A Laboratory Manual for

Optical Network & Satellite

Communication
(22647)
Semester- VI
Scheme- I

Diploma in Electronics Engineering Group (EJ)

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
 Government Polytechnic, Awasari (Kh)

Certificate

This is to certify that, Mr./ Ms. ………………………………………………….

Roll No. ……………… of Sixth Semester of Diploma in Electronics Engineering

Group has satisfactorily completed the term work in Optical Network & Satellite

Communication (22647) the subject for the academic year 20…….to 20……. as

prescribed in the MSBTE curriculum.

Place: ……………………... Enrollment No. : …………………

Date:………………………. Exam. Seat No. : ………………….

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institution
Programme Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practical
Following programme outcomes are expected to be achieved through the practical of the
course:
PO1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
PO2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.
PO3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical
problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified
needs.
PO4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
PO6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a
team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-
defined engineering activities.
PO7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in
the context of technological changes.
 Practical – Course Outcome Matrix
Course Outcomes (COs):
CO1 – Interpret the functions of the various blocks of optical fiber communication system.
CO2 – Measure the optical fiber cable parameters.
CO3 – Select relevant architecture of optical networks for the given application.
CO4 – Select uplink and downlink frequencies for various satellite services.
CO5 – Maintain satellite services.
Sr.
Practical Outcome CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
No.
Identify various layers and parts of an optical fiber
1 √
cable.
Test the performance of pulse width modulation and
2 Demodulation (PWM) where optical fiber cable is used √
as transmission media.

Test the performance of given photo diode (Detector).

3 √
Use LED as an optical source.

Test the performance of given photo diode (Detector).

4 √
Use LASER as an optical source.
Calculate the Numerical Aperture (NA) of given optical
5 √
fiber cable.
Measure attenuation losses for the given length of
6 √
optical fiber.

7 Measure bending losses of given optical fiber cable. √

Connect the given Optical Cable with relevant optical

8 √
connector and test the performance of cable
Demonstrate attenuation losses for given the length of
9 √
Optical fiber cable with the help OTDR.

10 Join optical Fiber cable using Splicing Machines. √

11 Demonstrate the working of OTN. √

Test the performance of audio satellite link for the

12 √
specified uplink and downlink frequency.

13 Setting up Fiber Optic Analog Link. √

14 Setting up Fiber Optic Digital Link. √

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS AND PROGRESSIVE ASSESSMENT FOR TERM WORK D-3

ACADEMIC YEAR -2 20
0
Course Code :- Sub & Code :
Name of Student : Enrollment No : Roll No :
Marks -Max: 25 Min:10 Name of Faculty-
Assess Dated
Sr. Page Date of Date of
Title of Experiment ment Sign of
No No Performance Submission
Marks teacher
Identify various layers and parts of an
1 1
optical fiber cable.
Test the performance of pulse width
2 modulation and Demodulation (PWM) where 6
optical fiber cable is used as transmission
media.
Test the performance of given photo diode
3 10
(Detector). Use LED as an optical source.

Test the performance of given photo diode

4 15
(Detector). Use LASER as an optical source.

Calculate the Numerical Aperture (NA) of

5 19
given optical fiber cable.

Measure attenuation losses for the given

6 24
length of optical fiber.

Measure bending losses of given optical fiber

7 30
cable.
Connect the given Optical Cable with
relevant optical connector and test the 34
8
performance of cable
Demonstrate attenuation losses for given the
9 length of Optical fiber cable with the help 37
OTDR.
Join optical Fiber cable using Splicing
10 40
Machines.

11 Demonstrate the working of OTN. 44

 Test the performance of audio satellite link for
12 47
the specified uplink and downlink frequency.

13 Setting up Fiber Optic Analog Link. 50

14 Setting up Fiber Optic Digital Link. 54

Total marks out of 350

Marks out of 25

Name and Signature of Staff

Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage in %

a. Preparation of experiments set up 20
b. Setting and operation 20
c. Safety measures 10
d. Observation and Recording 10
e. Interpretation of result and conclusion 20
f. Answer to sample questions 10
g. Submission of report in time 10
Total 100
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No.1
Title: Identify various layers and parts of an optical fiber cable.
EQUIPMENTS:
Different types of Fiber Optical cable.

