TSSM’S

PADMABOOSHAN VASANTDADA PATIL

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BAVDHAN,
PUNE-21

LAB MANUAL
OF
Broadband Communication Systems
Course Code: 404190
(2015 Course)

Department of E&TC Engineering

1
 Teaching Scheme Examination scheme (Marks)
Subject
Lect. Tut. Pract. Theory
TW PR OR Total
In Sem End Sem

BCS 04 .. 02 30 70 25 .. 25 150

LIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

Sr. No. Contents/Tile of Experiment Page no.

A Vision, Mission, PEO’s, PO of E&TC Department,

b Course Outcome (CO) of – RMT Radiation& Microwave Techniques
C Outcome of Practical (OP)
1 Estimation of Numerical aperture of fiber

2 Plot the characteristics of various sources and detectors

Measure attenuation of MMSI and SMSI fiber and comment on the result
3 based on Attenuation due to increase in length as well as loss due to bend

4 Set up a digital link and analyze.

Establishing a direct communication link between Uplink Transmitter and

5 Downlink Receiver using tone signal.

6 To set up an Active Satellite link and demonstrate Link Fail Operation

To establish an AUDIO-VIDEO satellite link between Transmitter and

7 Receiver

To transmit and receive three separate signals (Audio, Video, and Tone)
8 simultaneously through satellite Link

2
 E&TC Department
Vision: -
To be a role model of education for developing technically sound and socially sensitive
engineers.
Mission: -
M1. To impart quality professional education through effective teaching learning process.
M2. To create conducive environment for inculcating professional values among students.
Program Educational Objectives: -
Graduate shall have ability:
PEO1. Have professional competency to solve engineering problems in core and
multidisciplinary domain.
PEO2. Have ability to develop sustainable product and processes for developing leading
enterprise.
PEO3. Engage in lifelong learning to deal with social issues ethically.

Program Outcomes: -

a. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, to model and analyse electronic systems.
b. Problem Analysis: Demonstrate the ability to identify, formulate, analyse and solve
engineering problems.
c. Design/Development of Solutions: Demonstrate the ability to design a system
components, or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for
public health and safety.
d. Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Demonstrate the ability to design
experiments, test electronic circuits and analyse and interpret data.
e. Modern Tool Usage: Able to use modern engineering techniques, skills, and
computing tools necessary for engineering practice.
f. The Engineer and Society: Demonstrate to understand the impact of engineering
solutions using contemporary technology in a global and societal, health, safety, legal
issues.
g. Environment and Sustainability: Able to work professionally in electronics and
telecommunication domain including the design and realization of such system to
address social and environmental needs for sustainable development.
h. Ethics: Demonstrate the understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.
i. Individual and Team Work: Demonstrate the ability to function as an individual,
team member or leader in inter-disciplinary settings.
j. Communication: Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively with written,
oral and visual means.
k. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to manage projects.
l. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have preparation and ability to
engage in independent life-long learning in the context of technological change.

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 Course Outcomes

At the end of course student will able to:

Course outcome Statement

(CO)

CO1 Understand optical fiber parameters and measurement of performance

parameters

CO2 Setting optical fiber link

CO3 Transmitting audio video using satellite communication.

4
 Outcomes of Practical (OP)

Expt.
OP Marks Students are able to
No.
OP1 5 Student will measure Numerical aperture of fiber
1
OP2 5 Student will examine effect of distance from source on NA
OP1 5 Student will measure VI characteristics of LED as optical source
2 Student will measure VI characteristics of photo diode as optical
OP2 5
receiver
Students will measure attenuation of MMSI and SMSI fiber and
OP1 5 comment
3
Student will examine result based on attenuation due to increase in
OP2 5 length as well as loss due to bend.

Students will Set up a digital link

4 OP1 5

Students will analyze digital link by connecting different digital inputs

OP2 5
.
Students will establish a direct communication link between Uplink
5 OP1 5
Transmitter and Downlink Receiver
Students will measure its performance using tone signal.
OP2 5

OP1 5 Students will set up an Active Satellite link

6 Students will demonstrate Link Fail Operation.
OP2 5

Student Will establish an AUDIO-VIDEO satellite link between

OP1 5 Transmitter and Receiver
7
OP2 5 Student Will test the link by sending audio and video signal
Student will transmit and receive three separate signals (Audio, Video,
OP1 5 Tone) simultaneously through satellite Link.
8
Students will set up different uplink and downlink frequencies and
OP2 5
receive three separate signals

****Note:- Each Experiment Carries 10 marks.

5
 TSSM’s Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology
Bavdhan, Pune-411021
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Class: B.E. (E&TC)

Subject: BCS Experiment No: 1
Date of Performance: Date of Submission:
Roll No: Remark & Sign of Faculty:
TITLE: Numerical Aperture (NA) of fiber
AIM: To Estimate Numerical Aperture (NA) of fiber

OBJECTIVE :
1. To know what is optical fiber .
2. To Estimate Numerical Aperture (NA) of fiber

ELO: Students will measure and calculate Numerical Aperture (NA) of fiber

APPARATUS:
Optical trainer Kit, Numerical aperture scale, 1 meter fiber cable
THEORY:
For light rays to be propagated along a fiber they must fall within the fibers
acceptance angle, the numerical aperture of the fiber is an indication of how much light fiber
can accept to propagate through it. Numerical Aperture refers to the maximum angle at which
the light incident on the fiber end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly
along the fiber.
The cone formed by the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of
acceptance. The light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance else it is
refracted out of fiber cone.

