CEMENTPRESENTED BY:

BAAY, DESIREE MAE O.

BODOTA, ALDRIN E.
DAVID, JERIC L.
FABRIGAR, JHON ANTHONY V.
LAVIÑA, MYKEL H.
VILLAFLORES, JOHN KYLE A.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02 03
HISTORY, DEFINITION, COMPOSITION OF MANUFACTURING
AND USES CEMENT

04 05 06
TYPES AND PROPERTIES TESTING
SAMPLES
HISTORY, DEFINITION,
AND USES OF CEMENT
 HISTORY OF CEMENT
The development of cementing materials
can be traced back to the Egyptians and
Romans and their use of masonry construction.

The Egyptians used a cement produced by

a heating process, and this may have been the
start of the technology.

Roman engineering upgraded simple lime

mortars with the addition of volcanic ash which
increased their durability, as evidenced by the
sound structures that still stand.
 HISTORY OF CEMENT
• 3000 BC - Egyptian Pyramids

The Egyptians were using early forms of

concrete over 5000 years ago to build pyramids.
They mixed mud and straw to form bricks and
used gypsum and lime to make mortars.
 HISTORY OF CEMENT
• 300 BC - 476 AD - Roman Architecture

The ancient Romans used a material that

is remarkably close to modern cement to build
many of their architectural marvels, such as the
Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The Romans
also used animal products in their cement as an
early form of admixtures.
 HISTORY OF CEMENT
• 1824 - Portland Cement Invented

Joseph Aspdin of England is credited with

the invention of Portland cement. He named his
cement Portland, after a rock quarry on the Isle
of Portland, off the British coast, that produced
very strong stone.
He is an enterprising 19th -
century British stonemason,
who heated a mix of ground
limestone and clay in his kitchen
stove, then pulverized the
concoction into a fine powder.
 HISTORY OF CEMENT
• 1836 - Cement Testing

The first test of tensile and compressive

strength took place in Germany.
 HISTORY OF CEMENT
• 1845 - Isaac Johnson

A few years later, in 1845, Isaac Johnson

made the first modern Portland Cement by firing
a mixture of chalk and clay at much higher
temperatures, similar to those used today. At
these temperatures (1400C- 1500C), clinkering
occurs and minerals form which are very
reactive and more strongly cementitious.

While Johnson used the same materials to

make Portland cement as we use now, three
important developments in the manufacturing
process lead to modern Portland cement.
 CEMENT

ISAAC JOHNSON
 CEMENT
• Cement is the binding material used in building and
civil engineering construction.

• Cement is finely ground powders that, when mixed

with water, set to a hard mass.

• Cement is considered to be the active ingredient of

concrete. When this material is combined or mixed,
and cured with aggregates, it develops the hardened
properties of concrete.
 CEMENT
• Cement may be used alone (as grouting materials),
but the normal use is in mortar and concrete.

Take Note:

• Mortar is cement mixed with sand or crushed stone.

• Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand or other fine

aggregate, and a coarse aggregate. It is made up of
20-40 percent of cement.
MORTAR
CONCRETE
 CEMENT
• Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled
chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum,
iron, and other ingredients.

• Cement mixed with water silicates and aluminates,

making a water repellant hardened mass that is used
for water-proofing.
 CEMENT
1. It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work, pointing, etc.
2. It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.
3. It is used for water tightness of structure.
4. It is used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels,
beams, stairs, pillars etc.
5. It is used where a hard surface is required for the protection of
exposed surfaces of structures against the destructive agents of the
weather and certain organic or inorganic chemicals.
6. It is used for precast pipes manufacturing, piles, fencing posts etc.
7. It is used in the construction of important engineering structures such
as bridges, culverts, dams, tunnels, lighthouses etc.
8. It is used in the preparation of foundations, watertight floors,
footpaths etc.
9. It is employed for the construction of wells, water tanks, tennis courts,
lamp posts, telephone cabins, roads etc.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
Cement, as a binding material, is a very important
building material. Almost every construction work
requires cement. Therefore, the composition of cement
is a matter of great interest to engineers. For
understanding cement composition, one must know
the functionality of cement ingredients. By altering the
amount of an ingredient during cement production, one
can achieve the desired cement quality.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT

EIGHT MAJOR
INGREDIENTS
IN CEMENT
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT

FUNCTIONS OF
CEMENT INGREDIENTS
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
Functions of Cement Ingredients
The main features of these cement ingredients along with their
functions and usefulness or harmfulness are given below:

❖ Lime: Lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide.

