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Physics Project File

The document is a project file on the construction and working of a metal detector, submitted by Purav Sangdoya to Gita Niketan Awasiya Vidyalaya. It covers the history, development, principles of operation, types, and applications of metal detectors, along with a circuit diagram and components used. The project emphasizes the significance of metal detectors in various fields such as security, archaeology, and construction.

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41 views20 pages

Physics Project File

The document is a project file on the construction and working of a metal detector, submitted by Purav Sangdoya to Gita Niketan Awasiya Vidyalaya. It covers the history, development, principles of operation, types, and applications of metal detectors, along with a circuit diagram and components used. The project emphasizes the significance of metal detectors in various fields such as security, archaeology, and construction.

Uploaded by

puravsangdoya36
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS PROJECT FILE:-

WORKING AND
CONSTRUCTION OF
METAL DETECTOR

Submitted To:- Submitted by:-

(Parveen Kumar) (Purav Sangdoya)


GITA NIKETAN AWASIYA
VIDYALAYA, KURUKSHETRA

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project of “Physics” is


submitted by Purav Sangdoya of class 12TH –A1 of
Roll no. . To Physics of Gita Niketan Awasiya
Vidyalaya has carried under guidance and supervision
during the academic year 2024-2025.

Signature
(Mr. Parveen Kumar)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I express our gratitude to the Almighty
Lord for the divine guidance and wisdom showered
on me to undertake this project.

I am immensely grateful to my beloved Principal for


her involvement in this project by providing useful
inputs and timely suggestions.

I am also thankful to my physics teacher for her


guidance and help to make this project a success.

My Parents also played a key role in shaping up this


project nicely and I convey my special thanks to
them as well
INDEX

• AIM
• Introduction
• History
• Development
• Principle of Operation
• Working of Circuit
• Circuit Diagram
• Components
• Type of Metal Detector
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
AIM

CONSTRUCTION
AND
WORKING OF
METAL DETECTOR
INTRODUCTION

What is Metal Detector ?

• A metal detector is an electronic device.

• An oscillator which produces AC current that


passes through a coil producing an alternating
magnetic field.

• A part of the metal is near to the coil, eddy current


will be induced in the metal. This produces a
magnetic field of its own.

• If an extra coil is used to measure the magnetic


field, the magnetic field can be changed and sensed
due to the metal object.
HISTORY
• The metal detector was invented out of necessity. On
July 2, 1881, President James Garfield was shot in
Washington, D.C. by a man named Charles J.
• Guiteau. The President was shot in the back but it was
not life-threatening, but the bullet could not be found
and it was causing the President to suffer.
• When Alexander Graham Bell visited the President
during this time, he built a metal detector to be able to
find this bullet.
Unfortunately, the device was unsuccessful due to
metal springs in the President's bed that were confusing
the device unbeknownst to Bell. President Garfield died
of the wound infection on September 19, 1881.
• Bell's invention was a prototype to later inventions
used to find and clear landmines and unexploded
bombs across Europe after both world wars.
• Then Gerhard Fisher created the first portable metal
detector in 1925, but Charles Garrett, an electrical
engineer, started metal detecting as a hobby, also
reinventing metal detector design at the time
DEVELOPMENT

• Modern developments
→The modern development of the metal detector began
in the 1920s. Gerhard Fisher had developed a system of
radio direction-finding, which was to be used for
accurate navigation.
→The system worked extremely well but Fisher noticed
that there were anomalies in areas where the terrain
contained ore-bearing rocks.
→He reasoned that if a radio beam could be distorted
by metal then it should be possible to design a machine
which would detect metal using a search coil resonating
at a radio frequency in 1925 he applied for, and was
granted, the first patent for a metal detector.
→Although Gerhard Fisher was the first person granted
a patent for a metal detector, the first to apply was Shirl
Herr, a businessman from Crawfordsville, Indiana.
→His application for a hand-held Hidden-Metal
Detector was filed in February 1924, but not patented
until July 1928.
→Herr assisted Italian leader Benito Mussolini in
recovering items remaining from the Emperor Caligula's
galleys at the bottom of Lake Nemi, Italy, in August
1929.
→ Herr's invention was used by Admiral Richard Byrd's
Second Antarctic Expedition in 1933, when it was used
to locate objects left behind by earlier explorers. It was
effective up to a depth of eight feet.
→However, it was one Lieutenant Józef Stanisław
Kosacki, a Polish officer attached to a unit stationed in
St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, during the early years of
World War II, who refined the design into a practical
Polish mine detector.
→They were heavy, ran on vacuum tubes, and needed
separate battery packs.
• New coil designs
→Coil designers also tried out innovative designs. The
original induction balance coil system consisted of two
identical coils placed on top of one another.
→ Compass Electronics produced a new design: two
coils in a D shape, mounted back-to-back to form a
circle. This system was widely used in the 1970s, and
both concentric and D type (or widescan as they
became known) had their fans.
→ Another development was the invention of detectors
which could cancel out the effect of mineralization in
the ground.
→ This gave greater depth, but was a non-discriminate
mode.
→It worked best at lower frequencies than those used
before, and frequencies of 3 to 20 kHz were found to
produce the best results Many detectors in the 1970s
had a switch which enabled the user to switch between
the discriminate mode and the non-discriminate mode.
→The development of the induction balance detector
would ultimately result in the motion detector, which
constantly checked and balanced the background
mineralization.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

