HEADLINE

Projection

• Projection comes from two Latin words, ‘pro’ meaning ‘forward’ and ‘jacere’ meaning ‘to through’. Thus, projection means ‘through forward.

• In engineering drawing, the word ‘projection’ means an image or the act of obtaining the image of an object. Technical people often refer to

the image as a view.

• Engineers use various techniques to construct the views of an object. These techniques are grouped under various methods of projection.

• To understand the concept of projection, look at an object kept in front of an illuminating bulb, as shown in Fig.1

• The light rays from the bulb strike the object and create its shadow on the screen.

• The image thus obtained represents a view of the object.

• The view appears larger than the object since the light rays are divergent.
 Projection

• To understand the concept of projection, look at an object kept in front of an illuminating bulb, as shown in Fig.1

• The light rays from the bulb strike the object and create its shadow on the screen. The image thus obtained represents a view of

the object. The view appears larger than the object since the light rays are divergent.

Fig.1
Types of Projection
Types of Projection

Perspective projection: In perspective projections, the projectors

come together at the station point to form a cone, as in Figure.
Perspective drawings represent objects as we see them or as they
would appear in a photograph.

Orthographic Projection: In parallel projection, the

projectors are parallel to each other. Orthographic
projection and oblique projection are the types of parallel
projection
Types of Projection

Perspective projection: In perspective projections, the projectors come together

at the station point to form a cone, as in Figure. Perspective drawings represent
objects as we see them or as they would appear in a photograph. Perspective
pictorials most closely approximate the view produced by the human eye.
Perspective views are the type of drawing most like a photograph. Good thing of
the perpective very quickly you can understand the object. It capture the sense of
the depth.
 Limitation of perspective projection

In fig. 19-4(i), the line AB is behind the picture plane. Its

perspective A'B’ is shorter than AB.

In fig. 19-4(ii), AB is in the picture plane; its perspective A'B’ is

equal to AB and coincides with it.

Fig. 19-4(iii) shows the line AB placed in front of the picture

plane; when projected back on the picture plane, its perspective

A 'B’ is longer than AB.

Types of Projection

Perspective projection: In perspective projections

Perspective projection distort the view (length), angle
In perspective projection when you move the projection plane closer to the observer it looks small and the object farther from the
observer looks big. When you move the object
Types of Projection

Perspective projection: In perspective projections

Perspective projection distort the view (length), angle
In perspective projection when you move the projection plane closer to the observer it looks small and the object farther from the
observer looks big. When you move the object
Types of Projection

Orthographic Projection: In parallel projection, the

projectors are parallel to each other. Orthographic
projection and oblique projection are the types of parallel
projection. Ortho- means ‘straight or right angles’and -
graphic means ‘written or drawn’. Projection comes from
two Latin words, ‘pro’ meaning ‘forward’ and ‘jacere’
meaning ‘to through’. Thus, orthographic projection means
‘through forward, drawn at right angles.
In orthographic projection, mutually parallel projectors are
perpendicular to the POP. Owing to its simplicity, this
method is widely used in all engineering professions.
Types of Projection

Orthographic Projection:
Types of Projection
Types of Projection

(e) Multiview Projection: In Multiview projection, two or

more views of an object are drawn on. different POPs. The

object is oriented in such a way that two of its dimensions will

be visible in any one view.

(f) Axonometric Projection: In axonometric projection, only

one view showing all the three dimensions of an object is

drawn on a POP. The orientation of the object is kept in such a

way that its three mutually perpendicular edges will remain

inclined to the POP.

Types of Projection
 Types of Projection

Isometric Projection:

The term ‘isometric’ comes from the Greek language which means ‘equal measure’, reflecting that the scale along each axis of
the projection is the same.
• Isometric projection is used to create a pictorial drawing of an object.
• It is defined as a single-view parallel projection obtained by keeping the object in such a position that all the three mutually
perpendicular geometrical axes are equally inclined to the plane of projection.
• The projectors follow the rules of orthographic projections, i.e. projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the
plane of projection.
 Types of Projection

Isometric Projection:
 Types of Projection

Isometric Projection:

• A multiview drawing requires two or more orthographic projections to define the exact shape of a three-dimensional object.

