~

lffl!lffltlml ~,.,_,,,.-e:,., . · •..,·-, , .,·,,~:~ ---

.-,,--:~,i~ ~-.ae. 1.ob\C .U-~_. k L:cal•H• .,."'"'--..,, B--Hlll 1!.." 9111 1La•- -11N
-t
. --~..\
~,_. R~ -, J. obie.c .t '>> 1-, ·

/.Afl t>=t& ie -, e.-11.,..,..c,\/o{p<>-, I

i

10,
r- :=- --a:FFea::m~s-=-=••u·im.aa.---la\ll-.111111:11a_ _.___ ___ _FF1.i:a-------
r . - - -

r -: t:\ -..,·n l""X~w

1 ,,_ ud.i"'tt()
'r) (Mech + L.on9it
··"
.
·] loo\t<t ->~ J.i ~
1ypes r,f w~ves : -·
,_ W~ve :1. /..-1,r,d~~¥Vt:-
,I ,-1uygt.,.., . \ 1 .:~
J · ...,,eitt: - Pan:ic le · .....L(qVit- MtiltlaV1.:·,:.a/
i f.trc>• . .,, / I '-
i::'fvt w c1ve ,,-
~'el.,« '!·• 1a><wefl: - c. v
· "'
t
C
-ll .2.. Pr-opo.9t4.tio11i:-
l (No111. fvtect,. + Trav,.sveir:,:t~) :
j 'f-=- f\~, n(. "'::I~ '-4)t) · Pr-09re.ssive
$ , i\ ,. -
1 ; ;2n:
J j-;p·== Lix = Llrj . 3. Vib.ra.-tiol'\: -
f se i-ov,.9it1..uij~al
f f.qt,tatio~ of w~ve for- Ugh tl s,n.m d i _. - et ·,
J... 11
j EM Wave / ac: --- · ... \-Oc.u.l . . st, 0..U. t>~U'\t@ . u:) i

!1::: Asiv,.(w t + kx + <-P) Wave. Fr-ot'\.t os.c.ill.Q.b. \\"\ so~ p~

o "<'

I :t
Wave 5abt1i Med iuW1. partid e ko SHM De.ta
hai!
S~J.\erico.l C9l indric al
-----'-- ----- 11-- --- --- '--- --
Plane w o..,Jcl, et- s.
So't'Oe _
J;.
¾
\?r\~
•
/r,.:A.2 0:....!... iocA!cx-1:... l=A= •
Newto f\ corpu scc.da r trleorH:-- ? r Co~ ·

~ ~n 0t1
l
f
Expfai""-: -·
~ RectiliVLeaY- propa 9atioV t
•
lr..tet'\Sit!J of wave :- o.m~
~ j_ 9u..i'f0t"

j ~ Reflec tion

f ~ Refrro.ct:iov-. of Light
J Ctt~1t exp!air.: - '1el.. •
j -~ 1.,,__te.der-ence., diffv-a ction ai-'-". 8 ,eno.viour of pla~e wave .fro~: t · Oi'\
}
po(arisatio~. reffec-tioV\ &: reFro .ctioh :-
I
I ;;:.. Plane Mirro r:-
J Hu!:JgBM wave thet•r y:·-
14 Exp/~in,:--- 00 -~

i1 ~-Rec.tilill'.e.4;1rpr-opaga.tioY\,, Oiffrac
/v,:teder-eV\ce-J aa.ye
--- ~- --
;; tiov1..
R.efte ctio~ _, Ref'rro.ctioY\., i-- -·- ---Y / ,.,
P{all\AY" wavef ro~t;
! Cttt\ t expla.i~: -
1

j
R')./
~ Polarisatioffl.., PEE,, Cow,p to·V\. ef fe:.ct:.

i ~~"f~ &\.> u:,o., ue~o~ 0..k. Q.. \ ~ e

d.i$t • 'frt>'CT\ co\\.ec.." &\) SO\.l.'l C..e.,(
~ \)\Q.~- -C

Z'
'v s"'~ ~ " " ~ on ~ ~ m '-1.-1"'~
~ ~ \OJc'\.Q.JL
 1,.. . lri.cone,-eri.t: sou,-ces:-
2.. Cori.vex Let'\S:-
Llt:P = [w.1- -w2 ] t + [K:;.Xl- -K:i.X:zl

+ [<Pj. -<P:2.l
TiW\e DepeY\d.eV\t Hai!

Planar spt,..e,.-icaf wave. 2.. Co~er-e~t sour-ces:-

Source front
3. Col'\Cave lens:- Llq, = J<..(x-J. -X;z] + <P:1 -cp2

G::B q,, ~q,2

Sivigle /vi 0/1\0Cl-.t"OWl.atic

wavelevigt'1t 501At"'Ce

Planar
Source
Point Sp/,,.ericaf ln.teraction. of tight: -
source wave froYlt
4. PrisMlt:- • i\ <'. <'. { b .
O 'JU
t = RAY

• 2':;,:; fobjut = WAVE

• e-/ p+/o<.-particle = PARTICLE

• sca..1:te.l'i1\g o. >>,,\
<JI"""'-~ (P"'otoll\.)
so.e.
' A' rt\O.tf be
N
Planar
. ~~e . · l tNTERFERENc ef s ~ 'n\t !t\l.i
e.o~
't--+~ )
1(, x Req Two
• -t-~ A ...et co~er-e""t SoiArces
c.,-...:
~')'.

