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Nomenclature+Lecture CHEM+300+&+305

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the nomenclature and formula writing for ionic and molecular compounds, including the identification of elements, types of compounds, and naming conventions. It emphasizes the importance of understanding ionic charges, polyatomic ions, and the systematic approach to naming compounds. Additionally, it includes examples and steps for writing formulas and naming various types of compounds.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views46 pages

Nomenclature+Lecture CHEM+300+&+305

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the nomenclature and formula writing for ionic and molecular compounds, including the identification of elements, types of compounds, and naming conventions. It emphasizes the importance of understanding ionic charges, polyatomic ions, and the systematic approach to naming compounds. Additionally, it includes examples and steps for writing formulas and naming various types of compounds.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nomenclature

Writing Formula for Ionic Compounds Review


Naming Compounds
Naming Ionic Compounds
Naming Molecular Compounds
Naming Acids (Binary Acids)
Naming Acids (Oxyacids)
Reading Polyatomic Ion Formulae

Some chemical formulas contain groups of atoms that act as a unit.


When several groups of the same kind are present, their formula is set
off in parentheses with a subscript to indicate the number of groups the
compound has.
Many of these groups of atoms have a charge associated with them
and they are called polyatomic ions
Example 1

Determine the number of each type of element in Al2(SO4)3


Types of Chemical Formulas

• An empirical formula gives you the relative number of atoms of each element in a compound.

• A molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the

compound. For example…

— The molecular formula is always a whole-number multiple of the empirical formula.

— For many compounds the molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula.
On Elements and Compounds

• Atomic Elements have single atoms as their basic unit.

• Most elements fall into this category.

• Example: Helium, copper, mercury Elements


• Molecular Elements normally exist as diatomic molecules.

These are also known as Diatomic Elements

Atomic Molecular
• Two atoms of that element bonded together as their

basic units and do not normally exist in nature with

single atoms as their basic units.

• Example: hydrogen, oxygen and chlorine.


Molecular/Diatomic Elements

These elements do not


exist as individual
atoms.

These will need to be


memorized.
Types of Compounds

• Molecular Compounds are compounds that are formed from two or more nonmetals.

Example: Water, carbon dioxide

• Ionic Compounds are composed of one or more cations paired with one or more anions.

• In most cases, the cations are metals [because they tend to lose electrons] & the anions

are nonmetals [because they tend to gain electrons].

Example: NaCl
Example 3

Classify each substance as an atomic element, molecular element, molecular compound, or ionic

compound.
(a) Chlorine (Cl2)

(b) NO

(c) Au

(d) Na2O

(e) CrCl3
Example 3

Classify each substance as an atomic element, molecular element, molecular compound, or ionic

compound.
(a) Bromine (Br2)

(b) NaCl

(c) O2

(d) Fe

(e) N2O4
Writing Formulae for Ionic Compounds

• A compound that is composed of a metal and a nonmetal is considered to

be ionic.

• Ionic compounds must be charge—neutral because ionic compounds

will always contain positive and negative ions.

• In the chemical formula, the sum of the charges of the cations (positive

charges), must always equal the sum of the charges of the anions

(negative ions).

• Many elements form only one type of ion with a predicable charge.

• Use your periodic table to figure out some charges…

• How do we write formulas for Ionic Compounds?


Ionic.
Ionic Charges to Memorize

Zn2+

Ag+
Writing Formulae for Monoatomic Ions

To write the chemical formula for an ionic compound containing monoatomic ions
use the following steps:
1. Write the symbol for the metal and its charge followed by the symbol of the
nonmetal and its charge. Use the periodic table to determine the charges if the
ionic compound is made up of two non-metals.
2. Made the magnitude of the charge on each ion (without the sign) become the
subscript for the opposite ion.
3. If possible, reduce the subscripts to give a ratio with the smallest whole
numbers.
4. Check to make sure that the sum of the charges of the cations exactly cancels
the sum of the charges of the anions.
Writing Formulae for Monoatomic Ions – Example 4
To write the chemical formula for an ionic compound
containing monoatomic ions use the following steps:
Use the steps for writing the formula of a
1. Write the symbol for the metal and its charge monoatomic ion to write the formula for the
followed by the symbol of the nonmetal and
its charge. Use the periodic table to
compound that forms from strontium and
determine the charges if the ionic compound chlorine.
is made up of two non-metals.