6
 Fig.1: The Path for a meridional ray launched in to fiber

Above figure shows a light ray incident on the fiber core at an angle θ1 to the fiber
axis which is less than the acceptance angle for the fiber θa. The ray enters the fiber from a
medium (air) of refractive index η0, and the fiber core has a refractive index n1, which is
slightly greater than the cladding refractive index η2.
NA is defines for step index in air as,

NA = no sin a = n12 − n2 2
Where,
θa = maximum acceptance angle
n1 = core refractive index
n2 = cladding refractive index
It is assumed that light is incident on fiber end face from air with refractive
index (n0) of unity. The numerical aperture can also be defined in terms of relative refractive
index difference (Δ) as,
NA = n1 2
Procedure:
1. Switch on the power supply.
2. Adjust fiber such that it just touch light source.
3. Take reading on vertical scale as reference reading.
4. Adjust distance ‘L’ between fiber and light source to 10mm.
5. Adjust fiber in horizontal position such that we gate maximum volt meter Reading and
takevernier scale reading.
6. Now we have to take reading at different horizontal positions. Practically
Maximum angle of incidence of light corresponds to half power point, that is when volt
meter reading is 0.5 times the max reading.
7. So adjust fiber at different horizontal points using vernier for horizontalmovement.
8. Take vernier scale reading when voltmeter reading is 0.5 times max reading( D1).

7
 9. Similarly take reading in opposite direction say D2.
Now refer to diagram
N.A=Sin (tan-1[D/2L])
Where,
D =D2-D1 or D1-D2
L =distance between fiber and light source.
10. Repeat the procedure at L=20mm.
11. Calculate average value of N.A.

Fig.2: Experimental setup for measurement of NA of fiber.

Observations:
Reference level =

Sr. Length (L) D1 D2 D=D1-D2 NA=Sin (tan-1[D/2L])

No.

8
Set up information:

9
10
11
 CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Outcome of practical:
OP Marks Outcome of practical

OP1 05 Student will measure Numerical aperture of fiber

OP2 05 Student will examine effect of distance from source on NA

12
 TSSM’s Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology
Bavdhan, Pune-411021
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Class: B.E. (E&TC)

Subject:BCS Experiment No: 2
Date of Performance: Date of Submission:
Roll No: Remark & Sign of Faculty:

TITLE: Characteristics of various sources and detectors

AIM: to plot characteristics of light source and light detector.

OBJECTIVES: To plot electrical & optical characteristics of LED as a light source

2) To plot the frequency response of detectors with different value of load resistor.
ELO :
i) Student will measure VI characteristics of LED as optical source
ii) Student will measure VI characteristics of photo diode as optical receiver

APPARATUS: Trainer kit, DSO, connecting probes.

THEORY:
1) LED as optical source
In Optical communication system, electrical signal is first converted into optical signal
with the help of E/O conversion device such as LED (Light Emitting diode) & LASER
diode. After this optical signal is transmitted through optical fiber, it is then retrieved in its
original form with the help of O/E conversion device which is a photo detector.
• A LED is semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current is applied to it.
LED contains a P-N junction, which is forward bias when LED is operating.

13
 Fig.1: LED & its connections
How a Led glows?
• Optical source converts the electrical energy into equivalent optical source, when P-N
junction is forward biased. It is achieved by LED & LASER based on principle of
photon emission. Photon emission takes place when electrons fall back from
conduction band to valance band.

The holes exist at a lower

Current Negative electrons energy level than free
electrons, therefore when a free
flows across a move one way and
electrons falls on hole it losses
diode positive holes move the energy.
other way

The color of the light is The

determined by the fall of the energy emitted
electron and hence energy in the form of a
level of the photon, which is photon which
depend on material used. causes light.
Fig.2: Operating principal of LED
• The wavelength of light emitted & its color depends on the band gap energy of the
materials forming P-N junction.
• LED uses spontaneous emission process of light, in which there is random emission of
light in surrounding direction.
• The various impurities added during doping process to establish wavelength of the
emitted light. The wavelength determines the color of the light & if it is visible or
invisible (infrared).

14
• LEDs are made up of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Arsenide phosphide (GaAsP)
or Gallium phosphide (GaP).
• GaAs LED emit infrared radiation which is invisible. GaAsP produces either red or
yellow visible light. GaP produces red or green visible light.
• Forward voltage in silicon diode is 0.7 volts & in LEDs it is always greater in between
1.2V & 3.2V. Reverse breakdown for LED is much less. Fig.3 shows the V-I
characteristics of LED.
• The ideal light output power against current characteristic for an LED is shown in
Figure It is linear corresponding to the linear part of the injection laser optical power
output characteristic before lasing occurs.
• Intrinsically the LED is a very linear device in comparison with the majority of
injection lasers and hence it tends to be more suitable for analog transmission where
severe constraints are put on the linearity of the optical source.

Fig.3V-I charactestics of LED

Fig. 4: Optical charactestics of LED

15
 • However, in practice LEDs do exhibit significant nonlinearities which depend upon
the configuration utilized.
• Types of LED:
Following are types of LED,
1) Dome LED 2) Surface emitting LED 3) Edge emitting LED

Procedure:
1. Switch on the power supply.
2. Connect the optical transmitter in test circuit.
3. Connect anode of transmitter to voltmeter and cathode to current meter.
4. Vary voltage and current using pot.
5. Plot the graph of voltage and current.
6. Also observe reverse bias characteristics by reversing the connections of photo
transmitter.
7. For curve tracing connect optical transmitter in curve tracer section situated at the
bottom of panel.
8. Connect ground of CRO to G-point and channel I to Y-point and channel II to X-point.
Press X-Y mode and observe V-I curve on CRO.

Observations:
1) V-I characteristics of LED

Sr.No. Voltage Current Sr.No Voltage Current

(V) (mA) (V) (mA)
1 8
2 9
3 10
4 11
5 12
6 13
7 14

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 2) Optical characteristics of fiber.