THEORY:

Fig 1. Basic Construction of a fiber Optic Cable

Core:
This is the physical medium that transports optical data signals from an attached light source to a
receiving device. The core is a single continuous strand of glass or plastic that’s measured in
microns (µ) by the size of its outer diameter. The larger the core, the more light the cable can carry.
All fiber optic cable is sized according to its core’s outer diameter. The three multimode sizes most
commonly available are 50, 62.5, and 100 microns. Single-mode cores are generally less than 9
microns.

Cladding:
This is the thin layer that surrounds the fiber core and serves as a boundary that contains the light
waves and causes the refraction, enabling data to travel throughout the length of the fiber segment.

Coating:
This is a layer of plastic that surrounds the core and cladding to reinforce and protect the fiber core.
Coatings are measured in microns and can range from 250 to 900 microns.

Strengthening fibers:
These components help protect the core against crushing forces and excessive tension during
installation. The materials can range from Kevlar® to wire strands to gel-filled sleeves.

ONS
Page 9
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Cable jacket:
This is the outer layer of any cable. Most fiber optic cables have an orange jacket, although some
types can have black or yellow jackets.

Different types of Fiber Optical cable.

ONS
Page 10
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Block diagram of fiber Optical system.

CONCLUSION:

Questions:
1. Draw block diagram of Optical Fiber Communication System.
2. Describe the function of different sensors used in optical communication system.
3. State advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic cable.

ONS
Page 11
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Space for Answers

ONS
Page 12
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 13
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 2
Title: Test the performance of pulse width modulation and Demodulation (PWM) where optical
fiber cable is used as transmission media.

Apparatus: Function Generator, PWM Kit, 20-MHz CRO, Optical fiber cable.
THEORY:

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a digital modulation technique in which the width of a pulse
carrier is changed according to the instantaneous value of the information signal.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

PWM Modulation

ONS
Page 14
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

PWM Demodulation

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the power supply cable with polarity to kit1 and Kit2 while connecting ensure that it is
off.

2. Connect the signal generator between PWM(i/p) and ground select frequency 1Khz with
amplitude 1Vpp.

3. Switch on the power supply and signal generator.

4. Check that the circuit is properly working by connecting CRO at 32 KHz

5. Now observe the output waveform.

6. Connect the output of PWM at PWM output port to input port

7. Establish the link between ports marked as amplifier (o/p) and transmitter(o/p).

8. Observe the output of detector at the output port.

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

In PWM the amplitude is varying in accordance with the intensity of sound by means PWM the
analog signal is transmitted and received through optical fiber and waveform s are observed and
studied.

Questions:
1. What is PWM?
2. What is the advantage of using PWM in communication systems?
3. What is the function of comparator circuit?

ONS
Page 15
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)
Space for Answers

ONS
Page 16
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 17
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 3
Title: Test the performance of given photo diode (Detector) use LED as an optical source.

Apparatus: Experiment kit, Power supply, micro ammeter, voltmeter, optical power meter/ Lux
meter, Digital multimeter.

THEORY:

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

The two terminals, two-layer PN junction diode, which emits light when forward biased, is known
as a light emitting diode (abbreviated as LED).

LED emits visible and invisible light. LED’s radiate visible light in different colour such as red,
green, yellow, blue, orange etc. The colour of the emitted light depends on the type of the
semiconductor material used.

ONS
Page 18
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Photodiode: A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current.
The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain
optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface area.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

PROCEDURE:

1. Select the components as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the component of source circuit and detector circuit as per the diagram.

3. Align source and detector close to each other such that light of LED will be incident on the
photodiode.
ONS
Page 19
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

4. Adjust the resistance R1 (Position I) such that LED will not emit the light, measure the photo
current Ip in the detector circuit.

5. Change the position of R1 (Position II) and increase the intensity of light. At this position
measure Ip.

6. Again, change the position of R1 (Position III), and measure Ip for high intensity of light.

7. Repeat the step 6 for one more position. Note the readings.

Observation Table/Results

Sr. No Light intensity Photo current Ip

1 Position I - No light condition

3 Position II – Low light condition

5 Position III - Medium light condition

6 Position IV - High light condition

RESULT:

Conclusion:

As intensity of incident light increase, the photo current ........................ ( increase / decrease/
remains constant.)

Questions:
1. Distinguish between LED and LASER. (4 points)
2. What are different types of sources available for optical fiber.
3. Why does the photo current increase when intensity of light increases?

ONS
Page 20
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Space for Answers

ONS
Page 21
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 22
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 4
Title: Test the performance of given photo diode (Detector) use LASER as an optical source.