2. Made the magnitude of the charge on each


ion (without the sign) become the subscript
for the opposite ion.

3. If possible, reduce the subscripts to give a


ratio with the smallest whole numbers.

4. Check to make sure that the sum of the


charges of the cations exactly cancels the
sum of the charges of the anions.
Writing Formulae for Monoatomic Ions – Example 5
To write the chemical formula for an ionic compound
containing monoatomic ions use the following steps:
Use the steps for writing the formula of a
1. Write the symbol for the metal and its charge monoatomic ion to write the formula for the
followed by the symbol of the nonmetal and
its charge. Use the periodic table to
compound that forms from magnesium and
determine the charges if the ionic compound sulfur.
is made up of two non-metals.

2. Made the magnitude of the charge on each


ion (without the sign) become the subscript
for the opposite ion.

3. If possible, reduce the subscripts to give a


ratio with the smallest whole numbers.

4. Check to make sure that the sum of the


charges of the cations exactly cancels the
sum of the charges of the anions.
Writing Formulae for Polyatomic Ions

To write the chemical formula for an ionic compound containing polyatomic ions you will need to memorize

some of the common polyatomic ions! This can also be found on the periodic table of ions, available on CANVAS.

Make Flashcards!!!

It cannot be stressed enough how important it will be to know your nomenclature!


Writing Formulae for Polyatomic Ions

To write the chemical formula for an ionic compound containing polyatomic ions use
the following steps:
1. Write the symbol for the metal and its charge followed by the symbol of the
polyatomic ion and its charge. [You need to memorize polyatomic ions and their
charges] .
2. Use the magnitude of the charge on each ion as the subscript for the other ion.
3. If possible, reduce the subscripts to give a ratio with the smallest whole numbers.
4. Check to make sure that the sum of the charges of the cations exactly cancels the
sum of the charges of the anions.
Writing Formulae for Polyatomic Ions – Example 6
To write the chemical formula for an ionic Use the steps for writing the formula of a
compound containing polyatomic ions use
polyatomic ion write a formula for the
the following steps:
compound that forms from calcium and
1. Write the symbol for the metal and its
charge followed by the symbol of the
phosphate
polyatomic ion and its charge. [You
need to memorize polyatomic ions and
their charges] .
2. Use the magnitude of the charge on
each ion as the subscript for the other
ion.
3. If possible, reduce the subscripts to
give a ratio with the smallest whole
numbers.
4. Check to make sure that the sum of the
charges of the cations exactly cancels
the sum of the charges of the anions.
Writing Formulae for Polyatomic Ions – Example 7
To write the chemical formula for an ionic Use the steps for writing the formula of a
compound containing polyatomic ions use
polyatomic ion write a formula for the
the following steps:
compound that forms from sodium and sulfite
1. Write the symbol for the metal and its
charge followed by the symbol of the
ions.
polyatomic ion and its charge. [You Hint – Pay attention to the suffixes –ite vs. –ate.
need to memorize polyatomic ions and
their charges] .
2. Use the magnitude of the charge on
each ion as the subscript for the other
ion.
3. If possible, reduce the subscripts to
give a ratio with the smallest whole
numbers.
4. Check to make sure that the sum of the
charges of the cations exactly cancels
the sum of the charges of the anions.
Naming Compounds

• Chemists have developed a systematic way to name compounds!

• By knowing these rules, you can examine a compound’s formula and determine its name or vice versa.

• Many compounds also have common names (but we will focus on naming compounds using the naming

rules and conventions).

• Common names are often used but can only be learned through familiarity.

• Remember that the world around us is made up of chemicals, quite a lot of chemicals have common

names that we know them by!


Naming Ionic Compounds

• The first step to naming any compound is identification of the type of compound you are

dealing with so that you can apply the correct naming conventions.

• Remember that ionic compounds are ones that involve two ions. This usually means that

the compound will have a metal and a non-metal (or polyatomic ion)

• Ionic compounds can be classified into 2 types:


— Type 1: contains a metal with an invariant (fixed) charge

ie. Sodium =

—Type 2: contains a metal with a charge that can vary

ie. Iron =
Naming Ionic Compounds with Type 2 Metals

• The first step to naming any compound is identification of the type of compound you are

dealing with so that you can apply the correct naming conventions.