Surface
i Sov.rces:-
f
·A ·:t+A2 +». " --:----
-z1r:.~~-:-:;
r- Phau difference A"'tt A ..coscp
r Tr'l¥.e ~
2 ~ 1. 2

~ CO/I\Sta/1\t
l

! ~
Cohert/1\t
freq = SQll\l\e
tanB = A2sinq,
6 q> =- c.o l'\l)\ A 1. + A cosq,
2
~ C~b~o)
i , ! h o ~ ~ "fne{'O<!.n'f , ~a. ~
~-- . - •~, "'0
{~ .
11 , t ·• D '
\.,L,l,,4l,..,t,..
• : "':\wJJ\a"" _,., -··
\Aoo4\ - -o . ,., , .,.;,..,.. ,, ......•
"'• ◄ -
1 1 \,A,.-.~ r

~ q, c.h~~ c. 1' me
r .§ \Cle'r\lflcJ '\'\() 'n U>\'\'1'C'QN\t
~'C' \"(\ \

- so.un.c..~
~ l ~ 'l~ ~ 'I\ ···· -=- 'T\1.

r"AQ~ = 410
<P = 2V\(rt) ➔ evev,. -0-., 'L11J L\ \\ J 61i
/.'ix = V\(A) - iV'ltegro.1 .>, J '2 /I , '3 'A >~ A
~ ::: 0 , 1, 2 , 3, .....
MR*
.:--- . T
1/ 0 :1-:1-T T/1.2. A = .2.Tt
u • YDSE: -

T/8, it
4
y ::: V\ t1 A~ Po$i-t!' of V\ti-. Bright.

x=O~--+T NJ.2. it
+A ! • NOTE :-
:1-> "V\'' source of saw.e iV\ttYlSit!:J let FiY\CL
MeaV\ .+ rt/~ ,. rr,/3 • T 1Result"': -
T/4 I · = V\1 (sc~lar Addi-.)
3rtl2 7rtl2 rt 0
~ · 't I t~n
2 > "Vt" source of saw.e tV\te.r.sr y o
fiV\d r~ : _ (Cor.St, IVtttr.)
~ r,-;i.
*I = v<'lo• = (r,\J lo )
~
W1<IX
2
lrite~it~f /= pVA v-l. 1
Frir-.ge visibility:-
I c< d o< A'). d = slit width ' w.ax -1 w.M
.
Visibility Ro.tio = 1 + I .
IM~)( 1'11111'\

(K\r;y = (A-;.+ Al-)

').

2 =
(ltd) (Jt-~
(K~ f (A-;. -AJ
(Jt+~ + (~-~

1Mllx [~+{= (~d]: Destructive ir\ter.:-

cp = :t.80° cosq, = -:l-
1w.in =
[~-{ [~-- i] 1W.11\. = I J. + ! :i - 2,~I:].I;2.

Il'\lllt\ =( K-J½)
:2.

Cot'\Structive lr\terierer\Ce
~ = 0° cosq, = :l.
I~ = I.1. + l.2 + .2.J I:1-I:i.
 ✓
~x::: dsiYl-9
• YDSE:- = dtard)
y = (.2-n-j.) JiD Po
sit" of nt" oark.
:i.d

\0,µ)',,"1 ~l = OC
"" "
1
,,.
vlS I'b'It·
tty Rat 10
· : T:2.-+"
.J,-:o<ii';-
~ rw o wave of ''I
" ivi.tenSity
0 Ires· If
pn.ast diff is ~=-

F ~ ~ • WidtJ,\ (~); - ,
~ -= YYl-tl\ .. - Y(n-:1.tl
\
Bri9~t Bright

~
r:IJ

Y ~ :- 9 =~-
\ D

'
I
'
s,. !1
~ A"9,dar kuch bh
i pucl-\e aap "D" st

I
divide kardtt\ll.! -
d ,- = - ~ - - - - - 1
/ ,,?I, S1• I'\
Ct~traf tin ~u. .
r-aw )L .1. .
ic'[>~ · ~t . r-vac,uo1M
Maxi~a n~
j.
S:z ~ o (~ :. h Ill\ vacuuM, il '\t tr
IA. ft rt tt et
<--D--~ wit"' large 11
~1 1 Sttl'\!
 in air
j YPSE
YDs1: it\ liq.
Sh ·
i\D QY,es oF Fri~es:-
~=-
d 1 > Two slit IAStd:-

.2> 0'::-!_
µ

3> YYI.': :~
µd
YYI.':: (.2Y1.-1)i\D
~
"Hyperbolic" Frir1.9es
2> Two piY1. i-.oted used:-
~ Two fight of ":i. > A2 is <A.Std iV\ YDSE,
t~tvi. ceVttra.( MaxiW\a & 1 st MaxiMa
wi((:

~ CeV\tn~{ MaxiW\a ⇒ At Sa.Me positioV\.

st
~ :t. Ma.xiW1.a.:- Not at Sa.Me pface.
i "Perlutly Fringes;'
Jiska .i\t Yt ·: Y = MD
. d 3> Wl-\ett two note is a.lol'\9 t~e liV\t joiV\il'\9
:. A1 = dur ro.hego.! of SOl.(rce at\.d scrttV\: -

, W~ite light:- I\~ ·: Y. .lt ( ~)

't
~ sabse po.J-../e W1.axiW1.a = violet ka. a.yega.
~ ~bse pakle dikJ-..ega = red.
~ Used to Find ctritro.l W1.axima. "Circular
Frir\9tS"

~ Optical path: -.
.2:rt t
Nearest Ctfl-tral Fart~tSt •
,ur:-
, Ai
~-r =T

l l l ,t ~w ~: -
•tA'A"41 ')..' = l.
IA- ~ ! = ~~
I\ <{~;)

YDS~ wl-.ett a slab of 1-t-" R.I. i~erted iV\ pa.th

11
Blue Rtd. ,,F 51 : -
 j ~ ttl't\ttCU mCl~ c)J
)e>..n'~ ~~t 'Sa
,i

Q01\-\'t\ ~ 'C"e.L
"?
> -t \ ... µ \ ~
~ -e 'l, -- u l--t1-

-;..