Sr. Current Power Sr. Current Power

No. (mA) (mW) No. (mA) (mW)
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4

B) Load resistor as Light detector

The basic detection process in an intrinsic absorption is illustrated is shown in
following figureFig.5 , which shows a p-n photodiode. This device is reverse biased and the
electric field developed across the p-n junction sweeps mobile carrier (holes and electrons) to
their respective majority sides (p and n type material). A depletion region or layer is therefore
created on either side of the junction. This barrier has the effect of stopping the majority
carriers crossing the in opposite direction to the field. However, the field accelerates minority
carriers from both sides to the opposite side of the junction forming the reverse leakage
current of the diode Thus intrinsic conditions are created in depletion region
A photon incident in or near the depletion region of this device which has an energy
greater than or equal to the band gap energy (Eg) of the fabricating material (i.e.hf>=Eg) will
excite electron from the valence band and is known as the photo generation of an electron-
hole (carrier) pair, as shown in following Fig.5.
Carrier pairs so generated near the junction are separated and swept (drift) under the
influence of the electric to produce a displacement by the current in the external circuit in
access of any reverse leakage current.

17
Fig.5 (a),(b)&(c):Different processes involved in detection of light signal by a
photodiode

Photo generation and the separation of a carrier pair generation. However since long
carrier drift times in the depletion region restrict the speed of operation of the photodiode it is
necessary to limit its width. Thus, there is tradeoff between the no. of photons absorbed
(sensitivity) and the speed of response.
Procedure:
1. For V-I characteristics of receiver adjust transmitter current to 15 mA.
2. Connect optical receiver in reverse bias condition
3. Connect anode to current meter and cathode to voltmeter.
4. Connect fiber cable between transmitter and receiver.
5. Vary voltage and current using pot and plot the graph.
6. Repeat the procedure for different transmitter current.
Observations:
Sr. Transmitter Current= Transmitter Current= Transmitter Current=
No.
Voltage(V) Current(A) Voltage(V) Current(A) Voltage(V) Current(A)
1
2
3

18
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Graph:
a) VI characteristics of LED
b) Optical Characteristics of LED
c) Frequency response of Photo detector
CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

Experiment set up detail:

19
20
 Class: B.E. (E&TC)
Subject: BCS Experiment No:3
Date of Performance: Date of Submission:
Roll No:TITLE: Interfacing of LCD to 8051. Remark & Sign of Faculty:

TITLE: Attenuation of MMSI &SMSI fibers

AIM: To Measure attenuation of given MMSI &SMSI fibers. Also study the effect of
length &effect of bending on attenuation.
OBJECTIVES: to measure attenuation of MMSI and SMSI fiber and comment
ii) to examine result based on attenuation due to increase in length as well as loss due to
bend.

ELO: I) Students will measure attenuation of MMSI and SMSI fiber and comment
ii)Student will examine result based on attenuation due to increase in length as well as loss
due to bend.

APPARATUS: Optical trainer kit, optical fiber cables of different length, DSO
THEORY:
The attenuation or transmission loss of optical fibers has proved to be one of the most
important factors in bringing about their wide acceptance in telecommunications. As channel
attenuation largely determined the maximum transmission distance prior to signal restoration
Attenuation is loss of power. During transmission, light pulse lose some of their photons,
thus reduce their amplitude. Attenuation for a fiber is usually specified in decibels per
kilometer. For commercially available fibers attenuation ranges from 1 dB / km for premium
small-core glass fibers to over 2000 dB / Km for a large core plastic fiber.
Attenuation loss is by definition indicated by negative decibels. In common usage,
discussions of loss omit the negative sign. The basic measurement for loss in a fiber is done
by taking the logarithmic ratio of the input power (Pi) to the output power (Po).

Pi
 ( dB) L = 10 log 10
Po
Where α (dB) is the signal attenuation per unit length in decibels which is also referred
to as the fiber loss parameter and L is the fiber length.
A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical
fiber. These mechanisms are influenced by the material composition, the preparation and
21
purification technique and the waveguide structure. They may be categorized within several
major areas which include material absorption, material scattering (linear and nonlinear
scattering), curve and micro bending losses, mode coupling radiation losses and losses due to
leaky modes. There are also losses at connectors and splices. For a low loss single mode fiber
the graph of attenuation with respect to wavelength is as shown in Fig .1.
The attenuation in a fiber can be reduces by using techniques like, use of proper
fabrication techniques like vapor phase axial deposition. It can also be reduced by using a
good quality material for fiber manufacturing.

Fig.1. Graph of Attenuation Vs Wavelength for a single mode fiber.

Procedure:
1. Switch on power supply.
2. Adjust output of signal generator to 2Vpp& 1Khz using amplitude and frequency pot
and connect it to input of optical transmitter.(This voltage is treated as Vin)
3. Connect ‘A’ point to anode of optical transmitter and ‘B’ to cathode.
4. Connect ‘C’ point to cathode of optical receiver and ‘D’ point to anode.
5. Connect 0.33 meter fiber cable between optical transmitter and receiver.
6. Measure output of receiver (peak to peak) say Vo1.
7. Similarly repeat this procedure for 0.66 m and 1m fiber cable and measure output of
receiver say Vo2 and Vo3 resp.
8. Calculate attenuation loss using following procedure-

a) Loss 1=α1= 20log(Vin/Vo1) dB

b) Loss 2= α2 = 20log(Vin/Vo2) dB

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 c) Loss 3= α3 = 20log(Vin/Vo3) dB