➢ The function of lime is that it is the main constituent for
manufacturing of cement which imparts cementing
property to cement.
➢ Deficiency in lime reduces the strength of the property
to the cement.
➢ Deficiency in lime causes the cement to set quickly.
➢ Excess lime makes cement unsound.
➢ The excessive presence of lime causes the cement to
expand and disintegrate.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
❖ Silica: Silicon dioxide is known as silica, chemical
formula SiO2.
➢ A sufficient quantity of silica should be
present in cement to dicalcium and
tricalcium silicate.
➢
➢ Silica imparts strength to cement.
➢ Silica usually presents to the extent of about
17 to 25 percent cement.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
❖ Alumina: Alumina is Aluminium oxide. The
chemical formula is Al2O3.
➢ Alumina imparts quick setting property to the
cement.
➢ Clinkering temperature is lowered by the
➢
presence of the requisite quantity of
alumina.
➢ Excess alumina weakens the cement.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
❖ Magnesia: Magnesium Oxide. The chemical
formula is MgO.
➢ It imparts colour to the cement
➢ Magnesia should not be present more than
3% in cement.
➢
➢ Excess magnesia will reduce the strength of
the cement.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
❖ Iron oxide: Chemical formula is Fe2O3.
➢ Iron oxide imparts color to cement.
➢ It acts as a flux.
➢ At a very high temperature, it imparts into
➢
the chemical reaction with calcium and
aluminum to form tricalcium alumino-ferrite.
➢ Tricalcium alumino-ferrite imparts hardness
and strength to cement.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
❖ Calcium Sulfate: Chemical formula is CaSO4
➢ This is present in cement in the form of
gypsum(CaSO4.2H2O)
➢ It slows down or retards the setting action of
cement.
➢
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
❖ Sulfur Trioxide: Chemical formula is SO3
➢ It should not be present for more than 3%.
➢ Excess Sulfur Trioxide causes the cement to
unsound.
➢
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
❖ Alkaline:

➢ It usually ranges from 0.1 to 1%.

➢ During manufacturing process of cement most of
the alkalis are carried away by the flue gases at
the time of heating. Excess Alkaline matter
causes efflorescence.
MANUFACTURE
OF CEMENT
 MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT

There are four stages in the manufacture of

portland cement:

(1) crushing and grinding the raw materials,

(2) blending the materials in the correct

proportions,

(3) burning the prepared mix in a kiln, and

(4) grinding the burned product, known as

“clinker,” together with some 5 percent of gypsum
(to control the time of set of the cement).
 MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT

The three processes of manufacture are known

as the wet, dry, and semi-dry processes and are
so termed when the raw materials are ground wet
and fed to the kiln as a slurry, ground dry and fed
as a dry powder, or ground dry and then
moistened to form nodules that are fed to the
kiln.
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
 MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
Table 1: Sources of Raw Materials Used in the Manufacture of Portland Cement
 MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
Stage 1: Crushing and Grinding the Raw Materials

● All except soft materials are first ● Soft materials are broken down by
crushed, often in two stages, and then vigorous stirring with water in wash
ground, usually in a rotating, cylindrical mills, producing a fine slurry, which is
ball, or tube mills containing a charge passed through screens to remove
of steel grinding balls. This grinding is oversize particles.
done wet or dry, depending on the
process in use, but for dry grinding the
raw materials first may need to be
dried in cylindrical, rotary dryers.
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
 MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT
Stage 2: Blending the Materials in the Correct Proportions

● A first approximation of the chemical ● Thorough mixing of the dry materials in

composition required for a particular the silos is ensured by agitation and
cement is obtained by selective quarrying vigorous circulation induced by
and control of the raw material fed to the compressed air. In the wet process the
crushing and grinding plant. Finer control slurry tanks are stirred by mechanical
is obtained by drawing material from two means or compressed air or both. The
or more batches containing raw mixes of slurry, which contains 35 to 45 percent
slightly different composition. In the dry water, is sometimes filtered, reducing
process these mixes are stored in silos; the water content to 20 to 30 percent,
slurry tanks are used in the wet process. and the filter cake is then fed to the kiln.
This reduces the fuel consumption for
burning.
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
 MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
Stage 3: Burning the Prepared Mix in a Kiln