DF
bX = 0 O BF
LlcP-::: O
C13 DF
~'l-p =- _d&, 8 -\' p
1\ 'A
~q \) -- y
t) ~JJ,-t S:1- DF
s , 'r ~ s p 9 QI
0

-;;.(').A) + s
~
1,. ::
~ o--- No , of T3 F =
~
'::'~
,;.i/8
Jiske patY\ 1Meil'\ sla
c/,to.le9a agaY t1x = o
b jaye9a woi-. "!-l-t" jya
do.
No of DF " ;2 ( f •f ]
-::: '). (').+O .S) :: 2-
-kn'\tt ho.i toh usko V1 [J.-]=4
tao yo.l'\eki ko.lM ko .icht
.Yo toh 5,_ kt pati-. ko polarisatio"-:-
bado.o

(O"I>
dof\O barabaY ho
ja ye ~e auY li.X = O!
Position of CB:- wave)
E = cf3
~ y.e9li9ible
coW\pared to E.F
:. Restricting ,of E
= Polarisr..
LttW of Milius:-
1 = tr-.teroit~ of bt.~;~,.~dl lig
00 = At'\9 te ~/ ~ AV\O.lgs~
...
cl
~.
I = IY.teroit13 of li9~t ~ Po f~ ra e.r.
traro1Mitttd throu9h th
po t
lariser.
*I = I cos2.9_.,.
0

e
 I.
l
I t w-.i....iw.a

~
pPt..
! A~e r Analyse""
y
J After polar-oid

!• ar#.w
ster's Law (Polarisatio" bu -ff· t.
.:J ·.., ec 10n):
\
'
Y DF

o L~o
Ii"~

IR
Plane\r-
wave
B. e
1:c.friv,-t3
AIR
- - - o - - ~ screeV\
1 (!Ol?'o/$'.• ~ i YDSE ~I

~ IJ'
f;;9(ta~sta
'"'. ~ -1,tt
·· t:r
to plane of
~ Width
.l.
iY1.cid.eY1ce of C.13. Friv-.ge = ~D
~U' ' .
deVtser Av--._gu/a.,. widtt-.. of C.B.F. = ~
.
lot \
...........,, . .<. . Wt.edi£AM
:t;f
(C.() Maxi Ma
~ 0 "( l, \.\.0., MirtiMO. (P./)
~\u .k..G l 11~' fQU t.cj
4fii# i:' M . , 7,.
1:1sme = (,2.~-l-) -
be..t.0m Q ~r:tfaif!J. ~
..... r. .2.
\
?O\OJ\lr- PP,1~~i~fd ... ..._
ltjjt-.t
V\ = :l.,.2.,3,4 ...' \
I
I
\

' ...

I Diffractio~:- tef\ dlM ~ Uij't\t trom

*' asiY\e ~ ataV\e \I-}\ ~ c\ ~ -mo )(.\ffi (l::: ~

<J sn.an.p Resolvit'\9 Power.-

ir,.g of wave ar"ouNi a>1. object. e.d.Sl-t.
BeNi.
~ :_ ov v Abi/itH of optical ivi.struMe>1.t to distiV\9uish
_ .J) ~ Awave cl.w\a..tit::r\ two V\ti9hbouriv-.9 poiV'ltS.
01ffrad' ..,e c.xtu·""~ A. Microscope: (HttMttt\ eye)
r-ropo..q(!t]J't)'n
1..
! l R.P .=-
R.L
Fresnel Fr-a,o"J..offer

• Source & scretY\ at .. Source & .scrrteY,

= R.t. of MediuM bin object aV\d lens.
i,,c.,
FiVlite dist!' at "° dist!'
• P{a.,-.ar wave 0 = Haff aV'l9/e of cot\e of li9ht froM point
• Spherical wave
frov,..t object
Frorit
 NuMerical ap,rtu~ = JA,Si~9

s•1. (A)
.
.
....-- ---,

R.P.=8 >A R.L =A> 8

S. Telescope:-

R.L =d9 =d@~·- c,~

~~- -Srt -31t -TC O +1t +31t +Sn
a = aptrtur t of ja lrlteriertnce d~e-to thiri Filim.
objective It~
~
dB ·
.
J # For reflected light:
aiaMettr
Validity of ray-optics:- /vlO.XtW\O. - 2,.,._t cos r = (2.-i + 1) 1..
.2
/vliviiviiW\a - 2,.,._t cos r = M
# For tra.-isV'i\itted light:

lskt pahile ray /vlaxiW\a - 2,.,._t cos ..- = M

lske baad ray
Dist" of so~rce & scret~ (Z) /vliviiW\a
.
- :i.,.,._t cos r = (2.-i-l-) 1..
2
a = width of c:a. Friri.ge. Diffractiori:- 'flO\- [_q" oil~ ~ i. ~p~--
Imp. poi11.ts:- I ~ ilW, Ol\ ,l,;1
j.. l- ittcn = ;2..S4 CW\
·2. For YV\ttX R.L. we use maxi\. B B
;\. B 8
3. \v=~
p.. dB *
* dBw =~
p..
4. If two cohtrettt source of equal
intettSity are taken then fr1n9e
a
( 2A)
"
a

visibilittJ0 is WO%., because IW\111\. = o. -a.

Doppler's effect of ligkt:- Polarisatio" by -scattering 0( {
r , = r j. ± _r_
V Nz Molec~lt
C i\' = __A_ uvipolaristd
J~-~;r
⇒ V polarised
:L+-!...
C
 ua ature
'2i\a c\t. · \-: >~ '< Acf11
P-~.Cc..
,t N.ture oF light: 3. Pow,r ol lipt:
~ PC!
' .,.., . I
➔ Ug "t is a P~rticlt (co . ,,uscw t) P =. S -: :~
rtf rac tio n t t
➔ Explait'I. rtf lu tfo h I per un it tiWle =- ~
I wave No . of photons tM itt ul. t
➔ Lig ht is a mecha.nical
I -opstd by :: AA
➔ Et he r Wttdium Pr he
HtAy9tn .4" ol Ii# , :f-,a, do t!. TIO~ Gtepe-nd &n dJ'g; ·
tn\<J\.\(."fa'\'\c 11.) po\°"1.Q . flf.. frLtms/tg
/ rd raction Power
➔ Explain Diffra~tiott _ ~E _ nhv _ MC _ At .
1 A. Yu
echanical - At - At - M t -
➔ Ug ht is a Non -m ~
Ifs ~" '"" ' ,., s.~1,., ~
is ~" ""- :. '1 c
transverse wave. ~. ,.. .e
~
tAirtd. I c< no. o( photons.
-+ No Wtediu.m rtq lble
e~ y bot"'- btc oM tS dot
Q. tf /v,.tt11.sity aNL fru ~u
at Broglie -+ NttttAre fovts Sy W t~ ttr y tJ-.el'\ "'°· of P"-otori. will be?
?

