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THE INTERNET Notes

The Internet has transformed communication and business since its inception in 1969, evolving from ARPANET to a complex network of interconnected systems. It comprises various types of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that facilitate connectivity for millions of users worldwide. Today, the Internet operates primarily through private companies, offering a vast array of services and information to users.

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6 views

THE INTERNET Notes

The Internet has transformed communication and business since its inception in 1969, evolving from ARPANET to a complex network of interconnected systems. It comprises various types of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that facilitate connectivity for millions of users worldwide. Today, the Internet operates primarily through private companies, offering a vast array of services and information to users.

Uploaded by

sathya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has affected the way
we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time. Count the ways you've
used the Internet recently. Perhaps you've sent electronic mail (e-mail) to a business
associate, paid a utility bill, read a newspaper from a distant city, or looked up a local
movie schedule-all by using the Internet. Or maybe you researched a medical topic,
booked a hotel reservation, chatted with a fellow Trekkie, or comparison-shopped for a
car. The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to
our fingertips and organized it for our use.

A Brief History

A network is a group of connected communicating devices such as computers and


printers. An internet (note the lowercase letter i) is two or more networks that can
communicate with each other. The most notable internet is called the Internet (uppercase
letter I), a collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks.
Private individuals as well as various organizations such as government agencies,
schools, research facilities, corporations, and libraries in more than 100 countries use the
Internet. Millions of people are users. Yet this extraordinary communication system only
came into being in 1969.
In the mid-1960s, mainframe computers in research organizations were standalone
devices. Computers from different manufacturers were unable to communicate with
one another. The Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) in the Department of Defense (DoD) was interested in finding a way to connect
computers so that the researchers they funded could share their findings, thereby
reducing costs and eliminating duplication of effort.
In 1967, at an Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) meeting, ARPA
presented its ideas for ARPANET, a small network of connected computers. The idea
was that each host computer (not necessarily from the same manufacturer) would be
attached to a specialized computer, called an inteiface message processor (IMP). The
IMPs, in tum, would be connected to one another. Each IMP had to be able to
communicate with other IMPs as well as with its own attached host. By 1969,
ARPANET was a reality. Four nodes, at the University of California at Los Angeles
(UCLA), the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), Stanford Research
Institute (SRI), and the University of Utah, were connected via the IMPs to form a
network. Software called the Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided communication
between the hosts.
In 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both of whom were part of the core ARPANET
group, collaborated on what they called the Internetting Projec1. Cerf and Kahn's
landmark 1973 paper outlined the protocols to achieve end- to-end delivery of packets.
This paper on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) included concepts such as
encapsulation, the datagram, and the functions of a gateway. Shortly thereafter,
authorities made a decision to split TCP into two protocols: Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Internetworking Protocol (lP). IP would handle datagram routing
while TCP would be responsible for higher-level functions such as segmentation,
reassembly, and error detection. The internetworking protocol became known as TCPIIP.
The Internet Today

The Internet has come a long way since the 1960s. The Internet today is not a simple
hierarchical structure. It is made up of many wide- and local-area networks joined by
connecting devices and switching stations. It is difficult to give an accurate
representation of the Internet because it is continually changing-new networks are being
added, existing networks are adding addresses, and networks of defunct companies are
being removed. Today most end users who want Internet connection use the services of
Internet service providers (lSPs). There are international service providers, national
service providers, regional service providers, and local service providers. The Internet
today is run by private companies, not the government. Figure 1.13 shows a conceptual
(not geographic) view of the Internet.
International Internet Service Providers:
At the top of the hierarchy are the international service providers that connect
nations together.
National Internet Service Providers:
The national Internet service providers are backbone networks created and
maintained by specialized companies. There are many national ISPs operating in North
America; some of the most well known are SprintLink, PSINet, UUNet Technology,
AGIS, and internet Mel. To provide connectivity between the end users, these backbone
networks are connected by complex switching stations (normally run by a third party)
called network access points (NAPs). Some national ISP networks are also connected to
one another by private switching stations called peering points. These normally operate
at a high data rate (up to 600 Mbps).
Regional Internet Service Providers:
Regional internet service providers or regional ISPs are smaller ISPs that are
connected to one or more national ISPs. They are at the third level of the hierarchy with
a smaller data rate. Local Internet Service Providers:
Local Internet service providers provide direct service to the end users. The local
ISPs can be connected to regional ISPs or directly to national ISPs. Most end users are
connected to the local ISPs. Note that in this sense, a local ISP can be a company that
just provides Internet services, a corporation with a network that supplies services to its
own employees, or a nonprofit organization, such as a college or a university, that
runs its own network. Each of these local ISPs can be connected to a regional or
national service provider.

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