● These rotating kilns—up to 200 metres ● The fuel for firing may be pulverized
(660 feet) long and six metres in diameter coal, oil, or natural gas injected through
in wet process plants but shorter for the a pipe. The temperature at the firing end
dry process—consist of a steel, cylindrical ranges from about 1,350 to 1,550 °C
shell lined with refractory materials. They (2,460 to 2,820 °F), depending on the
rotate slowly on an axis that is inclined a raw materials being burned. Some form
few degrees to the horizontal. The raw of heat exchanger is commonly
material feed, introduced at the upper incorporated at the back end of the kiln
end, moves slowly down the kiln to the to increase heat transfer to the
lower, or firing, end. incoming raw materials and so reduce
the heat lost in the waste gases.
 MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
Stage 3: Burning the Prepared Mix in a Kiln

● The burned product emerges from the kiln ● In the semi-dry process, the raw
as small nodules of clinker. These pass materials, in the form of nodules
into coolers, where the heat is transferred containing 10 to 15 percent water, are
to incoming air and the product cooled. fed onto a traveling chain grate before
The clinker may be immediately ground to passing to the shorter rotary kiln. Hot
cement or stored in stockpiles for later gases coming from the kiln are sucked
use. through the raw nodules on the grate,
preheating the nodules.
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
 MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
Stage 4: Grinding the Burned Product

● The clinker and the required amount of ● Sometimes a small amount of a

gypsum are ground to a fine powder in grinding aid is added to the feed
horizontal mills similar to those used for material. For air-entraining cements
grinding the raw materials. The material (discussed in the following section) the
may pass straight through the mill addition of an air-entraining agent is
(open-circuit grinding), or coarser material similarly made.
may be separated from the ground ● Finished cement is pumped
product and returned to the mill for pneumatically to storage silos from
further grinding (closed-circuit grinding). which it is drawn for packing in paper
bags or for dispatch in bulk containers.
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
 TYPES OF CEMENT
Two Main Categories of Cement:

1. Hydraulic Cement - more commonly used in the construction of concrete

structures. It gained popularity as a result of how simple it is to apply and how
quickly it dries. Hydraulic cement is a mixture of limestone, clay and gypsum
which are burned together under extreme temperatures. It is widely used to
patch concrete, fix leaks, and repair work on structures and is perfect for
underwater construction projects. Hydraulic cement has grown to be the more
often utilized of the two categories of cement due to its adaptability and
strength.
2. Non-hydraulic Cement - Despite being the first type of cement created,
non-hydraulic cement is less practical and convenient in most uses. Because it
contains lime, gypsum plasters, and oxychloride, this form of cement does not
start to harden when it is exposed to water. In fact, it requires dry
circumstances to strengthen at all. Due to the fact that it cannot be utilized in
open construction sites that can face bad weather, its use is severely limited.
 TYPES OF CEMENT

Portland Cement - the most common Slaked Lime - an example of

type of Hydraulic cement Non-hydraulic cement
 TYPES OF CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT

