Construction

Technology –
Concrete & Steel

BARC205E: MODULE 1

Prof. Bavya R, VSPARC

Contents
• Concept of Cement
• Overview of Cement Manufacture and Ingredients
• Field Tests for Cement
• Uses and Varieties of Cement
• Specifications of Ordinary Cement
Concept of Cement and its Role in Concrete
• Cement is the vital glue that binds the ingredients of concrete (i.e. sand,
gravel, admixtures and water) together.

• Cement is a finely ground powder that acts as a ‘hydraulic binder’ which means
it hardens when water is added. This process is called ‘hydration’.

• In different cases, cement is also used for sealing gaps or grouting.

Standard cement mix ratio is 4 parts of aggregate, 2 parts of sand and 1 part of
cement
The Roman Secret: Unveiling the History of Cement

• The development of lime-based mortars to bind the mud and straw

blocks in Egypt and Mesopotamia dates back to 2500 BC.

• The Greeks also created a predecessor to concrete that consisted of

broken up stone with a mortar of lime and sand to bind the blocks.

• The Roman empire discovered a chemical reaction when they mixed

crushed volcanic pozzolanic ash with lime. The silica, alumina, and
iron oxide in the ash reacted with the calcium hydroxide in the
lime, forming sturdier cement concrete.

o The most famous buildings still stand today including the Roman
Pantheon (which remains the largest unreinforced concrete
dome in the world) and the Colosseum.

o Both of these buildings, built around 2,000 years ago,

demonstrate the resilience and durability of concrete.

The Pantheon
From Lime Mortars to Portland Cement
Portland Cement is produced by heating (at about 1350–1400°C) a precise blend of limestone (a
source of calcium), clay, and other materials in a kiln at high temperatures to form clinker, which
is then finely ground with gypsum (a source of sulfate).
The inventor Joseph Aspdin, of England, patented the basic process in 1824. The name has
been derived based on a Portland stone, a limestone from the Isle of Portland.
Improvements in Manufacturing Portland Cement
Rotary Kiln (Mid-19th Century):
The introduction of the rotary kiln revolutionized cement production. This more efficient
method used a continuously rotating cylindrical furnace to heat the raw materials, leading to
increased production capacity and improved quality control.
Fine Grinding (Late 19th Century):
Developing methods for finer grinding of clinker enhanced the reactivity of cement with
water, resulting in faster setting times and potentially stronger concrete.
Portland Cement Blends (20th Century):
The addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like fly ash or slag to Portland
cement became a common practice.
Cement Ingredients
Raw materials, composition and function
Raw Materials for Manufacture of Cement

Corrective Auxiliary
Lime Component Clay Component
Ingredients Components

- The lime - Clay is rich in - If an essential - Their quantities

component makes alumina (Al2O3) chemical in the cement are
up 60–65% of the and silica (SiO2). component limited either by
final product. These elements needed in the standard spe-
combine with cement raw cifications or by
- The materials that calcium from mixture is not manufacturing
are used to make limestone during adequate, experience.
lime for cement the high- corrective - Their use helps
include limestone, temperature ingredients are optimize
chalk, shells, and clinkering used as production and
marl. process to form additives. control cement
calcium silicates properties
and aluminates. (sustainable
methods).
Raw Materials for Manufacture of Cement

Lime Component

Limestone:
• Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) of all geological formations qualifies for the production of Portland cement.
• Limestone is of a predominantly fine grained crystalline structure.
• The hardness of limestone depends on its geological age; usually, the older the geological formation, the Limestone
harder the limestone.
• Limestone usually contains admixtures of clay substance or of iron compounds, which influence its
color.

Chalk:
• Chalk is a sedimentary rock which is characterized by a soft earthy texture.
• It is used as a raw material especially for the wet process of cement manufacture.
• Since blasting is not required for quarrying of chalk, and the crushing process can also be omitted, this Chalk
raw material considerably lowers the cement production costs.

Marl:
• Limestone with admixtures of silica, clay substance, and iron oxide are called marls.
• The hardness of marls is lower than that of limestone; the higher the content of clay substances, the lower
their hardness.
• Marls are an excellent raw material for cement manufacture, because they contain the lime and the clay
component in an already homogenized condition. Marl
Raw Materials for Manufacture of Cement

Clay Component

• Clay is formed by the weathering of alkali and alkaline earth containing aluminum silicates and of their chemical
conversion products, mainly feldspar and mica.