➔ Ug ht M Vt duaf
NatCAn. =- rew.ail'\S saw.e
AV\.S. I'\

~ ae om er ➔ t - is a \.vave exp..,. I a:: l'\f

oavission oMtS doublt ~
vu ifi~ tio t'l Q. Foy a 9ivtri. sourct. lrr.ttnsit9 btc
n of electro~ as wave. l'\O . of Pi-.otori. wUt?
a.P. thomson - ve rif ica tio
AV\S. beco~ts d.ouble ~
s. FractiOMI d\4•"•• ·t&:;" ta.f'n""tfM~. ol- SMrfaec:
cm un i\
~

wk ,,\ it tnavels
Av
v = c'- 91\
ltv; + ? gh = kv
hv .
2 + o

t,. Radi«tiOP\ prusMrw:

= ::L)
•CoMpltt~ Absorptior1.: (p
p = i: [.2 -p J
C
p = 7:_,. t~ h1 "i~
N1C n= no. of Plwtori.S C
E = M f=i\-
F = PA = TA = Po wt r
C C
-= :l.
..Complete Rt flt cti vt : e1

p = -.t. [a+-::LJ
C
;?£ ,
P=c

l
 . 11,Yl,Sit ~
7. Pltoto,fectric effects:
\V°'t f : 5 (,H'\l\ t

v = c}lar,.gt
Ceu ~1 O CoYIVtr-sioYI of fign t tYltl'fJY to efec
trical tY1tr!JY· I
0 ExplaiY\td by EiY1stei1-t
w
IYIStaY1taY1tows process, tiw.e lag b(w ~1//i
0 v j. v«v
Ylg
lE of pl-loto1-t aYld
ew.itiYI!) of e/ectl'OYI 15 j.O sec. v'!< '> V z '>V.1
() Efficiev,.cy = Y\O of electroYI = ;t.O- .$ 4
V .!> > V ;z. > V i
to ;1.0- .
V\OOfpnotOYI
00 O One to orie iritractio1-t OY\t .
photo.,. cari ejec t -v.,
_ _/_
•·V:i.
V
- · :J.
£./v1 F
o.-.fy orie tlectror-..
b CoV\St" fo r
l, <P = fvlateria( Properties = J..v0 = ~c an!:J W1tta f

f wl-l tre v aYld i\, are therest-

0
aVld wav eltV lgtk
0
.ofd freq uen cy 2~ .)
E,i..oton = <P + (KE),.,ax ~
r
I-Iv= l-lv0 + eV0
V
I-le
-). = -he + -:1. fvltV:i.
Ao ;2. ~ax -ct>
For PEE : e
Vu9i..t ~ V0 [Jyada J..091]
"1,9i..t ~ flo [kaW\ I-tog,]
(KE)w.tl)( = tV0
V0 = Stoppi....g Pot tYlt ial
V
'1~",t

y lflt ~it y a: M . of -Pl-loto.-. cc t\O of e(ectro.,_· ex:

Pli.otoct.trreY\t '•·: ·•
J
(KE)....ax

l Frequtr\CY ex: ~r gy of Pl\otOY\. oc et1.trgy of e -

~ (I<.£) oc stoppiY1.g potet'ltiaf ___
[ + PhotoctArnvit dtpeNis on IY\tt.ru
V
ity Hot OY\
t_ f rt(IIAtl'le!J.
\,
1t· + Stoppi.,_9 Pote....tia{ depeNls
~ on ltite~sity
Ot'\ FrtqtAt.i'\C!, ~ot
8. araphs:

Pr.otoc~rrt¥1.t , I

.v~·/
e
 ~e -:: l'\
. . .f.i:'tv\~~
t)u. i:
e.~ nc
-r'p
.l. .
~-n .~ 'fb~ pl'\otl:n,
~ mot- e-.
~ ~

EL
i\ = h
J3M K 13T
J2.1M(13.<o) ·- -
! M
1\0 • - \) O~\ \-
:i.o. Comptof'\ Effect:
I

; Vi.-,-.p. i\ vis D = Always Rea ctar,-!JLda.,- t,..fdperbo la

- ; l<.B = :Z..38 X j.Q- .2
8
·r E = 2ev Visible Rt9io1'.
1..t Photoelutric Effect:
I E = 10t V X -ra~ Rt9 ioV1. ·

b."A = "A.1-A:i. = ~ (1-co.s q>), q> = scatttri~

a~l e
I
; 0
h , w.tC .
- = 2 .44 pr."\
- i
f w.tC
Wave(e.-1.gtJ,, of r-evo/viVlg e. - For- BoJ.\r.s or-b it:
➔ Pair Prod1.<ctioV1.: E = 1..6.2. riteV

I
M = 2rtY'
11.X-ray:
(NtutY'a~ £ = KeV
AtV1.C!1 o< Tube Volta9e
lri.teri.sity oc Tube Current _ _ _ ..., Frtq1
-- . /[ x-RAY J:::::.
HARD SOFT
A= 4 A (El) U)U ) p .
0

~I
(A= l- A 0 (Et) ·
tlerated
t\.l. :~ pot · CHARACTERISTICS (CollisioVI. b/VI. ace
CONTINUOUS
e- ~ri.d boV1.dtd e-)
fl' , (Retardn of e -)
f
J

I t

0...-t Nmr,
 lftwrsa ~ ol ~ e .w.et , t Higlt Corui.uctivity
. ~ W\tlti"9 po,Y\ I

· X-r4y target t.1totM ➔ Hig/1 t.1tomie ;..umber, Hig

' § ~!]~
/ CHA;;.creR/51ICS
CONTINUOUS , ,, YI bin acceferated
(Retard" of e-) (ColfiS,o d d ·-)
e .. ar1d bor1 t t

(~,.)~ (~,c)... (A,)£, (AL)« A

For 1(-S.rits:

t <'(, - >)~ ';,

(Vo).1

Ai.> A2
;1/' f:;. "> 11,.