• Each orthographic view is a two-dimensional drawing showing only two out of three dimensions of the object.

• Consequently, no single view contains sufficient information to completely define the shape of the object.

• All orthographic views must be correlated together to interpret the object.

• These views can only be correctly interpreted and visualized by those persons who have a good knowledge of the principles of

projections and a great practice to read multi views to interpret the actual shape.

• Thus, it is necessary to draw a pictorial view of one kind or the other so as to enable a common man to understand.

• The isometric projection is most popular as it provides the overall view of the object at the first sight.
 Types of Projection

Isometric Projection: If the three mutually perpendicular edges of an object make equal inclinations with the POP, the
axonometric projection is called isometric projection. In an isometric projection, all angles between the axonometric axes are
equal. To produce an isometric projection, you orient the object so that its principal edges (or axes) make equal angles with the
plane of projection and are therefore foreshortened equally. Oriented this way, the edges of a cube are projected so that they all
measure the same and make equal angles (of 120°) with each other, as shown in Figure 3.37.
 Types of Projection

Oblique Projection: In oblique projection, mutually parallel projectors are inclined (oblique) to the POP at 30°, 45° or 60°.
Unlike axonometric projection, one of the faces of the object is kept parallel to the POP. It provides the true width and
height. However depth is not parallel to the projection plane therefore it gets distorted.
Types of Projection

One view is sufficient in pictorial

whereas in Multiview one view is not
sufficient more than one view is
required.
 TERMINOLOGY

(a) Horizontal Plane: A plane parallel to the ground (or horizon) is called horizontal plane (HP) or horizontal reference plane

(HRP).

(b) Vertical Plane: A plane perpendicular to the ground and intersecting the HP is called vertical plane (VP) or frontal

reference plane (FRP).

(c) Profile Plane: A plane perpendicular to the HP and the VP and intersecting both of them is called profile plane (PP) or

profile reference plane (PRP).

(d) Auxiliary Plane: A plane inclined to the HP or the VP and perpendicular to another RP is called auxiliary plane.

(e) Oblique Plane: A plane inclined to both the HP and the VP is called oblique plane.

(f) Reference line: The line of intersection between the principal planes is known as a reference line. It is also popularly called

xy line.
(a) Front view: The view of an object by observing it from the front and drawn on the V.P. is called front view (F.V.) or

elevation.

(b) Top view: The view of an object by observing it from the top and drawn on the H.P. is called top view (T.V.) or plan.

(c) Side view: The view of an object by observing it from the left-hand side or right-hand side and drawn on a profile plane is

called side view or end view.

(d) Four Quadrants:

When the planes of projection are extended beyond the line of intersection, they form four quadrants. Thus, we get four angles
called first, second, third and fourth angle.
• First Angle Projection: In first angle projection, the object is considered to lie in the first angle, i.e., in front of the V.P. and

above the H.P. The observer who is theoretically at infinite distance looks at the object from the front. The view obtained on the

V.P. is similar to the front face of the object and is known as front view. It may be noted that the front view shows only the width

and height of the object. It does not indicate the width.

• 1. The object lies in the first angle, i.e., in front of the V.P. and above the H.P.

• 2. The object lies between the observer and the plane of projection.

• 3. Top view is drawn below the front view.

• 4. Left-hand side view is drawn to the right side of the front view.

• 5. Right-hand side view is drawn to the left side of the front view.
• THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

• In third angle projection, the object is considered to lie in the third angle, i. e. behind the V.P. and below the H.P. The observer who is

theoretically at infinite distance looks at the object from the front. The view obtained on the V.P. is similar to the front face of the object

and is known as front view. It may be noted that the front view shows only the length and height of the object. It does not indicate the

width.