• The main component of clays is formed by hydrous aluminum silicates.

• Texturally, clays are fine grained; clay particles are usually under 2 microns in diameter.

• The fusion point of clays is within the range of 1150⁰C to 1785⁰C.

• Clays with no impurities are white.

• However, the chemical composition of clay may vary from those close to the pure clay, to that containing a con-
siderable amount of chemical admixtures as iron hydroxide, iron sulfide, sand, calcium carbonate, etc.
Raw Materials for Manufacture of Cement

Corrective Ingredients

• Corrective ingredients, also known as additives, are materials introduced into the cement production process to
compensate for compositional deficiencies in the raw mix or to adjust specific properties of the final cement.

• For the completion of the silica content, sand, high silica clay, diatomite, etc., are used as additives or corrective
ingredients.

• To compensate for deficiency in iron oxide (Fe2O3), such corrective materials as pyrite cinders, iron ore, etc., are
applied.
Raw Materials for Manufacture of Cement

Auxiliary Components

• Auxiliary components are added to influence various aspects of production, from raw material preparation to the
final cement product.
• The incorporation of alternative fuels and mineral admixtures promotes a more sustainable cement industry.

Types of Auxiliary Components:

1. Grinding Aids: gypsum, limestone fines, and organic compounds
2. Process Regulators: fluorspar can lower the melting point of the raw mix, aiding in clinker formation
3. Mineral Admixtures: to enhance overall performance like workability, strength and sulfate resistance, fly ash, slag,
and silica fume are used.

Magnesium Oxide
Alkalis such as Na2O and K2O
Other Auxiliary Sulphur
Components Chloride
Fluoride
Phosphorus
Composition and Function of Raw Materials in Cement
Cement
Manufacturing
Process
Stages, Storage, Package & Dispatch
Stage 1: Stages of Cement Manufacture
Raw Material
Extraction/Quarry

Stage 2:
Crushing, Proportioning,
and Blending

Stage 3:
Pre-Heating Raw Material

Stage 4:
Kiln Phase

Stage 5:
Cooling and final grinding

Stage 6:
Packing and Shipping
 The ore rocks are quarried and crushed into smaller pieces of about 6 inches.
Stage 1:
Raw Material Secondary crushers or hammer mills then reduce them to an even smaller size of 3
Extraction/Quarry inches. After that, the ingredients are prepared for pyro processing.

Stage 2: CRUSHING:
Crushing, Proportioning, The crushed raw ingredients are made ready for the cement-making process in the kiln
and Blending by combining them with additives and grinding them to ensure a fine homogenous
mixture.
Stage 3:
Pre-Heating Raw Material BLENDING:
1. Dry blending:
Stage 4: In the cement plant, the raw mix is dried (moisture content reduced to less
Kiln Phase than 1%); heavy wheel-type rollers and rotating tables blend the raw mix and then
the roller crushes it to a fine powder to be stored and fed to the kiln.
Stage 5:
Cooling and final grinding 2. Wet blending:
Raw materials are broken down by vigorous stirring with water in wash mills,
Stage 6: producing a fine slurry. The slurry tanks are stirred by mechanical means or compressed
Packing and Shipping air or both.
 PRE-HEATING:
Stage 1: • A pre-heating chamber utilizes the hot gases produced from the kiln in order to
Raw Material reduce energy consumption and make the cement-making process more
Extraction/Quarry environment-friendly. The raw materials are passed through here and turned into
oxides to be burned in the kiln.
Stage 2:
Crushing, Proportioning, KILN PHASE:
and Blending • The clinker is produced from the raw mix through a series of chemical reactions
between calcium and silicon dioxide compounds. The kiln is angled by 3 degrees to
Stage 3: the horizontal. Cylindrical steel kilns, lined with refractory materials, range from 200
Pre-Heating Raw Material meters long and 7 meters in diameter in wet process plants to shorter lengths in dry
process plants.
Stage 4:
Kiln Phase Though the process is complex, the events of the clinker production can be written in
the following sequence:
Stage 5: 1. 100°C (212°F): Evaporation of free water
Cooling and final grinding 2. 100°C (212°F) - 430°C (800°F): Dehydration and formation of oxides of silicon,
aluminum, and iron
Stage 6: 3. 900°C (1650°F) - 982°C (1800°F): CO2 is evolved and CaO is produced through
Packing and Shipping calcination
4. 1510°C (2750°F): Cement clinker is formed
 CLINKER COOLING:
Stage 1: • After exiting the kiln, the clinker is rapidly cooled down from 2000°C to 100°C-200°C
Raw Material by passing air over it.
Extraction/Quarry
• At this stage, different additives are combined with the clinker to be ground in order
Stage 2: to produce the final product, cement.
Crushing, Proportioning,
and Blending • Gypsum added to and ground with clinker regulates the setting time and gives the
most important property of cement, compressive strength.
Stage 3:
Pre-Heating Raw Material • Clinker heat is recycled to boost kiln efficiency.

