.

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Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS (Local
Multipoint Distribution System)

Fixed wireless equipment is extremely well suited for rapidly

deploying a broadband connection in many instances.
The approach is steadily becoming more popular for providing last
mile broadband local loop access.
Fixed wireless communication systems are able to take
advantage of the very well-defined, time-invariant nature of the
propagation channel between the fixed transmitter and fixed
receiver.
Modern fixed wireless systems are usually assigned microwave
radio frequencies.
Microwave wireless links can be used to create a wireless local
loop (WLL).

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Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS (Local
Multipoint Distribution System)
The local loop is the ”last mile” of the telecommunication
network that resides between the central office and the
individual homes and business in close proximity to the central
office.
The figure below shows WLL

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Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

Supporting low-power license-free spread spectrum data

communication.
The allocation is called the unlicensed national information
infrastructure band.
The IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN working group was founded in
1987.
IEEE 802.11 begin standardization of spread spectrum of WLANs.
Laptop computers finally caused WLAN to become an important
and rapidly growing segment of modern wireless communications.
IEEE 802.11 finally standardized in 1997.

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Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks (PANs)
With an invisible, lower power, short-range, wireless
connection, would provide convenience and flexibility.
Wireless connectivity would allow the ability to move
equipment throughout an office and collaborative communication
between individual, appliances and environment.
Bluetooth is an open standard that has been embraced by over
1,000 manufacturers.
Bluetooth provides an ad-hoc approach for enabling various
devices to communicate with one another within a nominal 10
meter range.

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By: Fitsum A. (MTU) Wireless Networkng December 5, 2023 70 / 73
Group Assignment

Cellular Concept
Frequency Reuse
Channel Assignment Strategies
Handoff Strategies
Interference and System Capacity
Trunking and Grade of Service
Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems
Note: Write in details about the given content and present in your
class session.
Submission Date 10/04/2016
The mid exam will take place on 29/04/2016

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 Chapter Four
Mobile Radio Propagation Large Scale
Path Loss

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 Thank you!

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