(Vo>.z > (Vo).1

A i\
Q. '1avelt~ is;\ for- I<., !iM, for- ato~ic no :z. = 43 tl\er. 4rap'1. is given for two differerit atom A aNL. of
fmd wave/trigtlo. for- I<« liitt for atowiic M :z. = ;)JI.
atoMic no, ZA and Z 13 at cut-off voltage VA atvi.
Vs

)/ : ..!..ii.
.,,.
~ -" ~ prmdfll,:
®
Llx.Llp ~~
4-rc
I/A < V8 cut-off voltage
LlL.LlQ ~ -
ti
:2.
 Atoms
~

r-t es Of Thomson'S ittomic

,,,odeL :-
) ~laU .1: M ,AtoM Cor1.Sists ~f A positivtl
f ~ spku-e wrth tltctror1.5 tMbtddtd it\ it !:J
postul«tt 2.: M atot¥. as. A whof~ is .tltttricall!:J
. ,.,,,.~, ~al.es t ~ Mgat,v t arvl positivt char. ts ltwlf'ACt P • ~ (b) :
f ,re e41Aal If'\ ~tu dt '9
cot(912.) = ;2.f,
· ~n atoMic Model is ·CoMp,u·td to , r0
Vl~O "'- W~rt he co~idtrt.d:
b = ~Kzt . cot(9h.)
• W~~ lot\ suds as ~gativtl!:J chargtd .1:.W\.; :i..
particles ' .2.
a. Most of tht positively c.hargtd alpka particlts
• The red part of d\t wattl'W\tlot1. as positivtl!:J wtnt uvi.ddltcttd tkrOf.(gk tke Foil. This 4'aws
dlargu.( ·
that wu,st of tkt sp_act ;,-. "" atom is tMpty.
umttattons Of Thomsot1's ~tomlc ::z.. Few positivtl!:J ckar9ed al~a particles
,nod8L:- ddlutt d throu9h SW\all awl (argt a"9lts. This
_SN>ws that tktrt is prtStnU'. of positivt W\Ur
• It Fo.iltd to explait\ the. stabilit9 oF an atom i~ tkt atoM. ~is positivt ct"'tu is known as
_htuc.cst his h\O<Ul of atoM Failtd to tXplait1. Necleus.
MW a positive d\argt holds tm Mgativtl!:J
·•~ . .•

cl\argul tlutror\S it\ tU\. atorM. "T'ktrtfort, Tl\is 3. Vtry ftvi pos1tivtl~ char,gtd alpha particlts -
tlw,ry also Failed to accout1.t for tht positioYL bouf'\Ctd back. ~is is bu.A~ tkt f'\IACI~
of the NACltus ir1. 4" atow. ,. is vtry dtnSt and dots Mt allow tkt alpha
• Tkotw\SOt\'S Model Failed to txplain the particles to pass throc.19h ~-
scattt.rit19 oF alpha particles b~ thin metal 4 , Tht voluMt occupit{J. by tM "'udews is MSligillk
0

Foils coMpartd t'o tM totaJ vtfuMt of -tkt atoM.

This skows thAt radius of atoM is ~ J.\(gktr
• No tXptri ~t\tal evid.tnct in its support, thA"' that of ~ NAcltus.
Mher(oft'A ~ J>£1rtiCLe ~ n g
Exf,:
No. oF Scattend oc-Particlt Dtttctor 8
BtAMOfO(
N ot. :1
sit\• (9/2.) particles
N

RwtMrford1s Exr,triMt"'t
f
I I , I

.
Distanot of dOSISt Qpproa<ih
Q. Wl\at AN d\t drawbadcs cf t,kt, rut"trfor4i
«tOW\Jt ~ I?
Rutnrlon:l~ «t"oMl'it Motitf f•il,d to expl•i"'
h st.ability o1 ,tut~ in a cifl'tule.r pi1tl-\.
He. st•tetl ~t t ~ rtv.olve around tl\t.
nMCfhs in 4 tircut11r patio., , .,~t
,,.1rtfcle:s ;~
tw\OtiOI\ wowld &e~irgo acceleration 41'\d ccucSl', s~i,d R,t.eionS ;
~rgg ruiatiM. Event441dl9. tli~trot\S ~"(d . • ; 1w-,. Period ·,
lou turgy at\d Fall into tj,t nudtus. But it l
T= -
:irrr·
Mvtr ""-Pf'U\S. V