• Remember that ionic compounds are ones that involve two ions. This usually means that

the compound will have a metal and a non-metal (or polyatomic ion)

• Ionic compounds can be classified into 2 types:


— Type 1: contains a metal with an invariant (fixed) charge

ie. Sodium =

—Type 2: contains a metal with a charge that can vary

ie. Iron =
Type 2 Metals to Memorize
Chromium (II) Cr2+ 2+
• These are the type 2 ions you Chromium (III) Cr3+ 3+

will need to have memorized for Iron (II) Fe2+ 2+

Iron (III) Fe3+ 3+

the nomenclature quiz and Copper (I) Cu+ 1+

exams.
Copper (II) Cu2+ 2+

Cobalt (II) Co2+ 2+

• Do not focus on memorizing the Cobalt (III) Co3+ 3+

Nickel (II) Ni2+ 2+


charges! You should only focus Nickel (III) Ni3+ 3+

on memorizing the names. Tin (II) Sn2+ 2+

Tin (III) Sn3+ 3+

• This table can be found on our Lead (II) Pb2+ 2+

Lead (IV) Pb4+ 4+


Canvas page Gold (I) Au1+ 1+

Gold (III) Au3+ 3+


Type I Metals

Zn2+

Ag+
How to Name Ionic Compounds

Name an Ionic Compound in Four Easy Steps

1. Identify the type of compound you are identifying

2. Identify the cation and anion

3. Determine the ion charges

4. Name the compound


Naming Ionic Compounds – Step 1

Step 1: Identify the Type of Compound you Are Identifying

• Determine the type of compound you are trying to

name to ensure you apply the correct naming

conventions.

• Ionic compounds usually are composed of at least

one metal.

• Ionic compounds composed of at least one metal are

categorized as either type 1 or type 2.


• Type 1: Contains a metal whose charge is fixed
(does not change.
• Type 2: Contains a metal whose charge is not
fixed (charge can vary).
Naming Ionic Compounds – Step 2
Step 2: Identify the Cation (Cat-ion) and Anion (Anne-ion)
• The Cation will have a positive charge and found on the
left side of the chemical formula.

• If the cation is a metal, it will determine whether the


ionic compound is a type 1 or type 2 (will be the metal)
ion.

• The anion will have a negative charge and found on the


right side of the chemical formula.

• The anion can either be a monoatomic or polyatomic.

• Knowing the charge of the anion can help determine the


charge of a type 2 metal.
Naming Ionic Compounds – Step 3
Step 3: Determine the ion charges

• Ionic compounds should have an overall neutral

charge.

• The sum of the negative charges should cancel the sum

of the positive charges.

• Polyatomic anions will have an invariable charge.

• Use the known invariable charge to determine the

variable charge (if applicable).

• Include the Roman numeral in parenthesis to identify

the charge of the cation.


Naming Ionic Compounds – Step 4
Step 4a: Name the Compound; Type 1 and Type 2 Ions
• For type 1 or type 2 compounds, the ending of
the anion is changed to –ide (table 5.5).
Type 1 binary ions

Step 4b: Name the Compound; Polyatomic Ions


• Many polyatomic ions are oxyanions; anions
that contain at least one oxygen atom. Type 2 binary ions

• Many oxyanions will follow a trend that can be


found on table 5.3

28
Naming Ionic Compounds –Example 8

Name the following compounds

KBr

Zn3N2
Naming Ionic Compounds –Example 9

Name the following compounds

a. PbO

b. TiO2
Polyatomic Ions

To write the chemical formula for an Polyatomic Ions

ionic compound containing Name Formula Charge


Acetate C2H3O2- 1-
polyatomic ions you will need to Carbonate CO32- 2-

memorize some of the common Bicarbonate HCO3- 1-


Hydroxide OH- 1-
polyatomic ions! This can also be Nitrate NO3- 1-
Nitrite NO2- 1-
found on the periodic table of ions, Chromate CrO42- 2-

