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Power Point1..metal Detector..final1

This document provides an overview of metal detectors, including their principle of operation, types, advantages of pulse induction methods, components, design considerations, and applications. It describes how metal detectors use electromagnetic induction to detect metals, with a focus on pulse induction detectors. The key components of a pulse induction circuit are explained, including the power supply, clocking, transmit/receive front-end, and audio sections. Applications include archaeology, security, salvage, and treasure hunting.

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411 views27 pages

Power Point1..metal Detector..final1

This document provides an overview of metal detectors, including their principle of operation, types, advantages of pulse induction methods, components, design considerations, and applications. It describes how metal detectors use electromagnetic induction to detect metals, with a focus on pulse induction detectors. The key components of a pulse induction circuit are explained, including the power supply, clocking, transmit/receive front-end, and audio sections. Applications include archaeology, security, salvage, and treasure hunting.

Uploaded by

Ziad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An_Najah National University

Electrical Engineering Department

Metal Detectors
Prepared by :

Anwar Abu Khazneh


Ola Abu Hijleh

Supervisor : Mazen Rasekh

2011
METAL
DETECTORS
contents
 Principleof work
 Types of metal detector

 Advantages of pulse induction method

 Components of metal detector

 Things must be observed in designing metal detector

 Application for metal detector


• Principle of operation of metal detector:

 The operation of a metal detector is based on the principle of


electromagnetic induction.

 Metal detectors contain one or more inductor coils. When


metal is placed in a close proximity to a varying magnetic
field (generated by the coil or coils), currents are induced in
the metallic part .
 These current are called eddy Currents. The eddy Currents,
in turn, induce their own magnetic field ( called eddy fields) .

 These fields act in such a direction as to oppose that


generated by the coils. The resultant field
( H applied – H eddy ) and using a specially designed
electronic circuit can indicate the type of material being
magnetized.
• Types of Metal detectors:-

1- Pulse induction detector (PI).

2-Beat-frequency oscillator (BFO) .

3-Very Low Frequency (VLF) .


Very Low Frequency (VLF) .
 Uses two coils:
 -Transmitter coil (search head, antenna)

 -Receiver coil

 There is a delay in the received signal

 compared to the transmitted signal

 called phase shift


In our project we use the PI method
 Simple when compared to VLF detectors.

 Pulse Induction (PI) metal detectors are sending repeated


pulses of electrical current to the search coil, producing a
magnetic field. The coil transmits a pulse toward the ground,
generating an answering pulse from the target object. A
sampling circuit measures the pulse and sends it to an
integrator, which generates an audio tone.

 Pulse Induction detectors are able to detect objects buried


deep underground, but they are sensitive to iron
The circuit:
A simplified diagram of the circuit is shown in Fig. 1. It can be
divided into five sections:

1-power supply.
2- clocking.
3-transmit plus receiver front-end.
4-receiver back-end.
5-audio.
Each section
can be built and tested sequentially.
Block diagram
Now I will explain the first part which is
power supply
 Power for the circuit is provided by single 12 volt.
 The power supply consists of a voltage doubler.

 And 3 regulators.

Power diagram
The second part which is
clocking
 The circuit
clocking
 The master clock generator is a 555 timer (IC5).

 The 555 oscillator has two controls.R2 varies the frequency


of the main pulse, and R3 varies the pulse width .

 The frequency of the main pulse determine how many times


per second the coil is pulsed.
 Generally, ahigher pulse frequency allows for a faster coil
motion and perhaps a little better noise performance,while
consuming more power.

 Varying the main pulse width determines how long the coil is
turned on,which can affect depth of detection
Third part of PI circuit
transmit plus receiver front-end.
 The main device in a PI detector is the coil switch.

 The coil switch serves two functions:

To shirt the coil across the battery voltage,which creates alarge


coil current;
And to turn the coil current off . During the “on” time ,current
flowing through the coil creates a magnetic field around the
coil
R11 is the coil damping resistor and prevent ringing
when Q3 is turns off
Ringing will occur because of the L-C cct created by
the inductance , and capacitance of the coil .
 The coil signal is applied to preamp.IC6,which is connected
as an inverting opamp.R13/12 Sets the gain to 1000.

 Diodes D3 and D4 provide clamping to protect the opamp .


* The advantages of pulse induction (PI) detectors:-

 Emit an electromagnetic signal of higher intensity and thus ,


these signals penetrate far deeper into the ground than
continuously emitted signals.
 Cover large areas in less time.
 Search coil or loop of a pulse induction metal detector is
simpler than VLF instrument.
A single coil of wire is commonly used for both the transmit
and receive functions, while in VLF two coils are needed
transmit coil and receive coil.
the coil:
 we use a mono coil
 Important coil parameter are coil diameter, number of
windings, wire gauge.
 The standard coil for this design has diameter of 10 inches
and 26 turns.
 The diameter affect the depth and sensitivity ,and the number
of winding affect the magnetic field.
DISCRIMINATION ON PI

the time it takes for a target signal to decay can vary


because of the size, shape, and chemical makeup of
the object ,two ways forDiscrimination
 Many PI's rely on the ability of an adjustable delay
whereby the operator can simply adjust the delay
longer to see if an object is a piece of gold or not
 Another concept used on a PI for discrimination is
to sample during the "on" time of the pulse
Switching
terminals

Arm
Coil
Electronic
circuit
enclosure
• In designing the metal detector special attention will be given
to:-

 Sensitivity and detection depth.


 Endurance.
 Ground noise.
 Target Discrimination
 immunity to electro- magnetic interference .
Applications of metal detectors:-

1- Can be used in archaeological digging


2- As a compact hand metal detector for security
3- Hardware for Salvage work
4- As a Toy
5-Treasure hunter, for caches of coins, jewelry, weapons and
so on.

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