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Engineering Drawing (Meng 1001) : Chapter Two Theory of Projection

This document provides an overview of engineering drawing and the theory of projection. It discusses different types of projection including perspective projection, parallel projection, axonometric projection, oblique projection, and orthographic projection. Orthographic projection is defined as a parallel projection that provides an accurate representation using front, side, and top views. It can be created using the natural method by viewing different sides of an object, or the glass box method by imagining an object inside a transparent box and unfolding the views.

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Thomas Alemayehu
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88 views36 pages

Engineering Drawing (Meng 1001) : Chapter Two Theory of Projection

This document provides an overview of engineering drawing and the theory of projection. It discusses different types of projection including perspective projection, parallel projection, axonometric projection, oblique projection, and orthographic projection. Orthographic projection is defined as a parallel projection that provides an accurate representation using front, side, and top views. It can be created using the natural method by viewing different sides of an object, or the glass box method by imagining an object inside a transparent box and unfolding the views.

Uploaded by

Thomas Alemayehu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Drawing (MEng 1001)

Chapter Two

Theory of Projection
Introduction
• Projection is the image of an object represented /
drawn on a plane of projection /picture plane as it
would appear to the observer stationed at a point and
viewing along the direction of line of projection .
• A projection is defined as a representation of an object
on a two dimensional plane.
• Projectors / lines of projection are an imaginary lines
that emerges from observer’s eyes and moves to
contour of an object.
Introduction
• Station point is the location of an observer.

• Plane of projection / picture plane are an


imaginary plane on which the image of an
objected is represent / drawn. The plane on
which principal view of an object is represented /
drawn is called principal plane. The planes are
assumed to expand infinitely and transparent.
Introduction
• The three principal plane are vertical plane
used to represent front / rear view; horizontal
plane used represent top / bottom view; and
profile plane used to represent right / left side
view of an object.
Introduction
Classification of Projections
Projection Theory

Perspective Parallel
Projection Projection

One-point Oblique Orthographic

Two-point
Cavalier Axonometric Multiview
Three-point
Cabinet
Isometric
General
Dimetric

Trimetric
Perspective Projection
Perspective Projection
• A perspective drawing offers the most realistic
three-dimensional view of all the pictorial
methods, because it portrays the object in a
manner that is most similar to how the human
eye perceives the visual world.
Perspective Projection
• The observer is placed at a fixed distance.
• The projectors would converge and meet at what
is referred to as the vanishing point (VP). It can
have one, two or three vanishing points.
• The resulting view formed on the picture plane is
of different size and shape as compared to the
actual size of the actual object.
• Not suitable for working drawings.
Perspective Drawing

1-Point 2-Point 3-Point


Parallel Projection
Parallel Projection
• The projectors are parallel and do not meet.

• The observer is placed at an infinite distance


from the object.

• The view formed on the picture plane is of the


same size and shape as that of the object.
Axonometric Projection
• If the object is turned and tilted so that the
three faces are inclined to the plane of
projection is a special type of orthographic
projection known as Axonometric projection.

• Note that, the projectors from the object to


the plane are perpendicular to the plane.
Axonometric Projection
Oblique Projection
• This form differs from orthographic projection
in that, although one face (front) is imagined
parallel to the plane of projection, the
projectors make an angle other than 900.
• Front face sketched as a true shape. Starts
with two axes, one horizontal, one vertical.
The third axis is usually drawn at 450 , 300 and
600.
Oblique Projection
Oblique Projection
Orthographic Projection
• The word orthographic means to draw at right
angles and is derived from the Greek words:
ORTHOS - straight, rectangular, upright and
GRAPHOS - written, drawn.
• Orthographic projection is a parallel
projection. It is used as an unambiguous and
accurate way of providing information,
primarily for manufacturing and detail design.
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
• To defining the six principal views or orthographic views there
are two methods: 1- Natural method and 2- Glass box method
Orthographic Projection
1-Natural method: Each of the necessary view is obtained by
looking directly at the particular side of the object the view is
to represent.
Orthographic Projection
• Revolving an object to produce the six basic
views
Orthographic Projection
2-Glass box method:
– Most powerful technique to understand
orthographic projections.

– Suspend the object with transparent strings inside


a glass box.

– Fix the view from each direction (each of the six


sides of the box) and unfold the box.
Orthographic Projection
• Glass Box Approach
Orthographic Projection
• Glass Box Approach
Orthographic Projection
• Glass Box Approach
Orthographic Projection
• Glass Box Approach
Orthographic Projection
• Glass Box Approach
Orthographic Projection
• Glass Box Approach
Orthographic Projection
• First angle projection: The object is between
observer and plane of projection. It is ISO
standard and popular in European country.
• Third angle projection: The plane is between
observer and object of projection. It is
popular in USA, Japan and Thailand.
Orthographic Projection
• First and third angle projections

Third-angle Projection

First-angle Projection
Orthographic Projection
• First and third angle projections
Projection of Point
BT
BT
AT
Equal
distance
AT
B
B
A
BR
AF B F AF BF AR BR
AR
Projection of Normal Line
True length
BT

AT
BT
Equal
length
AT
B
B

A
A BR
AF B F AF BF AR BR
AR

Point True length


Projection of Inclined Line
True length
BT
AT
BT

Equal
length
AT
B
B
AA

AF BR
BF AF BF AR BR
AR

Foreshortened
Foreshortened
Projection of Oblique Line
Foreshortened
BT
AT
B
B BT

Equal
BF BR length
AT
B
A BF BR
A
AF A
AF AR
AR

Foreshortened
Foreshortened

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