lohfs Atotnic MckAet: .l

V
a=-
,' r
• Angular v,tocity :
w =2.TTIT
w ~ ·i i,/'
RMius of Nt1,. Ori,it :
£J',2 2
• A"9ular ~ -t \ :
2
r = - - - r.. ::- O.S'5 ~
~~~ z
w = 2.TTf

• Cu~t:

. q
r = ---
t
• Ma~ne.tfo dipoti MoMe'r\t ;
...,. _ . _ tV
= -eVr
2.
.,~,-1 .A - - .rrr
2.T,rr 2.
'

-
n · t v:
,....m:tnt14 : "'~tic z: - ,_,
· : Tot'tal· tr..trgy = -j. : :l-

= -2. : ! :
i

-j.
R.tl•tiOf\ BIN Magl'\ltfc Mo~nt & ~Mr
MoMentc.cW\ :

Mt.tgk\tt,'c Fitld B 1:x; ..1:....

S'

• TE. :: E,,. = -.l-3.b

I-
~ tV eVr eL "
~ . M = -2.- = -2.W\ (L = W\VY')
E
• V = 2:: Volt
I t M= -=~ L (_, l <2,00)
.2.W\
I~-ti/)1\ En,rgy ;

~ l
e-

- _ ~ P k o t~
:'"-1 (l111itiaQ

f'\.i (Final)

• Ly ~r i Series : [UV] ,.
I\.;. " ~ =q j.;2 A° ]
.. 4 0
AMa.1:. : -3R = :1.21~ A

• &I Mt r Series: [Visible]

E"'rgy Level Dio.9raW\ : 4 0
11~,11· =- -R = 36 48 A

-o.ssi ·tv
= 3 ~ = 65 65 A
0
;\ SR
M4UI

• P4SCNn Su ies : ((RJ

08 A
R = 82.
0
I\ MIJ'\. = .:!...

:J.44
~ No. of Spectral Lit'\l. : AMllX· = -7R- : ;l.8 7 6.1. .:1 AP

• 8raeblt Series: [IR]

11MIJ'\· = :1.f, = 1,45q:z. A. 0

R
40 0 .
0
AMAX = - qR = 40 53 3 A

CONl.itio" ~ r> ,~ i,
• 80,V.,s Qc.uari.tuM
lutoilirig oF an at oM :
* MOmthtlAM>'\ :
Hy p~ is :
r\."'
.2.Tfr = M = -MV p\_
* Ru.cit E~rg!J :
. . • WMft H-•totM is r.is4ti lrOM tN
gn,c.cNt state
to ," ' t,t tit ,d st .t. tM ,\ ➔ , ~ a l
tNr!J~

~ J? .2 M : Mt ajS of ~le.coil atoW' . in tru us .aNi K..E. ~

E = -= .2 .~
2.m
 Sf ',c tr" II 5'ri.S of Atotwl
ft•• - - r_ _ _ __,..------r-------,------
-
ft•7 - 1 7 - - - - - - f - r - - - + ,- - - - ~ h - - -
--

PfurvJ.
rr1____u .u_ _ _ _ F_a_r~i~.frartd

Br ac ke tt
Far it\f rar td

~-
'
KaaM karo aisa ki .
. cnalo to ais
zi""4gi ta "4 r ·a .ki NW, pd\cha.,.. 1,,...,.. J·au
.U. i,., . .
.
1,a; ~o, ~ t /eta k . J4ye. .._,e ,
...
an1
to Jiyo a,se ki . ~~.... , aaar d
~IS QQ / t1"'" . ..,
J4!Jt..> 4M
·
1,u,\

➔ !} " - ;JOU> ~
(i') --ro +a.I- aI'"- t.h o1
'l" ' -to
Jin "-"
'?,,cl .
-- L 'I--~
. ~;;)
"::;. \0
C ·'1.
·~
t.
~ i. -+
,l,
~
J,
+ t)
- <s<o c., ~N i
.I.,.
nu .~ ~
I
I
I
I
!

-::: CT\ 2 - n; ) -=-- ~ - 4- -= ~

 Nuclei

BE 8.7 MaV
A I
r
Fc.is/o.,.. ([) 'Fissio"'

0
•b'
or:1 to
1

'I
I

!
I I

A •,.,. 30 Pe?'- ,i, ::.t."'fo A

,ust MASS EJ'\trgy : , (Siu)
\
. l • · ~ W\taSs'ni.cMbtr if\trtaks tM~ f stability
trltrta~ tk,tri. dtcrtastS:
• NucltoV\S of IOWtr' ,wais .NlMHr fuSt For
stabilit~ arv.t rt/use tr.trgg.
• NiAcltoV\S oi hi9htr W\taSS t\UMbt',- lwuk (Fissi~)
for stability,. ,.
' . ~,1>,."'- ~'Tl -d~\l"
Ntitclur F'orc't _=. thnK~<-._ ~',\,dt{)t1'dt:nt
➔ Short rat\9t, NoY\-Ctrttral., No~ co~rvativt- ,
• < -14
• Weak ri.tAcltar Foret ➔ shot"tUt r~ (W M).
rey,wlsivt, Mtdiatu1 by~~~ .. . . ..,.-s
• Stro~ .. t\Mcltar Foret ➔ ~ -t W M,

attractive, W\tdiattd b~.Mtso~

Always- attractivt.
FNN= Fpp -:: FNP
RA~t = j. FM

F Nwelur = :LOO Etlutrost4tics !

. +· Value :
\ Q = [BEp. - BE,<l \
Qi}: +~ (Exo) · Q = -vt(ENio)

Nuclur Bindin!J En.er9y (Mass Defect): 8~p, t.-= E~tr9y 'Rtltast

{ )
Mass of all tAt of)
Mass dtFut =\rwclton.s of Nel ltus . ,. r\ucftus
(M~
\

e
AM = (iMp

B.E.
+

.
(A -Z)~t\ ~ .~NIC'.~ .,.

(Birwtin, U\tr$l ptr

B.E. ) :: l!.. = ltv (X is Mort stal,lt
( A y l.l tNlt'\ Y)
suoilit~ oc A ~ ""~r)

• e, ~ ➔ e ~. -\b ~ '\'\ll clt.J..u .

i ~ b,~~l;Y\~ ~~~J>~ ~~
- ~ ~ - • ~ W ~iwr@iat!li~•--~