Apparatus: Experiment kit, Power supply, micro ammeter, voltmeter, optical power meter/ Lux
meter, Digital multimeter.

THEORY:

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation(LASER Diode

From the fabrication process LED can be improved to LASER diode which works with the photon
absorption, spontaneous emission and stimulated emission. In LASER two ends are made of RI
causing the number of reflections of photon until a resonant LASER beam comes out, the emission
is continuous.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

PROCEDURE:

1. Select the components as per the circuit diagram.

ONS
Page 23
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

2. Connect the component of source circuit and detector circuit as per the diagram.

3. Align source and detector close to each other such that light of Laser will be incident on the
photodiode.

4. Adjust the resistance R1 (Position I) such that Laser will not emit the light. Measure the photo
current Ip in the detector circuit.

5. Change the position of R1 (Position II) and increase the intensity of light. At this position
measure Ip.

6. Again change the position of R1 (Position III), and measure Ip for high intensity of light.

7. Repeat the step 6 for one more position. Note the readings.

Observation Table/Results

Sr. No Light intensity Photo current Ip

1 Position I - No light condition

3 Position II – Low light condition

5 Position III - Medium light condition

6 Position IV - High light condition

RESULT:

Conclusion:

As intensity of incident light increase, the photo current ........................ ( increase / decrease/
remains constant.)

ONS
Page 24
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Questions:
1. Compare optical fiber communication with radio wave communication on the basis of any four factors.
2. Describe working principle of avalanche photodiode with a neat sketch.

Space for Answer

ONS
Page 25
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 26
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 5
Title: Calculate the Numerical Aperture (NA) of given optical fiber cable.

Apparatus: Experiment kit, optical fiber cable.

THEORY:

Numerical Aperture (NA):

It is the numeric value expressing the amount of light that can enter the cone, because ray incident
on the cone axis at an angle less than the critical angle (θc) only can undergo total internal
reflection. Rest of the rays is scattered. Numerical aperture is an important factor in design of
communication links.

Formula for calculation of NA (Theoretical concept):

1. NA = √n12 − n22

Where n1 –refraction index of core

n2 –refraction index of cladding

2. NA = n0 sinθa
n0= 1 (for air)
Where θa- Semi angle of the acceptance cone

It is the formula based on radius of spot and vertical tip and other thing like refractive index of core
n1, refractive index of cladding n2 are ignored.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

Block diagram:

Power High power Optical fiber Graph

supply LED 1mm diameter paper

ONS
Page 27
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Procedure:
1. Take the circuit board and connect power supply to LED.
2. Connect one end of optical fiber in vertical manner over the graph paper and other end very
close to light source with coupler.
3. Vary the diameter between graph paper and optical fiber such as 2mm, 3mm, 4mm and so
on, to get concentrated cone of light.
4. Mark the circle of light area falling on the graph paper through optical fiber using sharp
pencil.
5. Measure the diameter (D) of circle. Calculate the radius ( r ) using the relation r = D/2.

ONS
Page 28
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Observations:

Measurement of spot diameter for various distances.

Sr. Distance (d) Diameter (D) Radius (r=D/2) X=√d2 + r2 NA= r/x
No. (mm) (mm) (mm)

1 2mm

2 3mm

3 4mm

4 5mm

Calculations:

X=√𝑑2 + 𝑟2
= …………………………….

NA =sin 𝜃a
= r/x

= …………………………...

Conclusion:

1. As distance between graph paper and fiber tip increase the diameter of
spot ....................................... (Increases / decreases / remains same).
2. As the distance between graph paper and fiber tip increases the NA…………….. (Increases
/ decreases / remains same).

Questions:
1. Define w.r.t Optical fiber a) Numerical aperture b) Acceptance angle.
2. A silica optical fiber with core diameter large enough to be considered by ray theory analysis has
core refractive index of 1.50 and cladding refractive index of 1.47 calculate i)Critical angle ii)NA
of fiber iii)Acceptance angle in air for fiber.

ONS
Page 29
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Space for Answer

ONS
Page 30
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 31
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 6

Title:Measure attenuation losses for the given length of optical fiber.

Apparatus:Experiment kit, optical fiber cable

THEORY:
Attenuation:

The attenuation is the loss or the fading of signal. It is an important parameter of theoptical
communication system as it determines distance of transmission.

Source of attenuation:

• Absorption.

• Scattering and radiation losses.

Absorption:
Absorption is mainly caused due to the two different mechanism of atomic defects in theused in
optical fiber.