Stage 4: • The final stage involves grinding cooled clinker into a fine powder using steel ball-
Kiln Phase lined rotating drums, producing 150 billion grains per pound of cement.

Stage 5:
Cooling and final grinding PACKING AND SHIPPING:
• Cement is conveyed from grinding mills to silos from where it is packed in 50 kg bags.
Stage 6:
Packing and Shipping • Most of the product is shipped in bulk quantities by trucks, trains, or ships.
Tests for Cement
Field Testing & Lab Testing
Field tests

1. Date of manufacture test: The shelf life of

cement is usually three months from the date
of manufacturing.

1. Visual test: Open the bag and inspect the

cement. It should be lump-free and greenish-
grey.

2. Feel test: Thrust your hand into the bag; it

should feel cool, with no lumps inside.

3. Rub a pinch of cement between fingers; it

should feel smooth, not gritty.

4. Floating test: Toss a handful of cement into

water; it should float briefly before sinking.
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test Importance of Fineness Cement Test:

a) Sieve test • Cement powder’s particle size distribution can be analyzed.
b) Air permeability • The fineness of cement is responsible for the rate of hydration, and the rate of
evolution of heat.
test • Finer the grains, more is the surface area and faster the development of strength.
2. Consistency Test • It measures how well the grinding process will be.
3. Setting Time PROCEDURE FOR SIEVE TEST
4. Soundness Test
a. 100 grams of cement is taken as a sample.
5. Compressive Strength b. Ensure that there are no lumps in the sample
Test c. The cement is sieved using a standard IS sieve no. 9 (90 microns).
d. Sieve the sample manually (or mechanically) for 15 minutes.
6. Heat of Hydration Test e. Weigh the residue left on the sieve.
7. Chemical Composition f. This weight shall not exceed 10% for ordinary cement and 5% for rapid
hardening or low-heat cement.
Test
8. Tensile Strength Test Sieve test is rarely used due to its limited scope and time consuming process.
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test SIEVE TESTING

a) Sieve test
b) Air permeability
test
2. Consistency Test
3. Setting Time
4. Soundness Test
5. Compressive Strength
Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Chemical Composition
Test
Video Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9XX7993eh8
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test BLAINE’S AIR PERMEABILITY TEST:

a) Sieve test
The fineness of cement is measured as
b) Air permeability specific surface.
test
Specific surface is expressed as the total
2. Consistency Test surface area in square meters of all the
3. Setting Time cement particles in one kilogram of
cement.
4. Soundness Test
5. Compressive Strength Blaine Air Permeability Apparatus
determines the fineness of Portland
Test Cement by measuring the specific
6. Heat of Hydration Test surface area of fine materials in square
centimeters per gram of test sample.
7. Chemical Composition
Test The higher the specific surface is, the
finer cement will be.
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test a. Put a filter paper into the cell then weight 2.84g of cement sample into it.
a) Sieve test b. Put another filter paper on it and compress with the plunger.
c. Attach the cell on top of the U-tube manometer.
b) Air permeability d. Evacuate the air in the manometer through the side tube using the aspirator bulb
test until the oil reaches level 1.
e. Close the side valve and monitor the oil as it start to fall.
2. Consistency Test f. Using a stop watch, measure the time taken for the oil to fall from level 2 to level 3.
3. Setting Time g. The S value of OPC cement should not be less than 2250 cm2/gm.