 - ~ - - - - - - - - - - ., JI '

Jl.. '>< c. Y"l .,O(.) &~ l1

""""'" 1,..ife :
~ = .f,.-· No. of v.udeolf\S beco~ s 3 -,?,
Half-1-iFe : . of i..,;t,-111.
2 N0 ,. t 1../;l_ ·~-
No, of Nucleons - - .1::. ~
Ni
1111. O
~

i\ :: _~

I ~
A+B------. C+-0~
,2
Q = {(mA+M-s) - (Mc+Mo)] )( C
Q = [B.E(C) + 8.E(O)] - [(8.E(A) + B.E. (/3)] Activity :
(Rate of disivitegrat" of a sa...,..p/t).
• > (wic+Mo)
tf fmA+M,J }-energy
l.T3q = :1. decay/s
• If [B.E: (C+ZJ)] > B.E. (A+B) released 6
1- R1,1.t'1edord = 1-0 dps

• If wi.A+Ms < mc+""'o

J
l --enugy
j. Cl!,rit = 3 . 7 x 1-0
10
Bq O"C'" d ~

• If B.£. (C+ZJ) < B.E. (A+B) absot·hed

'../t - i\t.0 A t
i'.5
uw oF Radioactive Du11.y : A0 e
-~
Nuwiber of NAcfeori. becowies less and less b(,ft-
always sowie le~.
3 7~.
Rate of decay oc re11111A1Ni¥J ,io. of nucleons

A•~ ,,," ~
,._,u.., .::__=AN. I?..=decay const"
=== dt . Matenal
prop.

~ .
~
: Sudd~l!:J SOW\t
I tv.tclw~ added
: at t il'\l\e, T
T
t

No. ol NAc/lOftS du4!:JU :

(. dteay
No - Nt = N0 -Nc,e ·-1.t
= Ne [J. ·-e -~
No
cha~ge

V
t.,. ii (Nt1Atrit10)
(Anti~wtYit'lO}
 - - -- - --
l
JftAY:
rr"' ~ttr Nticle; :
p.ecoil ve locity of dawg
it<t Oh dtc cty
~ !l
, a:: Rtle.std tn tr gy
a/ nwclei
~ :: Mass r.o . of origiYi

I
l. I
l

(i )! '( l~ J u .l ~

-: Nuc/,a,. 8ot\l\h :
-
Atott\ Bomb
H-bot¥.b
(Fusiol'I.) (Fissiol'l)
• ➔E = 2o .7 M tV E: : 20 0 Mt V
, Ul'I.COl'ltrol/ed Col'ltrolftd !
CJ\aitt rx"

~~ucay;
AtoW1.ic Mass :
, Q-valut iri. tt..-t'II\S of - : Nu cl ur R,act;o
r :-

Mp]c
2
} Sal-'\l\t! 2 .s l'lUcltol'lS/fis$io
n
• ~- : Q = [MR - l'l ::
.c/eol'l ·
- Mp - 2M J c
2
Rate of Pr-od" of l'lu
• f :Q = [MR k = Ra te of loss of Mu.tr-ol'
\

:
Para llel Disin.tegr-a t ioVt I<. = :1- Cr'itical
K < .1. COt'ltro/(ed
Jr. parallel disir.tegra
tiori.
I<. > .1. UY1Contr-of/td ~

· Ae .i= Al -+ ~ oF Re ac to r:- N.1.u. leaJL fs s io n .

-: Power
t'\ ~
1'1.E t'\/V1 c
2
c. nb ~~ -=- 'lo of
tj. t2.
P T t= -t - "H .\~ e.. ct pe ,-('

(t!12.) = t j.+t2. 6\'s~~°"'

M-1 ~% 10 Y\ J

MR. ** * Ii" • at "t" ./ of dis-

. . ratea
No
;
Nt No
Ne
No
No -N t
T i~ No. of ,u,c . . ) , ,ritsg N0 -N t
N (R eM Q1 ¥tl". i
t
I l . (N - Nt )
Nuc it o [RdetMcaainy j [ ;~·ti~I j [initial]
decay
t"' tM QI ~

- -
- - - - -- --- - -
0 -- , - -
2. : .1
- - -~
- t
t =0
= 1.t/:2.
No
No/2.
N0 /:l
3N0 /4
:L : :1.
1 :3
2: :L
4: .1.
4 :3

t = 2.t/2. N0 /4 -- j. ; 7
8 : j.
8 : 7 -

_ ! = 3t/ 2.
N0 / 8
~_l --
7N0/S
'J..SN0 1:L~
l : :J.S
:Lh : l
.1.h : lS

N of :1-'1 __ _
(2." : .1.)
t = 4t/ 2. -- No
NI0 -;i."
-
( .1 : :i' ' - 1-)
:
 • Neutron vis Prator\ grap~ :

!Jn~tabft
P >, , >t'I

~u Clea,)' ~c-ort
~ cel'\e:<~ ~ ) ~ flc me:v .oe,< ~. , \.\on
CONl.ition oF Fwsit»\
1. Higl, tewiperatun = w• K
'b~e.lU~
~ \<. ~ T -=- P · f= ·
l '

:L Higl, Pnssun l L4 ~ ~ ~lob 9t' e.'f\o~ --'t> o"1en.c.om.c.

°in. iu."1 ~ \ s n btw ~c.U..l'

t .;a..i.,,:~)',;~~ . e~~~tf Power PltAnt "·.

Stack

Boiler
Eltctr-ic
att'\trator

War'" Wattr
• -

Fud.Watcr 1
PtcMp ~
..... - .....w

• I'

Cold Watt;- Cooft'ng rowtr

 IMP PYQ
fAki~ fog
l ,
°" bot~. Sidts,
.
we get
og 1 ·- los t -;: :!·lo !. .. 1 s
T · rg t , - = T; ( -lo" 2)
~T::s1o9, 2. ' .,
NowJ ltt ;, be the ti . .
rtd~tis' to l,a(f me after wh,c~ activity
N" ::: N.(i• ·•sr.t
i:: - 7~t I (!),
:z
~ (!.)t'/5/ogi /.,
:l ~ t' :: s logt 2.
N+- = N l -1.t t:: !_
