- lrii"" "

F., =kM2- (i!-l-;')

= "-t, h [li-r:) ]
111• 1-r:-r.1
= Kt, t• (i;.- i;')
(l;-r,1• li.'.-i;I
~~----__;;~
f.7 - li'.'~1• ('I'-:-~) ~""'
~.,.,t:,
rielf, wt CQrl clt~1ly ol,st,-. illt-t-+ fu - f.: ,i·~· 3'-d lo.II) of "'-"'~" r. valid 1'n
elttrro,~tl" <11£0.

Eltdaic f,tW du, io ~ipc,le.. on 11-ds:

h1vt two •et>o,·,te
<~lp.< 6qpA1~d ~y
a disiG!ICl of 'i..(t
wnkh ml,kts it q cl.ipole .
A is o. rcmcl•1>1 p011rl on c>.1<is Ai o. did<lft«
'r' flOnl m,,h~ of di polt .
i-lo.i, F<'tlci J.,,tio '-t' o.t A- E1,= -_!1
• I - t ' (t,J)'
sf.,,1o,~ I ft.Id - +o ..., ,I A- f,r L
(Y-.1)
 :;,, )J,t i:,,14 "' f = f--,, + f +t,
=:!:L. + J:!c_
Cnf)'- (Ht

j<t [T-1)' + kt (nil'

[(,~1) (l-J)t

2k(2J1 )T
/1'-.11.J'- c,•.,1•>'
!lo .. , ff Y>>9., 1ft 1•n~Y10nJ• !"tilt denomina-tor 1
f~!:'!15
yJK

...,~
'"' fltchfc. tl'tld dve ~o cL•rofc. Oil ~vfto,ial lint~
E-1,: _ll_. f+\ = l<t.
)'•-tJ' '1''+1 ...

fnet;~ j f_.~ -t- f.t t 2..~ £,_ (OS20

= J .rt:.
r ••rt 1
-+
(,•.,•r-
+ 21<'q~ cos28
<1L+r>··

~ )'- [2.(0s'~
j ((r'+f)/ (': H cos29, l<os"O)

..2.!:1_ (Ji) (OS0

(l•+J')
pv~tn3 CosO ~,e. f1ll\'YI (y,
f...t = :l.£___
ll'-t!') ,,,
If -o> ' J. C0\'1 b• n~a1«t<d ?n -the. .l.tl"IOm1nQ'COl -
 ~•uss (at,l ~l;r,catlor, llSfn} Coulomb's Lai.>:
We. kv,o1<>, -1\,,t riet '?Itch!<- ./feld ~o~h o. dosed su,fo.tic (30) Ys ..L ~mes
C.~lae. ~dostd .,,., -fh4! M'fll!ce . (,
!r.i "" 1! "f. dii
,~,•...., T.

0~
1/ur{f~q-\t"ori: •
A«.ord,na elec.+n'c +1u~,
t
fE = Eel~ E"dsco,er 1
We. iu,oio1 f..+&1~if~ of ~lee.hie- ~!Id If\ at same. dMa>1te. fro.., E
rha,lt i w,11 wna,n c.ons~"'t, ft

,.(s. for spnerfcal wr~ce. 8= o• 'i

,: ele.chfc flux~- = t fis toso'
~E"'&f,ds
(A, P. ds 111ta•s alt« = Y111~)
4E=f4TT,~-dl
 Glechfc.. fi"e\d. due. to a Sh4!3nt J0r14 chq,3tcl. a,ndudxll'
oy 0
flec.t& fMcl. J~ 4o 4 sb~T1\,t uY1t{01m\y 4-o"aed fYliil'liie J..f ' ofdt1s't"",'i
(Ol'ls,du a
<w1<luc.t1ll.
r--t
of lel"lfu
0
1
.f. on Ms on1fo1P1 f , -.:_: _:_ ~---~ 1

<.-L---1·-f 1---- ~ ---:

So1 ~ausSfan sulfate. ._,; II t1lrn(hica\ r" I :t ~ d A
t+.fs ca.,e.

J.,.:+ dA be. -tt,e. small a1e.a.s on f\115 su,-fo.ci>.

