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The Joule-Thomson effect describes the temperature change of a gas when it expands through a small opening into a lower pressure region, resulting in cooling under specific conditions. This phenomenon is crucial in applications such as refrigeration and gas liquefaction, particularly in the Linde technique, where gases must be below their inversion temperature to be liquefied. The effect is demonstrated in everyday appliances like refrigerators, where refrigerants cool down by expanding and absorbing heat.

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11 views4 pages

Assyment 1

The Joule-Thomson effect describes the temperature change of a gas when it expands through a small opening into a lower pressure region, resulting in cooling under specific conditions. This phenomenon is crucial in applications such as refrigeration and gas liquefaction, particularly in the Linde technique, where gases must be below their inversion temperature to be liquefied. The effect is demonstrated in everyday appliances like refrigerators, where refrigerants cool down by expanding and absorbing heat.

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cheminouran2
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Name:Radwa Ehab Abdallah Mahmoud

Chemistry&Zoology Department(Level 2)
Thermodynamics (CHEM 211)

Joule Thomson Effect


 Introduction:

the gas undergoes a pressure reduction and under certain conditions its temperature decreases.
The phenomenon is called the Joule–Thomson effect and is accompanied by a temperature
change of the gas. If the process occurs within a temperature and pressure range that ensures
that the effect is positive (the gas temperature decreases as its pressure is reduced), then
throttling results in gas cooling and can be successfully used to liquefy gases.

 An over view about joule thomson effect: The change in temperature that
occurs when a gas expands through a porous plug into a region of lower pressure. For
most real gases the temperature falls under these circumstances as the gas has to do
internal work in overcoming the intermolecular forces to enable the expansion to take
place. This is a deviation from Joule's law. There is usually also a deviation from Boyle's
law, which can cause either a rise or a fall in temperature since any increase in the
product of pressure and volume is a measure of external work done. At a given pressure,
there is a particular temperature, called the inversion temperature of the gas, at which
the rise in temperature from the Boyle's law deviation is balanced by the fall from the
Joule's law deviation. There is then no temperature change. Above the inversion
temperature the gas is heated by expansion, below it, it is cooled. The effect was
discovered by James Prescott Joule working in collaboration with William Thomson.

 Definition of 'Joule-Thomson effect': a change in temperature of a


thermally insulated gas when it is forced through a small hole or a porous
material. For each gas there is a temperature of inversion above which the
change is positive and below which it is negative.
In Thermodynamics: the change of temperature that a gas exhibits during a
throttling process, shown by passing the gas through a small aperture or
porous plug into a region of low pressure
Compare free expansion.
Applicatins: the Joule–Thomson effect is achieved by allowing the gas to
expand through a throttling device (usually a valve) which must be very well
insulated to prevent any heat transfer to or from the gas. No external work is
extracted from the gas during the expansion (the gas must not be expanded
through a turbine, for example).
The cooling produced in the Joule–Thomson expansion makes it a valuable
tool in refrigeration. The effect is applied in the Linde technique as a
standard process in the petrochemical industry, where the cooling effect is
used to liquefy gases, and in many cryogenic applications (e.g. for the
production of liquid oxygen, nitrogen, and argon). A gas must be below its
inversion temperature to be liquefied by the Linde cycle. For this reason,
simple Linde cycle liquefiers, starting from ambient temperature, cannot be
used to liquefy helium, hydrogen, or neon. They must first be cooled to their
inversion temperatures, which are -233 C (helium), -71 C (hydrogen), and -42
C (neon).
 Technological Importance Of Joule Thomson Effect:The Joule-Thomson
Effect is not just an abstract concept confined to physics textbooks; it's
instrumental in various everyday applications. It's exploited in refrigeration
and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems to provide
cooling effects.
-Upon getting to grips with the basic theory of Joule-Thompson Effect, it's
quite beneficial to see how this phenomenon is actually demonstrated in real-
life settings. Practical examples make these scientific concepts easier to
comprehend.
To see the Joule-Thompson Effect in action, you can look no further than your
kitchen's refrigerator. The cooling mechanism in a refrigerator can be
explained by the Joule-Thompson Effect.
 Example: In simple terms, the refrigerator contains a refrigerant that
circulates through its pipes, intersecting the inside and the outside of the
refrigerator. As the refrigerant moves to the lower pressure zone inside the
refrigerator, from the compressor, the Joule-Thompson Effect comes into play.
The refrigerant expands and cools down, absorbing heat from the food stored
inside and thus lowering the refrigerator's temperature.
 Another well-known example of the Joule-Thompson Effect is the liquefaction
of gases through a throttle valve. As articulated earlier, when a gas is allowed
to expand abruptly without performing any external work - through a small
hole or throttle - it cools down, the concept at the heart of the Joule-
Thompson Effect.

 References:
*Science Direct
*Oxford Reference
*Collins Dictionary
*Wikipedia
*Study Smarter

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