Q, iwo··r,uJ.i<J,Utivt m4ttrials- x
()

t : t -•~t ,. At 7'A
aV'}d x,, nave du~y constan~ Savt jiMt
t : t, -1M f~ . at;-.d h resptctively. rf
wut,ally tl,ty havt trit same
Y\Ulll,,btr of n.ucf~{,, 'tJ,tVt t~~ .
r-a.tio (Jf tlite numbu of ~IA-clti
rl Xi 't() tria.t of X:z·Wifl
.
ht ?t
after a tiWlt
(h) U.Yi> (a) i
(~) hv ,ML- (d)!. ..
{d) M-t'- - hv 411 11
Q. 1w~~iiod1ia
u-:;...,.-.. ;~ii,.£~
,....,.\. «,.,clr~.'3Li7 -.~-;.r, Zw~~
'tt~:!1~
~
~ )5
W.(4)
(a) ;zH~,. . (b) sBw
MomtAtt.tlM of a pb\oh:>A ., q · , . 1•
·' ..( Cl' 5~. - . --(d) 48t.,,.
hv
p= -:-
c .. Ans, (b)
, £ -= P~
. The. givtr\ 1tucle.ar r"actior. ca~ ht writttr\ as
Ht~t . ruoil tt'\t.rl'.lu .2.M
;:}:;;J
..,A l L"7
. :r!' ,._ oY\ --+ I +- 1Ht
of
3
AV z

:.
{7)
E =- Or'
i?✓
E ;; - ,
Co....strvatio" of ~s ~t.cmbtr givts,
21'-1 ZMc A + :1- = 7 + 4 ~ A = l.O

(t) s !091;,C 2
AN.(')
 f f.:!8)
=" . •
~At. wt. of i 3)
10
(At wt. o !.-~
1 lC
- ~-. . - ---
+- ;,, ~ )(
-__.. . . . . . (a) proto~ -pr(>tc>vi C!:Jcfe
(t,}fliqM1£-
~1 + n2, ( c) i¥1-dtptro.dtnt or V'.1,1 cltaY p~rticlt ·••Odt/
,...
or ..l.0, 1.1 t'\:i. + .1Q.l:1. ~.2 = :l-0 rl-:1, + 1-:.t. n.:,. (d) V1.udtar s~ell Model
or 0.1:1 t'\
1
= o.:1.q t\_1 ·
AJ'\S, (b)
or ~
~
_ o.1q
- o.ii" = ii
;t.q
Q. Wht't l-\ of t~t fo{(owi~g is used as a"'1111.
in nrAclM.r reactor~ ?
Q. Thi activity of a rttdioactivt sa.-Apli i's
~ea.sund as q 7$0 tpt.(~s/mih at t :: o aro.ti (a) Pl1,1toYtiuM

~
- -
AS ~ 7 S couJ11.r;s/tv\l·"

(a) 0.<12.;1./t'A.in
--0.4i>l./Min
at t = s W\'.1·~ 'tl-\t -

(b) O,bq1,mi~
( d) o.:2.30/miro.
· (b) Co.dwihtW\
(C )~~if.f.JP O,.0
( d) UraniIAWl
Aft$. (t) Al\s. (c)
Accor-ding to law of radJoactivity Q; Ene.~9y released the Fissio~ of a 5; It
t Y\
N • .:i.3s hS
-=e4t r1.ucleus is 200 MeV. Tht. _oF
N •..(l) q;1,U
0 5
a q,.t.l~ filled rtattor opeYatitig. at"' powu-

l
Ne, .At
~--=e
N level of s W is
= fi~i COKCt11.tration
N (a) l-,Sh x :10-•:.1.c .s-:1
:! l _,.
· N0 = i.--.itia( conctntra.#on (b) ;t..S6 x .1..0 s #

[ -- j,,o
A = dua.y cohStant (t) J.S~ X 'J.O $
·-1.

· ( d) :1.5~ x :10•-j.7 .s ··:l.

Takif\8 logar;'tJ.tw.. DI'\ botk sidts of Eq. ( 1)., we
M~ . Ans. (b)

log,, ( ~o) = log,, (t-'; = i,t loge t ;; At

As Wt loww tl-vrt, foa,, X = ,2..30,2.i, logu, X . . tota( ttudear powt.r
F,.ss,on r-att =
Makivig substitutio~, wi get tne.rgy productdlfission

.2.30Zf> 10910
A=--------
(:v:) Hert., total Ylc.tcltar powtr = SW
Et'l.tr-9~ nl~~d. pir fissi.on = 2.00 MtV
s
• .
F1ss10V\ rtite
s
[·: N 0 = q7so cou¥itS/Wtit'I. and N ::: t:/7S .• = -UX> MeV
coCAn.t s/"'"'n] Si
_ 2..30.2.h I 2-.?iO:.u, . - .1
=-----·--
-l3
~.IV'\
[·: j. t-',tV J]
- S cgu, 10 ::: -- 5 ~ )( :%..~ >: j.Q
Mrn

: 0.46:l.
= J..56 x :tdu s-·l-
Mt1\ -.1
 i.. · •
.,.

'i
...
~--·~·;,s ~ -
~ 't

•
l
C 6v

' ,m o b , u ~ ~
h < e. -
' ,e,, ._ _ _ __ _ _ J
(!) ~
v;C!> ~" Vee.
~v ~ ~
l,UM-{. \ 0 \

.
1 th ·a-n ~ N ()

r~~g~
f\.\{.>N bei:t-t.

f£m ~ € . ]
JY 'O \')

p'C?.c::::::'\"---7 P~
I<-=> '-. ... .? "
~ ~ Ci lT , ,
ct>
-::o-
cp = -0
¥c
I @ ® i '"' d Q, fi,J c?
___
j ~ "n ft-v = tocx:,.
Vo~
C\~~;b~} r
-~
.\ D O c: > ) =.6ocHs
-Arv.1, Q ..o to cJ ro C

Co llec.tm,-
0 m -e ..d d.cp
., Y no .x sr 2-.e.
1• mo.'X. d..Dpe • c .. o u .~
me..o1. ~ 12e. C l) M t .
;~
/ o -c-m.i.t- o h ~ e t
cl.ope ~-·- -~
1 • Y'C"'\\n

i
'
f
l

R..o

_.:r::....Jcc
i
[
,1

i
£
'