As tondud-o-r i• r.osf+ryef~ J,a11;1ed, ,ttie..
JrHd1°or1 op'fMd c.ofO ie. ~~.!r11ll'l-
l
J. 1
I
,
'C.. _:_-
-1-

t
-+
-,_:'.:, ~
,

'
',
- -:-,
o~iwa-rd$. 0
l
<p, =fGdA(os8 ' ' dA
~., ffell\ =8

Kt"ct, Ne-I: floi l- Q/,,.t = I,• r,.t ,,

• JfJA cosqo' + J~dA cosqo•+ JtdftcosO"

= O O + J~dA
rp = tA

:. /1; £ (.2-n{¾ f:lof.o.l c..ved •·m of s~•f•CL - 2111~

Ac,;_. ~. ~uoss lqw :

=~
f,.,,,a,, f (2-,oil ,
T'
f.
M
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[-: ir•· ,HJ
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ffoe., we. can dea,13 se.e.. , f: IX. ..L
i

So, 41qpt,fc.qlla ,-. ( [

.,
 fleehr~ !=i~ld dut to Tnftr,T~ f'!.ll]t sn~t of dt11si~ 'er'~
I

:-\--st:- --~I-{~JA
I ' cl,I

- - --
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1r < y
it1jf.,,°-lel:i, loYlif ci'la~~ed plaYlt theet
C.Otih 1Jl'f;:fo11fl Mf(tl chaie.
0
1

I : de-f'l\ii --(er).
I /"'
I
D,a...:, Gavssrd\'1 t'fli'nder ol- o.no. o.f TCldl'v, 'l'
0. . T~ ~e 3 tar>1ple. small
cv~.fa.m 'JA' ~l (D,©i@ .
Total flo~ , ¢.ie+ = if,,+ rJ. t-¢3
= ft-JAcoso' + f coso' + f~d-A cos'l!f
- f~&A +ffdA. +O
f:A ,. fA
I¢ = UA I-©
 ll-lflPTt R -# 1.0 : Wave Op-H'cs
fasi-h"oti t:md ~Hlh of +ht f~,nc,e Yri ~n+tifl'3rnt.e'•
lne. d.fs¼t1te. ~fwtrrl 0.1'1~ two (,01'11£lut.ve. b-r?t,+
f1?t1~t rs ~vo..f-lll the (Al1dth of a da)k fi:?nJt: s:,
? r._
avrt 0-l½J~ c#'stame. ~+~ten o.n~ two consecti'1ie' T
d_o1k ,[l'rn31 lS ~,J -lo .ftie. r.ir<1111 ot- a ~bl,.j Ff· f--~.,__----1
a
l
ot porrit p or '.ft,e_ tcmn ,f,t
C,ms1cle, ttaM f~oT'> -lwo da Si avd .<;_ '"P'::mp~
QlXf il-a1~ fi\11r:
ld,.
0

lti d be -the disf<lllc( between -two sJ;-« s1anclSa s._ - - - - - - -- e,

O"-cl. I) b< -lht Ji~+a~<e tx\ww, sfi+ av,d. st•eln. - 0

~ow, Q! ~nt P ftie. pafh JJ°f ft,erice of fwo l,,OVU is

b-1..~ S,.l'-S,P --&
1., ~S1AP,
~a·. ~,P 1 = S,A2-+A'i> 2
=D'+(1-1Jt-®
I-low, ~- 't®
S1 P'- Si 1'2 = D,.'T ('jtjY-- D,._i-(~ -1)""'
(s,..P -s,p) (s,J'+ s 1p) = 4~ '½
(S..v-s,?) (S..l'+s,?l = 2 yJ
f' vei~ c.lO!f. ¼ o, svcl-> .jJrqj;
(°J)+o).ti-x "'"2-yJ
j Pt:, X =;,i'I rJ.
1~)(~ ¥ I
~ ) f.r

when , n~ l , 4~,:ll.
2.c/,
[ 1,t W J
71~:z_ , [2--•"-DF)

Yl;_ l'I ,
4• (i";1-i.\l (n"" !>P,}

': A1-lerna+e Mah t- fn"n1u Of PtllY•

lla 1'1:.
Now, e~171rn1on .fen {1fn3e 1,9j(Ht, ·.-
7ne. cC¼twe lie:lween 2.. LOYlSWHlve hrt3ht fr1niu f1e1:, -/tt fr•~ t..:idlh
of <fuj,~ frlY1a~ f., b,iaht tr',1/!J.
..,1c.; ... -~"

(nti)}f-~
~, . +----.t>I
13 ~-
~fm~\qrl~, for b1f8)tt I]3~ ;l.J I