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Joule Thomson Effect

The Joule-Thomson effect describes the cooling of a gas when it expands adiabatically from high to low pressure, with the inversion temperature being the threshold below which this cooling occurs. The Joule-Thomson coefficient relates the pressure drop during expansion to the resulting temperature change, demonstrating that the process occurs at constant enthalpy rather than constant internal energy. This is characterized as an isenthalpic process, where the internal energy changes due to work done on or by the system.

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19 views2 pages

Joule Thomson Effect

The Joule-Thomson effect describes the cooling of a gas when it expands adiabatically from high to low pressure, with the inversion temperature being the threshold below which this cooling occurs. The Joule-Thomson coefficient relates the pressure drop during expansion to the resulting temperature change, demonstrating that the process occurs at constant enthalpy rather than constant internal energy. This is characterized as an isenthalpic process, where the internal energy changes due to work done on or by the system.

Uploaded by

jainthomas116
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Joule Thomson effect:

If the stream of a gas at high pressure is allowed to expand by passing through a


porous plug into vacuum or a region of low pressure, under adiabatic
conditions, it is cooled appreciably. The temperature below which a gas
becomes cooler on expansion is known as the inversion temperature.
The phenomenon of change of temperature produced when a gas is made to
expand adiabatically from a region of high pressure to a region of extremely
low pressure is known as the Joule-Thomson effect.
Joule Thomson Coefficient (μJT)
Joule and Thomson derived the relationship between fall of pressure of gas on
expansion and resulting lowering of temperature by performing the following
technique

(For diagram you can also refer the class notes)


A tube made of a non-conducting material is fitted with a porous plug G in the
middle and two pistons A and B on the sides, as shown. The tube is thoroughly
insulated to ensure adiabatic conditions. Let the volume of gas enclosed
between the piston A and the porous plug G at pressure P1 is V1. This volume
is forced to pass through porous plug by moving the piston A inwards. At the
same time the volume of gas enclosed between porous plug G and piston B i.e.
V2 is allowed to expand at a lower pressure P2 by moving the piston B outward,
as shown.

Therefore,
work done on the system at the piston A = +P1V1
and
work done by the system at the piston B = –P2V2
Then, net work done by the system = –P2V2 + P1V1
Since the expansion of the gas is done adiabatically i.e. no exchange of heat
takes place between the system and surroundings. Thus the work is done by the
system at the expense of internal energy only. Let the internal energy of the
system changes from U1 to U2 .
 −P2V2 + P1V1 = U2 − U1 … (1)
U2 + P2V2 = U1 + P1V1
H2 = H1
H2 − H1 = 0
i.e. H = 0
This states that the Joule-Thomson expansion of a real gas occurs with constant
enthalpy and not with constant internal energy. According to this the process is
known as isenthalpic (isoenthalpic) process.

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