UNIT-3: Math for AI (Statistics & Probability)

How are Math and AI related?

Math is the study of patterns
▪ To solve the puzzles, you identify an order/arrangement in the list of numbers or
the images.
▪ This arrangement is called a pattern.
▪ These patterns exist all around us.
▪ We have patterns in numbers, images, and language.

Ask learners if they can identify any patterns around themselves.

AI is a way to recognize patterns

● AI can learn to recognize patterns, like human beings.
● AI can see patterns in different types of data - numbers, images, and speech
and text.
Say “Just like we can recognize patterns in numbers, words, pictures,
etc., AI can also recognize similar patterns.”

Hence,
▪ Math is the study of patterns
▪ AI is a way to recognize patterns in order to take decisions
▪ AI needs Math to study and recognize patterns in order to take decisions
Can you identify any pattern in the image given below?

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 Understanding math will help us to better understand AI and its way of
working, but what kind of math is needed for AI?
Let us take a look!
Essential Mathematics for AI

Let’s think and answer the following questions:

▪ 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 – Can you find out the middle value from the given
numbers?

▪ A has 2 plants, B has 3 plants, C has 1 plant, D has 7 plants. How many
plants are there in total?

AI uses Math for:

▪ Statistics (Exploring data): Example – What is the middle value

of the data? Which is the most common value in the data?
▪ Calculus (training and improving AI model): Example – which
line is more slanted? Which figure covers more area?
▪ Linear Algebra (finding out unknown or missing values):
Example – How many plants are there in total? How many cars are
there in a city?
▪ Probability (predicting different events): Example – what will
be the possible results of a coin toss? Will it rain tomorrow?
Statistics

Ask learners to answer some or all of these questions as an assignment. Meanwhile,

take dummy numbers and walk the learners through the questions.
Can you find out the total weight of your family members?
Can you find out the total number of students in your school?
Can you find out the maximum temperature in your city during the last month?

Definition of Statistics:” Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analyzing

the data. It also helps
in drawing conclusions from data.”
▪ Data is collected from various sources.
▪ Data is explored and cleaned to be used.

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 ▪ Analysis of data is done to understand it better.
▪ Conclusions and decisions can be made from the data.

Applications of Statistics:

▪
Predict the performance of sports teams
▪ It can be used to find out specific things such as:
o the reading level of students
o the opinions of voters
o the average weight of a city’s resident
o Probability
Purpose: To understand the possibility of occurrence of an event.

Introduction to probability

Probability is a way to tell us how likely something is to happen. For example –

When a coin is tossed, there are two possible results or outcomes:
heads (H) or tails (T) The probability equation defines the likelihood of the happening
of an event. It is the ratio of favorable outcomes to the total favorable outcomes. The
probability formula can be expressed as,

Probability of an Event =
Number of Favorable Outcomes / Total Number of Possible Outcomes
We say that the probability of the coin landing H is ½ and the probability
of the coin landing T is ½ When we talk about probability, we use a few
terms that help us understand the chances for something to happen.
Probability can be expressed in the following ways:
▪ Certain events: An event will happen without a doubt
▪ Likely events: The probability of one event is higher than the probability of
another event
▪ Unlikely events: One event is less likely to happen than another event
▪ Impossible events: There's no chance of an event happening
▪ Equal Probability events: Chances of each event happening is same
The probability of an event occurring is somewhere between impossible and
certain.
• If an event is certain or sure to happen, it will have a probability of 1.

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 For example, the probability that it will rain in the state of Florida at least once in a
specific year is 1.
• If an event will never happen or is impossible, it will have a probability of 0.

For example, the probability that you can pick a red ball from a bag containing only
blue balls is 0.

1-mark questions
1) What is the probability of an impossible event?
a) 1
b) 0
c) Insufficient data
d) Not defined
Ans: b) 0
2) What does probability mean?
a) The total number of possible outcomes in an event
b) The ratio of favourable outcomes to all outcomes
c) The chance of an event happening
d) How certain an event will occur
Ans. b)
3) What is the probability of getting an even number when a dice is thrown?
a) 1/6
b) ½
c) 1/3
d) ¼
Ans: b) ½
4) If we throw two dice simultaneously, what would be the probability that we get a
10 or 11?
a) 5/36
b) 5/12
c) 1/7
d) 1/3
Ans: a. 5/36
5) If P (E) = 0.30, then the probability of event E not occurring will be
a) 0.30
b) 0.70