4. Soundness Test Blaine =k2√t

5. Compressive Strength
where k is 523.0547
Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test Example:
when t is obtained as 29 sec
7. Chemical Composition
Test S = 523.0547 2√29

8. Tensile Strength Test S = 2817 cm²/gm

Lab tests

1. Fineness Test
CONSISTENCY TEST:
a) Sieve test This test is conducted to find the setting
b) Air permeability times of cement using a Vicat’s apparatus.

test Standard consistency of cement paste is defined

2. Consistency Test as that water content required to permit a
Vicat’s plunger of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm
3. Setting Time length to penetrate depths of 5-7 mm (from the
4. Soundness Test bottom of the cement mould) within 3-5 minutes
of mixing.
5. Compressive Strength
Test The test has to be undergone three times, each
time the cement is mixed with water varying
6. Heat of Hydration Test from 24 to 27% of the weight of cement.
7. Chemical Composition
This test should be conducted at a constant
Test temperature of 25°C - 29°C and at a constant
8. Tensile Strength Test humidity of 90%.
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test a. Take 400g of cement and place it in a bowl or tray.

a) Sieve test b. Now assume standard consistency of water is 27% and add the same quantity of
b) Air permeability water in cement and mix it.
test c. Mix the paste thoroughly within 3-5 minutes. The time taken to obtain cement
2. Consistency Test paste after adding water is called gauging time.
3. Setting Time d. Now fill the paste in Vicat mould correctly. Any excessive paste remained on Vicat
4. Soundness Test mould is taken off by using a trowel.
5. Compressive Strength e. Then, place the Vicat mould on Glass plate and see that the plunger should touch
Test the surface of Vicat mould gently.
6. Heat of Hydration Test f. Release the Plunger and allow it to sink into the test mould. Note down the
7. Chemical Composition penetration of the plunger from the bottom of mould indicated on the scale.
Test g. Repeat the same experiment by adding different percentages of water until the
8. Tensile Strength Test reading is in between 5-7mm on the Vicat apparatus scale.
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test CONSISTENCY TEST ON CEMENT

a) Sieve test
b) Air permeability
test
2. Consistency Test
3. Setting Time
4. Soundness Test
5. Compressive Strength
Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Chemical Composition
Video Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fL6E0E1LOBg
Test
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:

a) Sieve test
Vicat’s apparatus is used to find the setting times of cement i.e., initial setting time and
b) Air permeability final setting time.
test
INITIAL SETTING TIME:
2. Consistency Test
3. Setting Time For this test, a needle of 1 mm square size is used. The needle is allowed to penetrate
into the paste (a mixture of water and cement as per the consistency test).
4. Soundness Test
5. Compressive Strength The time taken to penetrate 5-7 mm (from the bottom of the mould) is recorded as
the initial setting time.
Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test FINAL SETTING TIME:

7. Chemical Composition After the paste has attained hardness, the needle does not penetrate the paste more
Test than 0.5 mm. The time at which the needle does not penetrate more than 0.5 mm is
taken as the final setting time.
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:

a) Sieve test
b) Air permeability
test
2. Consistency Test
3. Setting Time
4. Soundness Test
5. Compressive Strength
Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Chemical Composition
Test Video Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tKuexK4zto
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test
SOUNDNESS TEST:
a) Sieve test
Importance of Soundness Test of Cement:
b) Air permeability
test • The soundness test of Cement measures
the expansion that occurs in hardened
2. Consistency Test Cement, known as soundness.
3. Setting Time
The Le Chatelier equipment is used to test the
4. Soundness Test durability of Cement.
5. Compressive Strength
The apparatus is used to detect the presence
Test of uncombined lime and magnesia in cement.
6. Heat of Hydration Test
For OPC, Low heat cement, High alumina
7. Chemical Composition cement and rapid hardening cement, the
Test soundness obtained must not exceed 10mm.

8. Tensile Strength Test

Lab tests

1. Fineness Test AUTOCLAVE TEST FOR SOUNDNESS:

a) Sieve test
b) Air permeability
test
2. Consistency Test
3. Setting Time
4. Soundness Test
5. Compressive Strength
Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Chemical Composition
Test Video Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KntJtqXqjUI
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test
a) Sieve test COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST:
b) Air permeability
The compressive strength test can only be
test done once the standard consistency test has
2. Consistency Test been completed.