9. Calculate the avg. loss per 1m of fiber cable as

Avg. loss= α = [Loss 3+ Loss 2+ Loss 1] /3 in dB/m

10. Connect 1 meter fiber cable between optical transmitter and receiver and bend it for
3-4 turns & measure output voltage Vo4.
11. Again bend it for 8-9 turns & measure output voltage Vo5.
12. Calculate attenuation loss using following procedure-

a) Loss 4= α4 = 20log(Vin/Vo4) dB

b) Loss 5= α5 = 20log(Vin/Vo5) dB

13. Calculate the avg. loss per 1m of fiber cable as

Avg. loss=α= [Loss 4+ Loss 5] /2 in dB/m

Observations:
A) Attenuation due to increase in length of fiber cable
1. Vin=
2. Frequency=

Length of fiber Output Voltage Propagation Loss Average Loss

(m) (volts) (dB) (dB/m)
L1=0.33m Vo1= α1= α=

L2=0.66m Vo2= α2=

L3=1m Vo3= α3=

B) Attenuation due to increase in length of fiber cable

1) Vin=
2) Frequency=
3) Length of fiber=

23
 No. of turns for Output Voltage (volts) Propagation Average
bending fiber Loss (dB) Loss (dB/m)
cable
Vo4= α4= α=

Vo6= α5=

CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Experiment set up details:

24
Outcome of practical:
OP Marks Outcome of practical
Students will measure attenuation of MMSI and SMSI fiber
OP1 5 and comment

Student will examine result based on attenuation due to

OP2 05 increase in length as well as loss due to bend.

25
 TSSM’s Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology
Bavdhan, Pune-411021
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Class: B.E. (E&TC)

Subject: BCS Experiment No: 4
Date of Performance: Date of Submission:
Roll No: Remark & Sign of Faculty:

TITLE:
AIM: To Study Transmission of Digital signal through fiber optic link.

ELO : Students will Set up a digital link

Students will analyze digital link by connecting different digital inputs .
APPARATUS: Experimental kit, DSO, Optical fiber cable.
THEORY:
The non-linearity within the emitter LED &photo transistor causing distortion of the
signal at the receiver output are the disadvantages associated with amplitude modulating a
light source by analog means. Linearity is not a problem if the light beam is switched ‘On’ &
‘Off’ with a digital signal, since the detector output is simply squared up by a comparator
circuit. To overcome problems associated with amplitude modulation of a light beam by
analog means, analog signals are often used to vary or modulate some characteristic of a
digital signal (e.g. frequency or pulse width.). The digital signal being used to switch the light
beam ‘On’ & ‘Off’.

DIGITAL OPTICAL LINK:

In this link digital fiber link is used. Circuit diagram is given on next page at optical
transmitter RED LED is used and transistor as switch. When input to transistor is high, there
is no light output and when input is low light is emitted. This light is coupled to optical
receiver through one meter length, secondary coated plastic fiber. At receiver we have used
TLL 81 phototransistor, amplifier and again switching transistor.

26
 Block diagram of digital Link:

Fig1: Block diagram of digital link

When light fall on optical receiver input to switching transistor is high and so final
output of link is low, and when no light fall input to switching transistor is low and so final
output is high. in this way we get same output at receiver which we have given to transmitter.
The bandwidth is depends on Tr (rise time), Tf (fall time) and value of load resistance
in detector circuit. We have provided pattern generator with variable clock frequency. At
detector two load resistances R1 (1K) and R2 (4.7K) are provided. You can observe effect of
value of load resistance on B.W.

Procedure:
1. Switch On the power supply.
2. Connect 5V to input of optical transmitter. Observe output at anode of transmitter and
cathode of optical receiver and final receiver output.
3. Connect ground to input of optical transmitter. Observe output at anode of transmitter
and cathode of optical receiver and final receiver output. Now to observe effect of
value of load resistance on BW.
4. Keep frequency of clock generator minimum.
5. Connect pattern (P1 or P2) output to input of transmitter.

27
 6. Observe waveform at anode of optical transmitter with input pattern on dual scope
CRO, it is inverted.
7. Connect fiber cable between optical transmitter and receiver.
8. Connect anode of optical receiver to R1 1K as RL.
9. Observe output at anode of optical receiver.
10. Observe output at OP-AMP amplifier.
11. Observe final output of receiver. It is same as input pattern.
12. Now increase clock frequency from minimum to maximum and observe its effect on
final output of receiver.
13. Repeat steps 8-12 for R2 (4.7K).
14. What is your observation, as RL increases bandwidth decreases.

Observations:
Sr. Observation at Sr. Observation at
No. No.

Experiment Setup details:

28
29
 CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Outcome of practical:
OP Marks Outcome of practical

OP1 5 Students will Set up a digital link

OP2 5 Students will analyze digital link by connecting different

digital inputs .

30
 TSSM’s Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology
Bavdhan, Pune-411021
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Class: T.E. (E&TC)

Subject:BCS Experiment No: 5
Date of Performance: Date of Submission:
Roll No: Remark & Sign of Faculty:

TITLE: direct communication link

AIM: Establishing a direct communication link between Uplink Transmitter and Downlink
Receiver using tone signal
OBJECTIVE :
1. To measure guide wavelengths of the microwave using microwave test bench
2. To measure cut off wavelengths of the microwave using microwave test bench
.
ELO:
i) Students will establish a direct communication link between Uplink Transmitter and
Downlink Receiver.
ii) Students will measure its performance using tone signal.

APPARATUS:
1. Uplink Transmitter
2. Dish Antennas
3. Downlink Receiver
4. Connecting cables.

THEORY:
Satellite Communication System (Demonstrator) Trainer model SCST 01 provides study of
basic Satellite communication system. It consists of Uplink Transmitter, Satellite Transponder
and a Downlink Receiver. The Satellite Transponder receives signal from Uplink Transmitter
and retransmit at different frequencies to a Downlink Receiver. The Uplink and Downlink
frequencies are selectable and can carry three signals – Video, Audio and Data
simultaneously. Any Broadband signal or Digital/Analog data or Function Generator
waveforms can be communicated through the Satellite link.