● The most prevalent type of cement used

worldwide is portland cement. It has been
around since the early 19th century and is
a fundamental part of mortars, concretes,
and other binding materials. Limestone
and clay are the main components of
Portland cement, which is most
frequently used as a component in the
mixing process for concrete products.
 TYPES OF CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
● Type I (Normal) is most known as
(According to ASTM C150)
common or general-purpose cement.
Unless the construction standards
specify otherwise, it is utilized on most
projects. It is utilized in situations where
the concrete will not be subjected to
sulfate attack from soil or water, or will
not be subjected to harsh weathering
conditions. It can be used for paving and
sidewalks, masonry units, bridges, tanks,
reservoirs, reinforced concrete buildings,
tanks, and structures for railroads.
 TYPES OF CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
● Type II (Moderate Heat or Modified) It is
(According to ASTM C150)
a modified cement, which is very useful in
constructions that require a large amount
of concrete, a dam, for example. It is used
where resistance to moderate sulfate
attack is important, as in areas where
sulfate concentration in groundwater is
higher than normal but not severe. They
are also used in warm-weather concreting
because of their lower temperature rise
than Type I. Additionally, this type of
cement is used to build bridges or
concrete pipes.
 TYPES OF CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
● Type III (High-Early–Strength) has
(According to ASTM C150)
relatively high early strength. It is very
similar to Type I Portland Cement, except
that the particles are much finer. It offers
a very high initial resistance, and
increases as the days go by. It may also
be used in emergency construction and
repairs, and construction of machine
bases and gate installations.
 TYPES OF CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
● Type IV (Low Heat) - This cement type is
(According to ASTM C150)
known for its low heat of hydration, so it
is used in works that do not require much
initial resistance. It is used where the
rate and amount of heat generated must
be minimized. It is primarily used in large
mass placements such as gravity dams,
which have a low surface to volume ratio.
This type of cement has not been made
for many years, because
Portland-pozzolan cements and ground
granulated blast furnace slag addition
offer a cheaper and more reliable
alternative.
 TYPES OF CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
● Type V (Sulfate Resisting) is primarily
(According to ASTM C150)
used where the soil or groundwater
contains high sulfate concentrations and
the structure would be exposed to severe
sulfate attack. In other words, it is used
where sulfate resistance is important. It is
used in the construction of works or
elements that need a strong resistance to
alkali and sulfate attack (pipes, slabs,
sewers, port infrastructures, etc.). To
achieve this, it is necessary to reduce the
amount of tricalcium aluminate is
reduced from its composition due to its
vulnerability to sulfates.
●
 TYPES OF CEMENT
OTHER TYPES OF CEMENT
● White Portland Cement is a true portland
cement, its color being the principal
difference between it and normal portland
cement. The cement is manufactured to
meet ASTM C150 and C175
specifications. The selected raw
materials used in the manufacture of
white cement have negligible amounts of
iron and manganese oxide, and the
process of manufacture is controlled to
produce the white color. Its primary use is
for architectural concrete products,
cement paints, tile grouts, and decorative
concrete.
 TYPES OF CEMENT
OTHER TYPES OF CEMENT
● Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC).
Pozzolans are natural or synthetic
materials that contain silica in reactive
forms. It reacts with calcium hydroxide
generated by hydrating cement to form
additional cementations materials when
it is finely divided. It is used in hydraulic
structures, marine structures,
construction near the sea shore, dam
construction, masonry mortars and
plastering, and manufacturing of precast
sewage pipes.
 TYPES OF CEMENT
OTHER TYPES OF CEMENT
● Oil Well Cement is used for sealing oil
wells. It is usually slow setting and
resistant to high pressures and
temperatures. Oil-well cements are used
for oil-well grouting, sometimes called
oil-well cementing. They consist of either
portland or blended cements, plus
additives. Oil-well cement must be
slow-setting and able to withstand the
high temperatures and pressures of these
deep wells.
 TYPES OF CEMENT
OTHER TYPES OF CEMENT ● Hydrophobic Cement contains
admixtures which decreases the wetting
ability of cement grains. The usual
hydrophobic admixtures are acidol,
naphthenesoap, oxidized petrolatum, etc.
These substances form a thin film around
cement grains. This cement can be used
in the construction of water structures
such as dams, spillways, or other
submerged structures. The strength of
this cement is same as that of ordinary
portland cement after 28 days and it can
be used in cold weather conditions as
well.
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
❖ FINENESS OF CEMENT

➢ Size of the particles of the cement

➢ · it is measured as the % weight retained on
a 90µm IS sieve over the total weight of the
sample.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
❖ SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT
➢ It refers to the stability of the volume
change in the process of setting and
hardening
➢ the ability of cement to not shrink upon
hardening
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
❖ CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
➢ The ability of cement paste to flow
➢ Defined as the percentage of water
requirement of cement paste. (Ex. Portland
cement is 25%-35%)
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
❖ STRENGTH OF CEMENT
➢ · Cement mortar strength and cement
concrete strength are not directly related.
Cement strength is merely a quality control
measure
➢ · The tests of strength are performed on
cement mortar mix, not on cement paste.
➢ · Cement gains strength over time, so
the specific time of performing the test
should be mentioned
➢ Compressive, tensile and Flexural strength
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
❖ SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
➢ Early period in the hardening of cement
➢ · Initial set: When the paste begins to
stiffen noticeably (typically occurs within
30-45 minutes)
➢ · Final set: When the cement hardens,
being able to sustain some load (occurs
below 10 hours)
➢ Setting time can also be an indicator of
hydration rate
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
❖ HEAT OF HYDRATION
➢ · the heat generated when water reacts in
contact with the cement powder
➢ ·The amount of heat released depends on the
cement composition, curing temperature,
water to cement ratio, and cement fineness.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
❖ LOSS OF IGNITION
➢ a mass loss in a sample heated to up to a
maximum of 1,000 °C.
➢ The cement industry utilizes the Loss of
Ignition method to determine the water
content and/or carbonation in the cement as
these reduce the quality

·
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
❖ BULK DENSITY
➢ The cement density is around 1440 kg/m³

·
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
❖ SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Relative
Density)
➢ · The ratio between the weight of a given
volume of material and weight of an equal
volume of water.
➢ · Portland cement has a specific gravity
of 3.15, but other types of cement (for
example, portland-blast-furnace-slag and
portland-pozzolan cement) may have specific
gravities of about 2.90.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
The raw materials for cement production are limestone (calcium),
sand or clay (silicon), bauxite (aluminum) and iron ore, and may
include shells, chalk, marl, shale, clay, blast furnace slag, slate.
Chemical analysis of cement raw materials provides insight into
the chemical properties of cement.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
1. Tricalcium aluminate (C3A)

Low content of C3A makes the cement sulfate-resistant. Gypsum reduces the
hydration of C3A, which liberates a lot of heat in the early stages of hydration.
C3A does not provide any more than a little amount of strength.