3. Setting Time The strength of cement cannot be defined

4. Soundness Test directly on the cement.

5. Compressive Strength Instead, the strength of cement is

Test indirectly defined on cement-mortar of 1:3
cement & sand ratio.
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Chemical Composition The compressive strength of this mortar is
the strength of cement at a specific period.
Test
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST:

a) Sieve test
b) Air permeability
test
2. Consistency Test
3. Setting Time
4. Soundness Test
5. Compressive Strength
Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Chemical Composition
Test
Video Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zb4gILaHWY
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test
a) Sieve test HEAT OF HYDRATION TEST:
b) Air permeability
During the hydration of cement, heat is produced due to
test chemical reactions.
2. Consistency Test
This heat may raise the temperature of concrete to a high
3. Setting Time temperature of 50°C. To avoid these, in large scale
4. Soundness Test constructions low-heat cement has to be used.
5. Compressive Strength This test is carried out using a calorimeter adopting the
Test principle of determining heat gain.
6. Heat of Hydration Test It is concluded that Low-heat cement should not
7. Chemical Composition generate 65 calories per gram of cement in 7 days and 75
calories per gram of cement in 28 days.
Test
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test HEAT OF HYDRATION TEST:

a) Sieve test
b) Air permeability
test
2. Consistency Test
3. Setting Time
4. Soundness Test
5. Compressive Strength
Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Chemical Composition
Test
Video Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k02fOFB2-iQ
8. Tensile Strength Test
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test CHEMICAL COMPOSITION TEST:

a) Sieve test
The chemical composition test establishes the relative amounts of Cement’s
b) Air permeability ingredients and ensures they are within the tolerable limits set by the IS standard.
test
Different tests are conducted to determine the amount of various constituents of
2. Consistency Test cement. The requirements are based on IS: 269-1998, is as follows:
3. Setting Time 1. The ratio of the percentage of alumina to that of iron oxide should not be less than
4. Soundness Test 0.66.
5. Compressive Strength 2. Lime Saturation Factor (LSF), i.e., the ratio of the percentage of lime to that of
Test alumina, iron oxide and silica should be between 0.66 and 1.02.
6. Heat of Hydration Test 3. Total loss on ignition should not be greater than 4%.
7. Chemical Composition 4. Total Sulphur content should not be greater than 2.75%.
Test 5. Weight of insoluble residue should not be greater than 1.50%.
8. Tensile Strength Test 6. Weight of magnesia should not be greater than 5%.
Lab tests

1. Fineness Test TENSILE STRENGTH TEST:

a) Sieve test The briquette method is used to determine the tensile strength of
b) Air permeability Cement.

test This test is carried out using a cement-mortar briquette in a tensile

2. Consistency Test testing machine.

3. Setting Time A 1:3 cement-sand mortar with the water content of 8% is mixed
4. Soundness Test and moulded into a briquette in the mould.

5. Compressive Strength This mixture is cured for 24 hours at a temperature of 25°C - 29°C
Test and in an atmosphere at 90% relative humidity.

6. Heat of Hydration Test The average strength for six briquettes tested after 3 and 7 days is
7. Chemical Composition recorded.

Test The tensile strength is expressed in Pascals or Megapascals. Tensile

8. Tensile Strength Test strength is generally in the range of 1–5 Mpa.
Types of Cement
Uses of different types & Grades of Cement
VARIETIES OF CEMENT
Typically, cement is classified into two varieties based on its hardening and setting mechanism. These are-

• Hydraulic cement is an inorganic mineral material that reacts with

water under ambient conditions forming a hardened and water-
resistant product.
Hydraulic
Cement
• The cement hardens by hydration in the presence of water.

• Hydraulic cement is used for the construction of all civil structures.

• The non-hydraulic cement does not require water to harden. It will

not set when wet conditions exist. Instead, all it needs are dry
conditions and the presence of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to set and
cure.
Non-
hydraulic
• Non-hydraulic cement usually takes a long time to harden compared
Cement
to hydraulic cement.

• Non-Hydraulic cement is used for making bricks and mortar.

Sometimes it is also used in stonework.
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
1. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC):

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most commonly used cement in

construction projects worldwide due to its versatility and strength. It's suitable
for various applications, including general construction, precast concrete
products, buildings and roads.

Key points about OPC:

a. Durability: Known for its strong and long-lasting properties.

b. Workability: Easy to use in different construction scenarios.
c. Versatility: Can be combined with other materials, like aggregates, to
create various concrete mixes.
d. Wide Range of Uses: Apart from construction, it's used to manufacture
grout, wall putty, solid concrete blocks, AAC blocks, and other types of
cement.

Overall, OPC is a reliable choice for many construction needs due to its robust
and adaptable nature.
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
2. PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT (PPC):

Portland Pozzolana cement (PPC) is a type of hydraulic cement that's made by blending Portland cement (OPC Clinker +
gypsum) with pozzolanic materials, such as fly ash or silica fume.

The pozzolanic materials improve the workability and durability of the cement, making it suitable for a variety of
construction applications.