FEATURES
1. Simultaneous communication of 3 signals at each up-linking frequency.

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 2. 2390 – 2510 MHz PLL microwave operation.
3. Communicate Audio, Video, Digital data, PC data, Tone, Voice, function generator
waveforms etc.
4. Communication of external broad band digital and analog data and base band signals.
5. Choice of different transmitting and receiving frequencies.
6. Built-in microphone and speaker for Voice and Audio link.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Uplink Transmitter
• Transmit three signals simultaneously at each up-linking frequency.
2390/2468/2490/2510 MHz up-linking frequencies selectable by rotary switch and LED
indication.
• 4 MHz clock frequency.
• Wide band RF amplifier, No manual matching required.

• FM Modulation of Audio and Video.

• 5/5.5 MHz Audio and 8MHz Video Modulation.
• Detachable Dish Antenna.
• adiated Power output 25mW (approx.) with power control.
• Transmit Audio, Video, Digital/Analog data, PC data, Tone, waveforms etc.
• Separate terminals provided for different inputs.
• Power Supply – 230 Volts, + 10%, 50Hz.
Satellite Transponder
❖ Transponder with selectable frequency conversion.
❖ 4 selectable frequencies 2390/2468/2490/2510 MHz.
❖ Rotary switch for selecting frequency.
❖ Link Fail Operation trough ON-OFF Toggle Switch.
❖ Detachable Dish Antennas.
❖ Radiated power 25mW (approx.) with Variable gain control.
❖ Power Supply – 230 Volts, + 10%, 50Hz.
Downlink Receiver
➢ Receives and demodulate three signals simultaneously.
➢ 2390/2468/2490/2510 MHz Selectable frequency.
➢ Built in speaker and audio & video output.
➢ Detachable Dish Antenna.
➢ Power Supply – 230 Volts, + 10%, 50Hz.

Satellite Communication:
Satellite communications is one of our most rapidly growing and evolvingtechnologies
bringing with it a multitude of business opportunities in the decades tocome.JohannasKepler(
1571-1630) discovered thelaws that govern Satellite motion. Although Kepler was
investigating the motion ofplanets and their moons ( so-called heavenly bodies) , the same
laws apply to theartificial Satellites launched for communications purposes. Kepler’s laws
apply to any two bodies in space thatinteract through gravitation. The more massive of the
bodies is called the primary andthe other the secondary or Satellite.

32
Procedure:
1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.
2. Connect Dish Antenna to Uplink transmitter with SMA Cable.
3. Select uplink frequency using Rotary Switch.
4. Frequency can be selected from 2390/2468/2490/2510 MHz.
5. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 3 – 5m.
6. Connect the Satellite Downlink transmitter to AC Mains.
7. Connect Dish Antenna to Downlink transmitter with SMA Cable.
8. Select Downlink frequency using Rotary Switch.
9. Frequency can be selected from 2390/2468/2490/2510 MHz.
10. Align Uplink Transmitter and Downlink Receiver Antenna’s in line.
11. Connect Tone out signal to Tone input of the Uplink transmitter by patch cord.
12. Switch on the Uplink Transmitter and Downlink Receiver.
13. You will be able to hear tone in receiver speaker.
14. This is a test link for direct communication between uplink transmitter and downlink
receiver.
15. Connect any other audio signal to the Audio I/P of Uplink transmitter and you will
hear the audio in the speaker of Downlink Receiver.

Observation:

Sr. Parameters to be used for Observation

No. taking observations
1 Uplink frequency
2 Downlink frequency
3 Input signal Type(Details)
4 Output signal Type(Details)

CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Outcome of practical:
OP Marks Outcome of practical

OP1 5 Students will establish a direct communication link between

Uplink Transmitter and Downlink Receiver
Students will measure its performance using tone signal.
OP2 5

33
 TSSM’s Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology
Bavdhan, Pune-411021
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Class: T.E. (E&TC)

Subject: RMT Experiment No: 6
Date of Performance: Date of Submission:
TITLE: Interfacing Push buttons, LEDs, Relay & Buzzer to PIC Microcontroller
Roll AIM:
No: Interface Push buttons, LEDs, Relay and Buzzer to PIC Microcontroller.
Remark & Write Signaof Faculty:
program in
TITLE: active satellite link and demonstrate Link Fail operations
AIM: To setup an active satellite link and demonstrate Link Fail operations
OBJECTIVE:
To set up an Active Satellite link
to demonstrate Link Fail Operation

APPARATUS:
1. Uplink Transmitter
2. Dish Antennas
3. Downlink Receiver
4. Connecting cables
5. Transponder

THEORY:
The Uplink Transmitter sends signals at an Uplink frequency, which is higher than
Downlink frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal is much improved with
active satellite especially when distance between transmitter and receiver inconsiderable.
In actual satellite transponder the multiplexer and demultiplexer are provided which
continuously keeps on receiving the input frequency’s in the satellite and transmit different
‘output frequency. Here we do this procedure manually to understand the57operations of
change in frequency in the satellite. We have two uplink frequency and two downlink
frequency and we can demonstrate manually how a Satellite works.

Link Fail Operation :

On/Off toggle switch is provided for Uplink Transmitter, Downlink Receiver and also for
receiver and transmitter of Satellite Transponder. Using this switch different links can
be failed and Link Fail operation can be demonstrated.