Type I cement: contains up to 3.5% SO3 (in cement having more than 8% C3A)

Type II cement: contains up to 3% SO3 (in cement having less than 8% C3A)
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
2. Tricalcium silicate (C3S)

C3S causes rapid hydration as well as hardening and is responsible for the
cement early strength gain an initial setting.

3 Dicalcium silicate (C2S)

Dicalcium silicate in cement helps the strength gain after one week.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
4. Ferrite (C4AF)

Ferrite reduces the melting temperature of the raw materials in the kiln from
3,000°F to 2,600°F. Though it hydrates rapidly, it does not contribute much to
the strength of the cement.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
5. Magnesia (MgO)

An excess amount of magnesia may make the cement unsound and expansive,
but a little amount of it can add strength to the cement. Production of
MgO-based cement also causes less CO2 emission. All cement is limited to a
content of 6% MgO.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
6. Sulphur trioxide

Sulfur trioxide in excess amount can make cement unsound.

7. Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide

Aside from adding strength and hardness, iron oxide or ferric oxide is mainly
responsible for the color of the cement.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
8. Alkalis

The amounts of potassium oxide (K2O) and sodium oxide (Na2O) determine the
alkali content of the cement. Cement containing large amounts of alkali can
cause some difficulty in regulating the setting time of cement. Low alkali
cement, when used with calcium chloride in concrete, can cause
discoloration. In slag-lime cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag is not
hydraulic on its own but is "activated" by addition of alkalis. There is an
optional limit in total alkali content of 0.60%, calculated by the equation Na2O
+ 0.658 K2O.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
9. Free lime

Free lime, which is sometimes present in cement, may cause expansion.

10. Silica fumes

Silica fume is added to cement concrete in order to improve a variety of

properties, especially compressive strength, abrasion resistance and bond
strength. Though setting time is prolonged by the addition of silica fume, it
can grant exceptionally high strength. Hence, Portland cement containing
5-20% silica fume is usually produced for Portland cement projects that
require high strength.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
11. Alumina

Cement containing high alumina has the ability to withstand frigid temperatures
since alumina is chemical-resistant. It also quickens the setting but weakens
the cement.
TESTING OF CEMENT
TESTING OF CEMENT
Tests conducted on cement in the laboratory are as follows:
1. Fineness Test
2. Consistency Test
3. Setting Time Test
4. Strength Test
5. Soundness Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Tensile Strength Test
8. Chemical Composition Test
TESTING OF CEMENT
FINENESS TEST
Sieve Test
TESTING OF CEMENT
FINENESS TEST
Air Permeability Test
TESTING OF CEMENT
FINENESS TEST
Sieve Test
TESTING OF CEMENT
FINENESS TEST
Air Permeability Test
Blaine =k√t

where k is 523.0547

Example: when t is obtained a 29 sec

S=523.0547√29

S=2817 cm²/gm
TESTING OF CEMENT
CONSISTENCY TEST
TESTING OF CEMENT
SETTING TIME TEST
TESTING OF CEMENT
STRENGTH TEST
TESTING OF CEMENT
SOUNDNESS TEST
TESTING OF CEMENT
HEAT OF HYDRATION TEST
TESTING OF CEMENT
HEAT OF HYDRATION TEST
Procedure for heat of hydration test

1. To find the heat of hydration, firstly we have to measure the heat released from the unhydrated cement using a
calorimeter.
2. Then we have to measure the heat of hydration from hydrated cement
3. For that take 60 grams of cement and add 24 ml of water.
4. Then fill this mixture in three glasses and seal them with wax to avoid the entry of air.
5. The standard temperature should be 27 degrees celsius.
6. Then measure the heat of the solution using a calorimeter.

Heat of hydration = Heat released from hydrated cement – Heat released from unhydrated cement
TESTING OF CEMENT
TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
TESTING OF CEMENT
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION TEST
THANK YOU!