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 c) 0.50
d) 0.60
Ans: 6.
6) A batsman hits boundary for 5 times out of 40 balls. Find out the probability that
he did not hit the boundaries.
a) 1/5
b) 7/8
c) 2/5
d) 1/8
Ans: b. 7/8
7) Find the median of data: 155,160,145,149,150,147,152,144,148:
a) 149
b) 150
c) 147
d) 144
Ans: a. 149
8) 8. Which two are examples of descriptive statistics?
a) median and correlation
b) mean and standard deviation
c) mode and regression analysis
d) variance and hypothesis testing
Ans: b.
9) Solve for x in the equation 3x+5=20
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
Ans: c. 5
10) What is the probability of getting a king or ace from the deck of 52 cards?
a) 1/26
b) 2/13
c) 3/26
d) 1/52
Ans: b. 2/13
11) Find the mode of the call received on 7 consecutive day 11,13,13,17,19,23,25
a) 11

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 b) 13
c) 17
d) 23
Ans: b. 13
12) The most frequently occurring value in a data set is called the:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range
Ans: c. Mode
13) Simplify the expression 4(x−2).
a) 4x - 2
b) 4x - 8
c) x - 8
d) 4x + 8
Ans: B.
14) A coin is tossed once. What is the probability of getting heads?
a) 0.0
b) 0.25
c) 0.5
d) 1.0
Ans: c. 0.5
15) In a class of 30 students, 18 are girls. What is the probability of selecting a girl?
a) 0.50
b) 0.60
c) 0.40
d) 0.33
Ans: B. 0.6
16) What is the probability of rolling an even number on a six-sided die?
a) 0.16
b) 0.33
c) 0.50
d) 0.66
Ans: c. 0.5
17) What is the mean of the data set {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}?
a) 10

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 b) 11
c) 10.5
d) 11.5
Ans: C. 10.5
18) A bag contains 7 black, 2 white, and 6 green balls. What is the probability of
drawing a green ball?
a) 0.20
b) 0.30
c) 0.40
d) 0.50
Ans: C. 0.40
19) In a class of 25 students, 10 students wear glasses. What is the probability that a
randomly selected student wears glass?
a) 0.20
b) 0.30
c) 0.40
d) 0.50
Ans: C. 0.40
20) What is the range of the data set {16, 20, 24, 28, 32}?
a) 10
b) 12
c) 14
d) 16
Ans: D. 16

2-mark question

1. A bag contains 5 red balls, 3 blue balls, and 2 green balls. A ball is drawn at
random. Calculate the probability of drawing a blue ball.
2. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers on the dice is
7.
3. A box contains 4 red marbles, 5 blue marbles, and 3 green marbles. Two marbles
are drawn at random without replacement. Calculate the probability that both
marbles are blue.

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4. In a game, a spinner with 6 equal sections (numbered 1 to 6) is spun twice. Find the
probability that the sum of the numbers spun is less than 7.
5. A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card
drawn is a face card (jack, queen, or king).

7. The heights (in cm) of students in a class are recorded as follows: 160, 165, 170,
155, 175. Calculate the mean height.
8. The following data represents the number of siblings of students in a class: 0, 1, 2,
3, 4. Find the median number of siblings.
9. The scores of 10 students in a test are: 85, 78, 92, 70, 88, 75, 82, 90, 79, 84.
Calculate the mode of the scores.
10.The weights (in kg) of 8 students are: 55, 60, 65, 70, 55, 75, 60, 65. Find the range
of the weights.
11.The ages (in years) of 12 students are: 14, 15, 16, 14, 17, 15, 16, 15, 14, 17, 16, 15.
Calculate the standard deviation of the ages.
12.A survey of students' favourite sports yielded the following results: football 25%,
basketball 30%, soccer 20%, and tennis 25%. Calculate the probability that a
randomly selected student prefers basketball or tennis.
13.The number of cars passing through a toll booth in 10 minutes is recorded as
follows: 28, 32, 25, 30, 35, 27, 29, 31, 33, 26. Calculate the mean number of cars
passing through the toll booth per minute.
14.The time (in minutes) taken by 15 students to complete a test are: 40, 45, 50, 35,
55, 40, 42, 48, 38, 52, 46, 44, 50, 47, 41. Find the median time taken to complete
the test.
15.The scores (out of 50) of 20 students in a quiz are: 42, 35, 48, 40, 36, 45, 50, 38, 44,
47, 39, 42, 43, 41, 37, 49, 46, 34, 43, 40. Calculate the interquartile range (IQR) of
the scores.
16.The number of hours students spend on homework per week is recorded as follows:
5, 8, 6, 7, 9, 4, 10, 7, 6, 5. Calculate the variance of the number of hours spent on
homework per week.