34
Procedure :
1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.
2. Connect Dish Antenna to Uplink transmitter with SMA Cable.
3. Select uplink frequency using Rotary Switch.
4. Frequency can be selected from 2490/2510 MHz.
5. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 3 – 5m.
6. Connect the Satellite Downlink transmitter to AC Mains.
7. Connect Dish Antenna to Downlink transmitter with SMA Cable.
8. Select Downlink frequency using Rotary Switch.
9. Frequency can be selected from 2390/2468 MHz.
10. Connect the Satellite Transponder to AC Mains.
11. Connect Dish Antennas to Receiving & Transmitting section of Satellite Transponder.
12. Select receiving and transmitting frequency using Rotary Switch to match Uplink
Transmitter &Downlink Receiver.
13. Frequency can be selected from 2390/2468 MHz for Receiving and 2490/2510 MHz for
Transmitting section of Transponder.
14. Align Uplink Transmitter and Receiver section of Transponder Antenna’s in line.
15. Align Downlink Transmitter and Transmitter section of Transponder Antenna’s in line.
16. Connect Tone out signal to Tone input of the Uplink transmitter by patch cord.
17. Switch on the Uplink Transmitter, Transponder and Downlink Receiver.
18. You will be able to hear tone in receiver speaker.
19. This is a test link for communication between transmitter and receiver through
Transponder.
20. Connect any other audio signal to the Audio I/P of Uplink transmitter and you will hear
the audio in the speaker of Downlink Receiver.

Observation:

Sr. Parameters to be used for Observation

No. taking observations
1 Uplink frequency
2 Downlink frequency
3 Transponder Frequency Uplink: Downlink:
4 Input signal Type(Details)

5 Output signal Type(Details)

CONCLUSION:

35
Outcome of practical:

OP Marks Outcome of practical

OP1 5 Students will set up an Active Satellite link
Students will demonstrate Link Fail Operation.
OP2 5

36
 TSSM’s Padmabhooshan Vasatdada Patil Institute of Technology
Bavdhan, Pune-411021
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Class: B.E. (E&TC)
Subject:RMT Experiment No: 7
Date of Performance: Date of Submission:
Roll No: Remark & Sign of Faculty:

TITLE:
AIM:
To setup an Audio-Video satellite link and check Link Fail operations
OBJECTIVE:
1. to establish an AUDIO-VIDEO satellite link between Transmitter and Receiver
2. to test the link by sending audio and video signal

ELO : To measure radiation pattern, return loss, impedance, gain, beam width of dipole antenna
and folded dipole antenna at microwave frequency

APPARATUS:
1. Uplink Transmitter,2. Dish Antennas 3. Downlink Receiver
4. Connecting cables 5. Transponder 6.Display with A-V Input
7. Audio-Video input using DVD/VCD Player or any other input device

.
THEORY: Satellite Communication:
Satellite communications is one of our most rapidly growing and evolving technologies
bringing with it a multitude of business opportunities in the decades tocome.JohannasKepler(
1571-1630) discovered the laws that govern Satellite motion. Although Kepler was
investigating the motion of planets and their moons ( so-called heavenly bodies) , the same
laws apply to the artificial Satellites launched for communications purposes. Kepler’s laws
apply to any two bodies in space that interact through gravitation. The more massive of the
bodies is called the primary and the other the secondary or Satellite.

TYPES OF SATELLITES
Passive Satellites -Passive Satellites are the Satellites that simply reflect a signal back to
earth,there are no gain devices on board to amplify the signal. An advantage being thatthey do
not require sophisticated electronic equipment on board, although theyare not necessarily void
of power.
Active Satellites- Active Satellites are the Satellites that electronically repeat the signal and
send it back to earth. It receives, amplifies, and retransmits the signal.

37
Non-synchronous Satellites -Non-synchronous Satellites are the Satellites that rotate around
the Earth in alow altitude elliptical or circular pattern. If Satellite is orbiting in the
samedirection as earths rotation, and at an angular velocity greater than that of earth,orbit is
called prograde orbit. If Satellite is orbiting in the opposite direction but atan angular velocity
less than that of earth, orbit is called retrograde orbit.

Geosynchronous Satellites -Geosynchronous Satellites are the Satellites that orbit in a

circular pattern withan angular velocity equal to that of earth. They remain at a fixed position
with
respect to a given point on earth.

SATELLITE APPLICATIONS
1. Satellite Communication Application
a. Satellite Television
b. Direct Broadcast Satellites
c. Cable TV ( CATV)
d. Direct Home Reception
e. Telephone Services via Satellite
f. Data Communication Services
g. Data broadcasting using Satellite
h. Interactive date communication
2. Remote sensing and Earth observation Application
a. Cartography
b. Monitoring agriculture and Forest ry
c. Oceanography
d. Ice Reconnaissance
e. Monitoring Oil pollution and Air pollution
f. Snow melts
g. Mineral and Oil Exploration
3. Meteorological Applications
a. Satellites for Weather Forecasting
4. Military Application
a. Recondition and Intelligence gathering functions
b. Command and Communication
c. Navigation Satellite
d. Early warning Satellite
e. Meteorological function
f. Nuclear detection
5. Scientific and Technological Applications
a.Satellite for science studies

Procedure :
1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.
2. Connect Dish Antenna to Uplink transmitter with SMA Cable.
3. Select uplink frequency using Rotary Switch.
4. Frequency can be selected from 2490/2510 MHz.
5. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 3 – 5m.
6. Connect the Satellite Downlink transmitter to AC Mains.
7. Connect Dish Antenna to Downlink transmitter with SMA Cable.