ONS
Page 32
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Extrinsic Absorption: Absorption due to impurities in the glass material.

Intrinsic Absorption: Absorption due to basic constituent atoms of the glass matenial.

α(db/km) = 10 log (pi/po)

α.L = 10 log (pi/po)

where,

α = signal attenuation.

L = fiber length.

Fig.1 Attenuation v/s Wavelength

a) Extrinsic absorption: In practical, optical fiber prepared by conventional melting technology

where the transition metal impurities causes losses in optical fiber and this loss is called as Extrinsic
absorption.

ONS
Page 33
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

b) Absorption by atomic defects in glass composition: atomic defects are imperfections in atomic
structure of fiber material such as missing of molecules, high density clusters of atom groups
defects in the glass structure. This loss is significant when the fiber is exposed in space mission,
nuclear radiation medical radiation therapy etc.

1) Scattering losses :

Scattering is characterized in two different types

a) Rayleigh scattering :

It results due to fluctuation in Refractive Index (R.I). fluctuation in R.I occurs because glass
material is composed of randomly connected network of molecules i.e. there are some regions in
which molecular density is either higher or lower than the average density in the glass.

a) Mie scattering :

It results due to the structural inhomogeneities present in the fiber such as irregularities in the core
cladding interface, imperfect cylindrical structure, core cladding R.I differences along fiber length,
strains and bubbles etc.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the power supply.

2. Connect the 1m fiber between optical transmitter and receiver without bending and measure the
voltage.

3. Connect the 5m fiber between optical transmitter and receiver without bending and measure the
voltage.

ONS
Page 34
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Observations:

Sr. No Length of Fiber (m) Output(Vo) Attenuation in dB

1
2

Calculation:

Vi = Input Voltage = …………..

Attenuation in dB =20 log10(Vi/V0) = ……………………..

……………………..

Conclusion:

As the length of optical fiber increases, output Voltage........................... (Increases / decreases / remains
same)
Questions:
1. Describe coupling losses occur in optical fiber communication with neat diagrams.
2. Explain the applications of FOC in industrial and commercial field.
3. How to minimize the attenuation in fiber?

Space for Answer

ONS
Page 35
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

ONS
Page 36
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 37
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. :7
Title: Measure bending losses of given optical fiber cable.

Apparatus: Experiment kit, optical fiber cable.

Theory:
Bending losses :

Bending losses occurs whenever optical fiber undergoes a bend of finite curvature radius. There are
two types of bend

Macroscopic bend :

The bend having radii that are very as compared to the fiber diameter. Due to the curved cables, the
power is lost due to radiations. This loss is large after the threshold point.

For slight microbe dingradiative loss is negligible i.eupto certain critical curvature radius the loss is
not significant but if radius is made smaller than critical curvature radius then bending losses
becomes extremely large.

Microscopic bend :

It means bending of fiber arise when the fibers are incorporated in the cable. This bending occurs
due to cabling or packaging.

ONS
Page 38
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

The microbends are caused either by non-uniformities in the manufacturing of the fiber or non-
uniform lateral pressures created during cabling of the fiber.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the power supply.
2. Connect the 5m long fiber between optical transmitter and receiver without bending.
3. Note the output power without bending the fiber (V1).
5. Connect one end of fiber to optical transmitter and other to optical receiver.
6. Measure the output power (P2) on display, with bending of fiber.
7. Observe the change in output power P1 and P2.

Observations:

A. For bending loss

1. Current I = 40mA

2. Optical voltage without bending of fiber V1 = ...........

3. Optical voltage with bending of fiberV2 =.........

ONS
Page 39
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Calculation:
1. Optical power without bending of fiber P1 = (V1 x I) =.........

2. Optical power with bending of fiber P2 =..(V2 x I) = ...........

Bending loss = P1- P2 =.......

Conclusion:

Questions:
1. List the different losses occur in optical fiber. Describe any one loss with diagram.
2. Illustrate modal dispersion loss. Where it occurs and how it can be controlled?

Space for Answers

ONS
Page 40
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 41
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 8
Title: Connect the given Optical Cable with relevant optical connector and test the performance
of cable.

EQUIPMENTS:Experiment kit, optical fiber cable, connectors.

THEORY:
Optical fiber connector:
An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and enables quicker connection
and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers
so light can pass. Better connectors lose very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the
fibers.

There are several types of fiber optic connectors available today. The most common are: ST, SC,
FC, MT-RJ and LC style connectors. All of these types of connectors can be used with either
multimode or single mode fiber.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the power supply of kit.