PPC is commonly used in home building construction and mass concrete structures, such as dams and bridges, where
durability is a critical factor.
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
3. RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:

• Rapid-hardening cement is a type of hydraulic cement that's specially

designed to gain strength quickly.

• Rapid-hardening cement is used in situations where fast-setting concrete

is required, such as in the construction of pavements, precast concrete
products, and repair work.

• It has a higher early strength compared to OPC, allowing structures to

be put into service faster.

• The strength of this cement after three days is almost the same as the
Portland cement after a week, with the same water-cement ratio.

• The main benefit of using rapid hardening cement is that the formwork
can be removed earlier, lowering the cost of construction.

• Extra rapid hardening cement having higher amount of calcium chloride

is beneficial in places with freezing temperatures.
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
4. HYDROPHOBIC CEMENT:

• This type of cement is manufactured by grinding Ordinary

Portland Cement clinker with water oleic acid or stearic acid.

• These acids forms as a water repellent film around the cement

particle which increases the shelf life of cement, reducing the rate
of deterioration.

• These cements are used in construction of dams, spillways, under

water constructions, structures that are exposed to rain, green
roofs, parking, plazas, drainage system works and manholes.

5. LOW HEAT CEMENT:

• Low heat cement is made by reducing the amount of tricalcium aluminate by 6%.
• This results in slower strength gain and lower heat of hydration, making it ideal for use in large concrete structures
that are prone to cracking due to heat buildup.
• Low-heat cement is commonly used in the construction of dams, nuclear power plants, and large-mass concrete
structures.
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
6. SULFATE RESISTANT CEMENT:

• Sulphate-resisting cement is a type of hydraulic cement that's designed to resist the damaging effects of sulphate
salts present in soil and groundwater.

• Sulphate-resistant cement is commonly used in construction projects where the soil or groundwater has a high
sulphate content, such as in coastal areas, mines, and canal linings, retaining walls.

7. WHITE CEMENT:

• White cement as its name suggests has a high degree of

whiteness.

• White cement is used primarily for decorative purposes, such as

in the construction of architectural elements, precast concrete
products, and terrazzo flooring.

• It can also be used in combination with pigments to produce a

wide range of colored concrete finishes.
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
8. AIR ENTRAINING CEMENT:

• Air entraining cement is a hydraulic cement that contains air-entraining

agents, such as resins, glues and sodium salts, to create microscopic air
bubbles within the concrete mix.
Explore –
• When the water in concrete freezes due to low temperature, it expands.
a. High-Alumina Cement
• With air-entraining cement, the air voids in concrete provide space for water b. Blast furnace slag Cement
to expand without cracking the concrete. c. Quick-setting Cement –
compare with Rapid
• The air bubbles take up between four and seven percent of the volume of Hardening Cement
the cement, but this varies as required by special conditions.
d. Colored Cement
• This type of cement is not a high strength cement.
e. Expansive cement

• It is used in areas where the temperature is very low and areas that require
frost resistance infrastructure, such as concrete pavements, bridges, and
buildings located in cold climates.
GRADES OF CEMENT
• A grade of cement indicates its strength that is measured in Mega Pascal (Mpa) or N/mm2.
• Strength of cement is usually measured after 28 days of curing for a standard cube.

33 Grade Cement

• Compressive Strength of cement after 28 days is 33 N/mm².

• Not suitable for making concrete more than M20 grade.
• Generally used for building compound walls, parapet walls, etc.

43 Grade Cement

• Compressive Strength of cement after 28 days is 43 N/mm².

• Concrete of grade up to M30 can be made.
• This type of cement is used in making Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) and for plastering the walls, brickwork mortar,
precast items like tiles, and cement pipes.

53 Grade Cement

• Compressive Strength of cement after 28 days is 53 N/mm².

• The setting time of cement is quicker than 33 and 43 grade cement.
• M30 grade concrete and above is easily achievable.
• This type of cement is used in precast walls, concrete roads, bridges, dams, and RCC for structural works.
Specifications of
Ordinary Cement
IS 269:2015
• IS 269:2015 specifies the requirements for Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) 33 grade, 43 grade and 53 grade, which is widely used in
various construction applications.

• Common applications of OPC include foundations columns beams

slabs & plastering.

• It's a document published by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

that outlines the requirements, manufacturing process, chemical
and physical properties, packing, and marking for these types of
cement.

• Essentially, it's a set of guidelines and quality standards that

cement manufacturers in India must adhere to for producing
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of all grades.
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