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 4 marks question

1. A bag contains 3 red balls, 4 blue balls, and 5 green balls. If a ball is drawn at
random from the bag, what is the probability that it is not blue?
2. The heights (in cm) of students in a class are recorded as follows: 160, 165, 170,
155, 175. Calculate the median height.
3. A fair six-sided die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a number less than
4?
4. The following data represents the ages (in years) of students in a class: 14, 15, 16,
14, 17, 15, 16, 15, 14, 17, 16, 15. Calculate the mode of the ages.
5. Two cards are drawn at random without replacement from a deck of 52 cards. What
is the probability that the first card drawn is a heart and the second card drawn is a
diamond?

Answers/ Solutions
2- mark question

1. A bag contains 5 red balls, 3 blue balls, and 2 green balls. A ball is drawn at
random. Calculate the probability of drawing a blue ball.
A: 3/10
2. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers on the dice is
7.
A: 1/6
3. A box contains 4 red marbles, 5 blue marbles, and 3 green marbles. Two marbles are
drawn at random without replacement. Calculate the probability that both marbles
are blue.
A: 5/33
4. In a game, a spinner with 6 equal sections (numbered 1 to 6) is spun twice. Find the
probability that the sum of the numbers spun is less than 7.
A: 5/12
5. A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card
drawn is a face card (jack, queen, or king).
A: 12/52
6. The heights (in cm) of students in a class are recorded as follows: 160, 165, 170,
155, 175. Calculate the mean height.
A: 165
7. The following data represents the number of siblings of students in a class: 0, 1, 2, 3,
4. Find the median number of siblings.
A: 2

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8. The scores of 10 students in a test are: 85, 78, 92, 70, 88, 75, 82, 90, 79, 84.
Calculate the mode of the scores.
A: Since all numbers appear with the same frequency (once), there is no mode for
this data set.
9. The weights (in kg) of 8 students are: 55, 60, 65, 70, 55, 75, 60, 65. Find the range
of the weights.
A: 20 Kgs
10.The ages (in years) of 12 students are: 14, 15, 16, 14, 17, 15, 16, 15, 14, 17, 16, 15.
Calculate the standard deviation of the ages.
A: approximately 1.22471.22471.2247
11.A survey of students' favourite sports yielded the following results: football 25%,
basketball 30%, soccer 20%, and tennis 25%. Calculate the probability that a
randomly selected student prefers basketball or tennis.
A: 55/100
12.The number of cars passing through a toll booth in 10 minutes is recorded as
follows: 28, 32, 25, 30, 35, 27, 29, 31, 33, 26. Calculate the mean number of cars
passing through the toll booth per minute.
A: 29.6
13.The time (in minutes) taken by 15 students to complete a test are: 40, 45, 50, 35,
55, 40, 42, 48, 38, 52, 46, 44, 50, 47, 41. Find the median time taken to complete
the test.
A: 45
14.The scores (out of 50) of 20 students in a quiz are: 42, 35, 48, 40, 36, 45, 50, 38, 44,
47, 39, 42, 43, 41, 37, 49, 46, 34, 43, 40. Calculate the interquartile range (IQR) of
the scores.
A: IQR=Q3−Q1=45.5−38.5=7
15.The number of hours students spend on homework per week is recorded as follows:
5, 8, 6, 7, 9, 4, 10, 7, 6, 5. Calculate the variance of the number of hours spent on
homework per week.
A: Variance = 4.83

4 marks question

1. A bag contains 3 red balls, 4 blue balls, and 5 green balls. If a ball is drawn at
random from the bag, what is the probability that it is not blue?
A: the probability that a ball drawn is not blue is 2/3
2. The heights (in cm) of students in a class are recorded as follows: 160, 165, 170,
155, 175. Calculate the median height.
A: 165
3. A fair six-sided die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a number less than
4?

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 A: the probability of rolling a number less than 4 is 1/2
4. The following data represents the ages (in years) of students in a class: 14, 15, 16,
14, 17, 15, 16, 15, 14, 17, 16, 15. Calculate the mode of the ages.
A: Since 15 appears most frequently, the mode of the data set is 15.
5. Two cards are drawn at random without replacement from a deck of 52 cards. What
is the probability that the first card drawn is a heart and the second card drawn is a
diamond?
A: the probability that the first card drawn is a heart and the second card drawn is a
diamond is13/204.

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