38
8. Select Downlink frequency using Rotary Switch.
9. Frequency can be selected from 2390/2468 MHz.
10. Connect the Satellite Transponder to AC Mains.
11. Connect Dish Antennas to Receiving & Transmitting section of Satellite Transponder.
12. Select receiving and transmitting frequency using Rotary Switch to match Uplink
Transmitter &Downlink Receiver.
13. Frequency can be selected from 2490/2510 MHz for Receiving section and 2390/2468
MHz forTransmitting section of Transponder.
14. Align Uplink Transmitter and Receiver section of Transponder Antenna’s in line.
15. Align Downlink Transmitter and Transmitter section of Transponder Antenna’s in line.
16. Connect Audio Video signal from Input device like DVD player to AV input of the Uplink
transmitter by using cord.
17. Connect Display using AV output of the Downlink Receiver using cord.
18. Switch on the Uplink Transmitter, Transponder and Downlink Receiver.
19. You will be able to see the Audio Video signal on display connected to Downlink
Receiver.
20. This is a Audio-Video link between transmitter and receiver through Transponder.

Observation:

Sr. Parameters to be used for Observation

No. taking observations
1 Uplink frequency
2 Downlink frequency
3 Transponder Frequency Uplink: Downlink:
4 Input signal Type(Details)

5 Output signal Type(Details)

Conclusion
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Outcome of practical:

OP Marks Outcome of practical

Student Will establish an AUDIO-VIDEO satellite link
OP1 5 between Transmitter and Receiver

OP2 5 Student Will test the link by sending audio and video signal

39
 TSSM’s Padmabhooshan Vasatdada Patil Institute of Technology
Bavdhan,
TITLE: Generation of Square wave Pune-411021
using timer with interrupt.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
AIM: Write a program to generate a square wave of 0.5 Hz on the port pin RB0 (pin no. 33).
Class: B.E. (E&TC)
Use timer0 interrupt for ON period and OFF period delay.
Subject:RMT Experiment No: 8
OBJECTIVE: 1. To understand use of timer for generation of delay
Date of Performance: Datewave
2. To program timer for generation of square of Submission:
using interrupts.
Roll No:
APPARATUS: Remark2,&PIC
PC with MPLAB 8.89 IDE, C18 Compiler &PICKIT Sign of Faculty:
18F4550
TITLE: Audio, Video and Tone Signal simultaneously through Satellite link
AIM: To communicate Audio, Video and Tone Signal simultaneously through Satellite link
and demonstrate Link Fail operations.
OBJECTIVE: i) to transmit and receive three separate signals (Audio, Video, Tone)
simultaneously through satellite Link.
ii) To set up different uplink and downlink frequencies and receive three separate signals

ELO
i)Student will transmit and receive three separate signals (Audio, Video, Tone)
simultaneously through satellite Link.
ii)Students will set up different uplink and downlink frequencies and receive three separate
signals

APPARATUS: 1. Uplink Transmitter,2. Dish Antennas 3. Downlink Receiver

4. Connecting cables 5. Transponder 6.Display with A-V Input
7. Audio-Video input using DVD/VCD Player or any other input device

THEORY:
General Aspect :
Antenna or aerial is system of elevated conductors which couples or matches the transmitter
or receiver to free space. A transmitting antenna connected to a transmitter by transmission
line, forces electromagnetic waves into free space which travel in space with velocity of light
.Similarly, a receiving antenna connected to a radio receiver, receives or intercepts portion of
electromagnetic waves through space. Thus radio antenna is defined as the structure
associated with region of transition between a guided wave and a free space wave or between
a free space wave and guided waves. The official definition of antenna according to the
institution of electrical and electronics engineers is the simply a ”means for radiating or
receiving radio waves”.

b. Microwaves Antennas:
40
UHF and SHF bands are respectively 300-3000 MHz and 3000-30000 MHz. Microwave
region starts from 1000 MHz and extended up to 100000 MHz The corresponding wavelength
is in centimeters 10-1 cm and less. The transmitting and receiving antennas for use in the
microwave spectrum tend to be directive i.e. high gain and narrow beam width in both
horizontal and vertical planes. As the frequency increases, the wavelength decreases and thus
it becomes easier to construct an antenna system that large in terms of wavelengths and which
therefore can be made to have greater directivity. At microwaves frequencies the physical size
of a high gain antenna becomes small enough to make practical the use of suitably shaped
metallic reflectors to produce the desired directivity. Here reflectors are curved surfaces. The
most important practical antennas in microwaves frequencies range are
i. Parabolic reflector or microwave dish.
ii. Lens antenna
iii. Horn antenna

c. Antennas with Parabolic Reflectors

A parabola may be defined as the locus of point, which moves in such a way that its distance
from the fixed point (called focus) plus the distance from straight-line is constant. A parabola
is a two-dimensional plane curve. Its equation is:
y2 = 4fx
The open mount (D) of the Parabola is known as the Aperture. The ratio of focal length to
Aperture sixe (i.e. f/D) known as “f over D ratio” is an important characteristic of parabolic
reflector and its value usually varies between 0.25 to0.50.

d. Antenna Efficiency
Antenna efficiency is a measure of how much signal is actually captured by the dish and feed-
horn/LNB assembly. A perfect, 100 percent efficient dish would therefore direct all the power
intercepted from a broadcast Satellite into the feed horn. Efficiency is determined by the
surface accuracy of the antenna, by losses that occur when microwaves are not perfectly
reflected but absorbed by its surface, by reflective losses from components sited in the path of
the incoming rays such as the feed horn and its supports, and by how much “spill over”
occurs. Typical efficiencies range from lows of 40 percent for quite poorly designed systems
to as high as 65 to 70 percent for high quality antennas.