• 1. The object lies in the third angle, i.e., behind the V.P. and below the H.P.

• 2. The plane of projection lies between the object and the observer.

• 3. Top view is drawn above the front view.

• 4. Left-hand side view is drawn to the left side of the front view.

• 5. Right-hand side view is drawn to the right side of the front view.
In first-angle projection, the right-side view is to the left of the front view, and the top view is below the front view, as shown.
third-angle projection, which is used in the United States, Canada, and some other countries, and first-angle projection, which is
used primarily in Europe.
• The angle of projection is indicated in the title block of the drawing sheet with the help of multi-views drawn for the frustum

of a cone shown in Fig. The diameters of the frustum of the cone are in the ratio of 1:2 and the length is equal to the

diameter at the bigger end. Figures 7.10(b) and (c) show the multiviews of the cone in the first angle projection and the third

angle projection respectively

SECOND AND FOURTH ANGLE PROJECTIONS

• In second angle projection, the object is considered to lie in the second angle, i.e., behind the V.P. and above the H.P. as shown

in Fig. In fourth angle projection, the object is considered to lie in the fourth angle, i.e., in front of V.P. and below the H.P. as

shown in Fig. In both of these cases, there is a possibility of overlapping the front and top views after rotation of the H.P. about

the reference line xy and making coplaner with V.P. Thus these methods of projection are not useful in practice.
CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEW INTO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

• The majority of objects require three views to completely describe their geometrical and dimensional features. The front and

the top views have common length dimension; the front and the side views have common height dimension; the top and the

side views have common width dimension. The views should be aligned properly so as to share the common dimension. The

distance between the views can vary according to the space available on the drawing sheet and number of dimensions to be

shown.
GENERAL PREPARATION FOR MULTI-VIEW DRAWINGS

• 1. Observe the shape and dimensions of the given object carefully and determine the overall dimension for each view. Select a
suitable scale so as to accommodate all the views on the drawing sheet.

• 2. Decide the direction of side view and fix up the relative positions of the front, top and side views according to the method of
projection used. In first angle projection, top view must be placed below the front view, left-hand side view must lie on the right side
of the front view and right-hand side view must lie on the left side of the front view.

• 3. There should be sufficient space between the views (front, top and side views) to facilitate easy placement of dimensions and also
to avoid crowding.

• 4. Preferably start drawing the views in which the circular parts of the object are seen as circles or part of it. It becomes simpler to
project the points of the circle in other views.

• 5. The front and top views always lie between the same vertical projectors.

• 6. The front and side views always lie between the same horizontal projectors.

• 7. The surface parallel to the reference plane will be seen as true shape of the surface.
GENERAL PREPARATION FOR MULTI-VIEW DRAWINGS

• 8. The surface perpendicular to the reference plane will be seen as a straight line.

• 9. The invisible edges of the object are represented by dotted lines.

• 10. All lines of symmetry and centre lines should be represented by long dashed dotted narrow lines.

• 11. In case two or more lines of different types overlap or coincide, the priority may be given according to their importance.

For example, if a visible line coincides with a hidden line, then only visible line is to be drawn ignoring the hidden line.

Similarly, if a hidden line coincides with a centre line, then only hidden line is to be drawn ignoring the centre line.
GENERAL PREPARATION FOR MULTI-VIEW DRAWINGS

• 12. Appropriate symbol indicating the type of projection should be placed in the title block of the drawing sheet.

• 13. All the views should be dimensioned.

• 14. All views should be properly labelled.

 FV: Width and height, Most

Problem 1
visible area
TV: Width and depth
LSV: Depth and height

• Pictorial view of an object is shown in Fig. Using first angle projection, draw its (a) front view from the X-

direction, (b) top view and (c) left-hand side view.

 FV: width and height, Most

Orthographic projection visible area

TV: Width and depth
LSV: Depth and height

Q. Draw front view top view and side of pictorial drawing looking from x direction