2. Connect the 5m long fiber between optical transmitter and receiverwith different connector.
3. Note the output the fiber (V1).

ONS
Page 42
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

4. Measure the output (V2) on display, with other connector of fiber.

5. Observe the change in output V1 and V2.

Observations:

1. Optical output with --------------connector of fiber V1 = ...........

2. Optical output with -------------connector of fiber V2 = ...........

Conclusion-

Questions:
1. Distinguish between splicing and connectors of fiber optic cable.

2. Compare on the basis of any four factors optical fiber communication with radio wave
communication

Space for Answers

ONS
Page 43
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 44
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. : 9
Title: Demonstrate attenuation losses for given the length of Optical fiber cable with the help
OTDR.

EQUIPMENTS: Experiment kit, optical fiber cable

THEORY:
OTDR:

An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is a fiber optic instrument used to characterize,
troubleshoot and maintain optical telecommunication networks. OTDR testing is performed by
transmitting and analyzing pulsed laser light traveling through an optical fiber. The measurement is
said to be unidirectional as the light is insert at extremity of a fiber optic cable link.

An OTDR contains a laser diode source, a photodiode detector and a highly accurate timing circuit
(or time base). The laser emits a pulse of light at a specific wavelength, this pulse of light travels
along the fiber being tested, as the pulse moves down the fiber portions of the transmitted light are
reflected/refracted or scattered back down the fiber to the photo detector in the OTDR. The
intensity of this returning light and the time taken for it to arrive back at the detector tells us the loss
value (insertion and reflection), type and location of an event in the fiber link.

ONS
Page 45
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

PROCEDURE:

Virtual lab/Demonstration in industry /video can be used in case of non – availability of the splicing
machine in the lab
Conclusion:

Questions:
1. Draw and explain the block diagram of OTDR
2. Give application of OTDR.
3. Explain OTDR curve.

Space for Answers

ONS
Page 46
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 47
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 10
Title: Join optical Fiber cable using Splicing Machines.
EQUIPMENTS:Splicing Machines, optical fiber cable.

THEORY:
Splicing Techniques:
Fiber splice is a permanent joint formed between two individual optical fibers in the field of
factory.
The technique is of two types:
1. Fusion splicing or welding
2. Mechanical splicing
Fusion splicing or welding:
It is accomplished by applying localized heating i.e by a flame or an electrical arc at interference
between two butted, pre aligned fiber ends.
This technique involves heating of two prepared fiber ends to their fusing point by applying
sufficient axial pressure between the two optical fibers. For heating most widely source is electric
arc.

Mechanical splicing:
In this method accurately produced rigid alignment tube is used to bond the prepared fiber ends
permanent.

ONS
Page 48
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

PROCEDURE:

Virtual lab/Demonstration in industry /video can be used in case of non – availability of the splicing
machine in the lab.
Conclusion:

Questions:
1. List different types of splicing techniques. Describe any one method.
2. What are the precautions taken during splicing?

Space for Answers

ONS
Page 49
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

ONS
Page 50
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 51
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 11
Title: Demonstrate the working of OTN.
EQUIPMENTS:Experiment kit, optical fiber cable

THEORY:
OTN—or Optical Transport Networking—is a next-generation, industry-standard protocol that
provides an efficient and globally accepted way to multiplex different services onto optical light
paths.
OTN architecture:

PROCEDURE:

Virtual lab/Demonstration in industry /video can be used in case of non – availability of the in the
lab
CONCLUSION:

Questions:
1. Define optical network. State its need.

2. Explain with neat diagram optical network elements.

ONS
Page 52
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Space for Answers

ONS
Page 53
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 54
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 12
Title: Test the performance of audio satellite link for the specified uplink and downlink frequency.
EQUIPMENTS: 1. Uplink Transmitter 2. Dish Antennas 3. Downlink Receiver 4. Connecting cables.

PREREQUISITE: Basics of Satellite Communication System.