2. Earth Stations
The base band signal from the terrestrial network enters the earth station at the transmitter
after having processed (buffered, multiplexes, formatted etc) by the baseband equipment.
After the encoder and modulator have acted upon the base band signal, it is converted to the
uplink frequency. Then it is amplified and directed to the
appropriate polarization port of the antenna feed. The signal received from the Satellite is
amplified in an LNA first and is then down converted from the down link frequency. It is then
demodulated and decoded and then original base band signal is obtained. The isolation of low
noise receiver from the high power transmitter is of much concern in the design considerations
of the earth station. There may also be Satellite/ earth terminal mutual interference effects.
Other sources of interference include ground microwave relay links, sun transit effects and
inter modulation products generated in the transponder or earth terminal.

3. Satellite Receiving System

a. Dish Antenna

41
To receive signal from the Satellite dish antenna are used. They are parabolic in shape. A dish
antenna collects the signal coming from the Satellite & focuses itat a point known as Focal
point. Dish antenna is used to obtain VHF & UHFsignals. For different frequency ranges
different sizes of dish antenna are used. The size of dish antenna depends on wave length of
the signal. For UHF range the size of the dish antenna is 3 to 5 m & for signal up to 12 GHz
the size is 91to 180 cm. These are made of fiber glass. The reflector at the dish antenna is
made up of aluminum or fiber glass. For different frequency the depth of the dish antenna is
also different.
The different parts of dish antenna are ;
i. Stand or Base Support.
ii. Parabolic reflector.
iii. Mechanisms for rotating dish antenna horizontally & vertically.
iv. LNB mounting etc.

b. Free Horn
A dish antenna receives the signal coming through a very large area, these get reflected to a
point, at that point a pipe type instrument is fitted. This pipe type instrument is known as Feed
Horn. From the feed horn the signals are given to LNB. It is made in such a way that it can
receive maximum signal on adjustment. It is adjusted on the basis of picture & sound quality
reception. It acts as impedance matching amplifier.

c. Low Noise Block ( Down Converter)

Most important part mounted on the disk antenna is LNB. The signal from the feed horn is fed
to LNB. These are of SHF range & contain unwanted frequencies. This high frequency cannot
be fed directly to TV. Theoretically LNB converts high frequency range to low frequency
range & also removes noise. In Satellite reception different LNB are used for different
frequency ranges. There is a high frequency amplifier in LNB to amplify the faded signals
coming from the Satellite. Now this signal is converted into low frequency of definite amount.
There is a high frequency local oscillator & mixer inside a LNB. The amplified signal from
the amplifier and the signal from the local oscillator come to the mixer sections just like that
in the normal tuner. The LNB used for C band
reception gets the input of 3.7 to 4.2. GHz & the output is 950 to 1450 MHz Theo/p signals
are then fed to Satellite receiver through coaxial cables.

d. Satellite Receiver
The signals from the LNB, which is of the range 950 to 1450 MHz reaches to Satellite
receiver. This signal contains all signals coming from the Satellite receiver firstly selects the
desired frequency from the input signal. Then it converts this signal to the tuners input range.
But the signal coming from LNB ( 950-1450 MHz) is more than the input range of TV
receiver. The signals coming from the local transmitter employs FM for audio & AM for
video but in the case of Satellite transmission both audio & video are transmitted through FM.
Therefore signal needs to be converted according to the TV receiver. The tuner employed in
Satellite receiver is different from the TV tuner. It is known as Wide Band Tuner. It selects the
desired frequency through a selector section in the tuner. It works on the principle, which is
the same as that of electronic tuner i.e. desired channel is selected by changing the voltage.
Now this frequency is amplified & sent to mixer section. There is local oscillator also. This
section generates the frequency range of 1560 to 2360 MHz This voltage controlled oscillator.
The mixer stage generates a new frequency signal known as IF signal. It is amplified & passed
through band pass filter. This controls the gain of the signal. It is amplified by IF amplifier &
given to PLL section. This PLL section demodulates the signal & the new signal is generated
known as Base Band signal. This signal is given to the different section of PLL

42
Procedure :
1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.
2. Connect Dish Antenna to Uplink transmitter with SMA Cable.
3. Select uplink frequency using Rotary Switch.
4. Frequency can be selected from 2490/2510 MHz.
5. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 3 – 5m.
6. Connect the Satellite Downlink transmitter to AC Mains.
7. Connect Dish Antenna to Downlink transmitter with SMA Cable.
8. Select Downlink frequency using Rotary Switch.
9. Frequency can be selected from 2390/2468 MHz.
10. Connect the Satellite Transponder to AC Mains.
11. Connect Dish Antennas to Receiving & Transmitting section of Satellite Transponder.
12. Select receiving and transmitting frequency using Rotary Switch to match Uplink
Transmitter &Downlink Receiver.
13. Frequency can be selected from 2490/2510 MHz for Receiving section and 2390/2468
MHz for Transmitting section of Transponder.
14. Align Uplink Transmitter and Receiver section of Transponder Antenna’s in line.
15. Align Downlink Transmitter and Transmitter section of Transponder Antenna’s in line.
16. Connect Audio Video signal from Input device like DVD player to AV input of the Uplink
Transmitter by using cord.
17. Connect Display using AV output of the Downlink Receiver using cord.
18. Switch on the Uplink Transmitter, Transponder and Downlink Receiver.
19. You will be able to hear clear Tone signal in receiver speaker as well as AV Display on
Monitor connected to Downlink Receiver.
20. This is Audio, Video and Tone signal transmission and reception through Satellite
Transponder.

Observation:
Sr. Parameters to be used for Observation
No. taking observations
1 Uplink frequency
2 Downlink frequency
3 Transponder Frequency Uplink: Downlink:
4 Input signal Type(Details)

5 Output signal Type(Details)

43
 Outcome of practical:

OP Marks Outcome of practical

Student will transmit and receive three separate signals (Audio,
OP1 5 Video, Tone) simultaneously through satellite Link.

OP2 5 Students will set up different uplink and downlink frequencies

and receive three separate signals

44