available on CANVAS. Dichromate Cr2O72- 2-


Phosphate PO43- 3-
Phosphite PO33- 3-
Sulfate SO4-2 2-
Make Flashcards!!! Sulfite SO3-2 2-
Hypochlorite ClO- 1-
Chlorite ClO2- 1-
If it is on this table, it is expected Chlorate ClO3- 1-
Perchlorate ClO4- 1-
you know it and any derivative Permanganate MnO4- 1-

and/or combination of these ions. Periodate IO4- 1-


Ammonium NH4+ 1+
Naming Ionic Compounds –Example 11

Name the following compounds

a. NH4CN

b. Mg(NO3)2
Naming Ionic Compounds –Example 12

Name the following compounds

a. Cu(C2H3O2)2

b. CaCO3

c. NaClO4

d. NaClO3

e. NaClO2

f. NaClO
Ionic Nomenclature – Example 13

Name the following compounds


a. Magnesium Hydroxide

b. Calcium Phosphate

c. Barium Oxide

d. Chromium (II) Chloride

e. Silver Carbonate
Naming Molecular Compounds

• Remember that the first step in naming or writing


chemical formulas is identification!!

• Molecular compounds are almost always formed


from 2 non-metals. Number Prefix
1 Mono-
• For naming these compounds we will need to use 2 Di-
prefixes! 3 Tri-
4 Tetra-
• Naming Convention: When writing the name of a 5 Penta-
molecular compound, as when writing the formula,
6 Hexa-
the first element is the more metal-like one (table
7 Hepta-
5.1).
8 Octa-

• The prefixes given to each element indicate the


9 Nona-
number of atoms present. 10 Deca-
Naming Molecular Compounds – Example 14

Name the following compounds

a. N2O4

b. P2O5

c. SF6
Naming Acids

• Acids are molecular compounds that produce Hydrogen


ions (H+) when dissolved into water.
• They are composed of hydrogen, which is usually written
out in the front of the formula, and one or more
nonmetals.
• The chemical state of matter for acids is (aq) indicating the
compound is aqueous or “dissolved in water”
ex: HC2H3O2 (aq)

• We categorize acids into 2 groups:


1. Binary acids: which are acids that contain only
hydrogen and one additional non-metal.
2. Oxyacids: which are acids that contain hydrogen, a
non-metal and oxygen (usually in the form of a
polyatomic oxyanion).
Naming Binary Acids

Binary acids contain hydrogen and a nonmetal.


- There are not many of these…
HF (aq), HCl (aq),HBr (aq),HI (aq), H2S (aq), H3P (aq),
- Naming convention:

Base Name
Hydro- -ic acid
of Non-Metal

prefix
ending

Example: HCl (aq)


Naming Binary Acids – Example 15

Example 5.12 Skill Builder


Name the compound:
a. HF (aq)

b. HI (aq)

c. HBr (aq)

d. H2S (aq)

e. H3P (aq)
39
Naming Binary Acids vs. Molecular Compounds

Chemical formulas for ALL acids must contain the (aq) state of
matter.

HCl (aq): Hydrochloric Acid

HCl: Hydrogen Chloride


Naming Oxyacids

• Oxyacids are acids that contain


polyatomic oxyanions —They can be
categorized into 2 types
• Naming Conventions:
— If polyatomic ion originally ends with ‘—ite’
change its ending to ‘—ous acid’

— If polyatomic ion originally ends with ‘—ate’


change its ending to ‘—ic acid’
Naming Oxyacids

• Oxyacids are acids that contain


polyatomic oxyanions —They can be
categorized into 2 types
• Naming Conventions:
— If polyatomic ion originally ends with ‘—ite’
change its ending to ‘—ous acid’

— If polyatomic ion originally ends with ‘—ate’


change its ending to ‘—ic acid’

Think: I “-ate” it and felt s”-ic”k


Naming Oxyacids – Example 16

Name the oxyacids using the naming conventions from the previous slide.
a. H2SO4 (aq)

b. H2SO3 (aq)
Naming Oxyacids – Example 17

Name the oxyacids using the naming conventions from the previous slide.
a. H3PO4 (aq)

b. H3PO3 (aq)
Naming Oxyacids – Example 18

Name the oxyacids using the naming conventions from the previous slide.
a. HNO2 (aq)

b. HClO (aq)

c. HClO4 (aq)
Nomenclature Flowchart

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