THEORY: Satellite communications is one of our most rapidly growing and evolving technologies
bringing with it a multitude of business opportunities in the decades to come.
A communications Satellite is a spacecraft that carries aboard communications equipment, enabling a
communications link to be established between distant points. An all embracing definition of a
spacecraft would include deep-space probes such as the Voyager series, but here only those Satellites
that orbit the earth will be considered. Satellites that orbit the earth do so as a result of the balance
between centrifugal and gravitational forces. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) discovered the laws that
govern Satellite motion. Although Kepler was investigating the motion of planets and their moons (so-
called heavenly bodies), the same laws apply to the artificial Satellites launched for communications
purposes.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.
2. Switch ON the transmitter and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by frequency selection switch. The frequency can be
changed from 2450-2468 MHz.
4. The transmitter ON-OFF toggle switch will switch on - off the transmission.
5. Connect X1 Antenna to Uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
6. Set the O/P gain of Uplink transmitter to maximum.
7. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5- 7m. (It can go even up to 10m.).
8. Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it ON by mains switch.
9. The Downlink Receiver Frequency can be changed from 2414-2432 MHz.
10. The Downlink receiver ON-OFF toggle switch will switch on - off the receiver.
11. Attach R2 Antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC - BNC lead.
12. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line.
13. Keep the uplink transmitter and downlink receiver frequency to the same frequency.
14. Now connect Tone out signal to Tone input of the Uplink transmitter by patch cord.

ONS
Page 55
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

15. Keep Downlink receiver voice switch in the ON position and you will be able to hear tone in the
speaker of receiver.
16. This is a test link for direct communication between transmitter and receiver.
17. Connect any other audio signal to the Audio II of Uplink transmitter and you will hear the music in
the speaker of Downlink Receiver.
Results:

A clear music indicates that the microwave link has been successfully setup between uplink transmitter
and Down link receiver directly.
CONCLUSION:
The communication link is established and tested.

Questions:
1. What is uplink and downlink frequency? State reason for difference in uplink and downlink
frequency in satellite communications.
2. Define the following terms w. r.t. satellite i. Footprint ii. Orbit iii. Azimuth angle iv. Elevation angle

Space for Answers

ONS
Page 56
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 57
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 13
Title: Setting up Fiber Optic Analog Link.

EQUIPMENTS: Scientech 2502 Kit with Power Supply cord, Optical Fiber cable, Digital Storage
Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe.

THEORY:

Fiber Optic Links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically, a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The
transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical
(light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium, which carries this
energy to the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same
pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.

CONNECTION:

ONS
Page 58
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Power Supply cord to the main power plug & to TechBook Scientech 2502.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
3. Make the following connections as shown in next figure
4. Connect the 1 KHz sine wave output to emitter l's input.
5. Connect the Fiber Optics cable between emitter output and detectors input.
6. Detector l's output to AC amplifier 1 input.
7. On the board, switch emitter l's driver to analog mode.
8. Switch ON the Power Supply of TechBook and Oscilloscope.
9. Observe the input to emitter 1 with the output from AC amplifier 1 and note that the two
signals are same.

Observation Table:

S. No. fin Vin Vout

Results and Discussions:

Questions:
1. What is meant by index profile?
2. What is the drawback of multimode Fibers?
3. What is Fiber optics?

ONS
Page 59
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Space for Answers

ONS
Page 60
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 61
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Experiment No. 14
Title: Setting up Fiber Optic Digital Link.

EQUIPMENTS: Scientech 2502 Kit with Power Supply cord, Optical Fiber cable, Digital Storage
Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe.

THEORY:

Fiber Optic Links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically, a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The
transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical
(light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium, which carries this
energy to the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same
pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.

CONNECTION:

ONS
Page 62
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Power Supply cord to the main the Power Supply to the board.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
3. Make the following connections as shown in next figure.
4. Connect the 1 KHz square wave output to emitter l's input.
5. Connect the fiber optic cable between emitter output and detectors input.
6. Detector 1's output to comparator 1’s input.
7. Comparator l's output to AC amplifier l's input.
8. On the board, switch emitter 1's driver to digital mode.
9. Switch ON the Power Supply of TechBook and Oscilloscope.
10. Monitor both the inputs to comparator 1. Slowly adjust the comparators bias preset,
until DC Level on the input (TP13) lays mid-way between the high and low level of
the signal on the positive input (TP14).
11. Observe the input to emitter 1 (TP 5) with the output from AC amplifier 1 (TP28) and
note that the two signals are same.

Observation Table:

S. No. fin Vin Vout

Results and Discussions:

Questions:
1. Why single mode Fibers are used for long distance transmission?
2. What is optical Fiber?
3. What is step index profile?

ONS
Page 63
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)
Space for Answers

ONS
Page 64
 Optical Network and Satellite Communication (22647)

Marks obtained Dated sign. Of Teacher

Process Related(10) Product Related(15) Total(25)

ONS
Page 65