→The operation of metal detectors is based on the


principle of ELECTROMAGNETICINDUCTION- ‘when an
electric current passes through a coil, it produces a
magnetic field around it’.
→ In our circuit, the transistor has series capacitors in
parallel with the inductor to form a Colpitts oscillator.
First, the capacitors get charged. Once it gets fully
charged, it starts to discharge the energy to the inductor.
The inductor then gets energy and gives it to the
capacitor.
→This process repeats itself and makes
oscillations which have a ‘Resonating Frequency’.
→If we increase inductance it will decrease the
frequency and if we increase frequency it will decrease
inductance.
→The LC circuit activates the proximity sensor when it
senses any metal close to it, this sensor glows the led
and makes the buzzer glow.
WORKING OF CIRCUIT
→Initially, the circuit is tuned to a fixed Resonating frequency
decided by the combination of capacitance and inductance
value.
→A metal detector consists of an LC oscillator(COLPITTS
OSC) which produces current in the copper coil and hence
a magnetic field is produced around it.
→When the metal detector circuit is placed around a metal
object, the rapidly changing magnetic field lines penetrate
through metal surface & produce circulating currents called
‘EDDYCURRENTS’ on the metal surface.
→ This Eddy current will create its own magnetic field that
affects the original one.
→ Metal detectors can contain one or more inductor coils
used to interact with metallic elements.
→ The reverse magnetic energy is absorbed back which
changes the inductance of the copper coil and the frequency
of oscillations.
→ Now the two frequency will be different & thus the
oscillator fails to maintain the original resonating frequency.
→The final transistor conducts, hence the buzzer and LED is
activated & beep sound is produced.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
COMPONENTS
• Resistor :-

• Capacitor :-

• Transistor :-

• Diode :-
• Buzzer :-

• Detection Coil :-

• LED :-

• Battery :-
TYPE OF METAL DETECTORS
• Very Low Frequency(VLF) :-
→ Use of two coils :-
(i) Transmitter coil (search head, antenna)
(i) Receiver coil

There is a delay in the received signal compared to the


transmitted signal called phase shift. The signal is sent to
the control box where it is analyzed by sensors.

• Pulse Induction (PI) :-

Simple when compared to VLF detectors Generates


"Pulses of Current Through Search Coil Pulse reaches its
peak and reverses direction collapsing very suddenly,
thus creating a sharp electrical spike.
Pulses continue to be generated from a mere dozen to
about a few thousand pulses per second.
Reflected portion of signal becomes delayed which is
sampled, amplified, and sent to audio circuit to notify
user.
• Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO) :-

• Uses two coils and sends a current through each


• Coils use slightly different frequencies, which
produces audible "beats"
• When passed over metal object, induces a current
in object
• Current causes a magnetic field, which interferes
with field produced by detector
• Interference changes frequency of current in large
coil, and thus an audible change in
"beats"
• BFO Metal Detectors are cheap to make, but aren't
as accurate or dependable as more expensive types
→ USES :-
• Archaeology
• Coin shooting
• Security screening
APPLICATIONS

1. AIRPORT SECURITY To check whether guns,


knives are being transported.
2. LAND MINE DETECTOR The military has used
metal detectors to pinpoint buried land mines
since world war 1.
3. IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY To detect steel
reinforcing bars in wire concrete pipes buried
inside floors and walls.
4. IN GEOLOGILAC RESEARCH AND
ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION to find gold,
coin, etc.
CONCLUSION

• The equipment is compact, simple in


design and can be used practically
anywhere needs.
• This circuit may also be constructed by
using chip and the chip is CS209A.
• Even the detectors with good coil
compensation could not always detect the
smaller target to the required depth in all
lanes.
• The metal detector gives a respectable
range for beat frequency operation (BFO) up
to
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.britannica.com
• Physics Book

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