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Probability Test With Solution

The document discusses various probability problems, including conditional probability related to coin tosses and dice rolls, independent events among students solving a problem, and drawing balls from bags. It also covers the application of Bayes' theorem in determining the likelihood of selecting a specific type of coin based on the outcome of a toss. Each problem is solved step-by-step, illustrating the use of probability formulas and concepts.

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20 views3 pages

Probability Test With Solution

The document discusses various probability problems, including conditional probability related to coin tosses and dice rolls, independent events among students solving a problem, and drawing balls from bags. It also covers the application of Bayes' theorem in determining the likelihood of selecting a specific type of coin based on the outcome of a toss. Each problem is solved step-by-step, illustrating the use of probability formulas and concepts.

Uploaded by

catbox9158
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12th TOPIC: Probability

1. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows head, toss it again, but if
it shows tail, then throw a die. Find the conditional probability of the event that 'the
die shows a number greater than 4’ given that 'there is at least one tail’.
Solution

The sample space 𝑆 of the given random experiment is 𝑆 =


{(𝐻, 𝐻), (𝐻, 𝑇), (𝑇, 1), (𝑇, 2), (𝑇, 3), (𝑇, 4), (𝑇, 5), (𝑇, 6)}
Let 𝐴 be the event that the die shows a number greater than 4 and 𝐵 be the event that there
is at least one tail.
∴ 𝐴 = {(𝑇, 5), (𝑇, 6)}
and 𝐵 = {(𝑇, 1), (𝑇, 2), (𝑇, 3), (𝑇, 4), (𝑇, 5), (𝑇, 6), (𝐻, 𝑇)}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {(𝑇, 5), (𝑇, 6)}
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃{(𝑇, 1)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 2)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 3)}
+𝑃{(𝑇, 4)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 5)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 6)} + 𝑃{(𝐻, 𝑇)}
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
= + + + + + + =
12 12 12 12 12 12 4 4

1 1 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃{(𝑇, 5)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 6)} = + =
12 12 6
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
∴ Required probability = 𝑃 ( ) =
𝐵 𝑃(𝐵)
1
2
=6=
3 9
4
1 1 1
2. A problem is given to three students whose probabilities of solving it are 3 , 4 and 6

respectively. If the events of solving the problem are independent, find the probability
that at least one of them solves it.
Solution
Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 be respectively the events of solving problem by three students and
𝑃(𝐴), 𝑃(𝐵), 𝑃(𝐶) be their probability of solving the problem respectively.
1 1 1
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = 3 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 4 and 𝑃(𝐶) = 6

Required probability = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴‾ ∩ 𝐵‾ ∩ 𝐶‾)


= 1 − 𝑃(𝐴‾)𝑃(𝐵‾)𝑃(𝐶‾)
( ∵ 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are independent ∴ 𝐴‾, 𝐵‾, 𝐶‾ are also independent)
= 1 − [1 − 𝑃(𝐴)][1 − 𝑃(𝐵)][1 − 𝑃(𝐶)]
2 3 5 5 7
=1− × × =1− =
3 4 6 12 12
3. There are two bags. Bag I contains 1 red and 3 white balls, and Bag II contains 3 red
and 5 white balls. A bag is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. Find the
probability that the ball so drawn is red in colour.
Solution

Let 𝐸1 be the event that bag 𝐼 is chosen, 𝐸2 be the event that bag 𝐼𝐼 is chosen and 𝐴 be the event
that red ball is drawn.
Clearly, 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
Since, one of the bag is chosen at random

1 1
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = and 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
2 2
1 3
𝑃(𝐴 ∣ 𝐸1 ) = and 𝑃(𝐴 ∣ 𝐸2 ) =
4 8

By using law of total probability, we get

𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐴 ∣ 𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃(𝐴 ∣ 𝐸2 )


1 1 1 3 1 3 5
= × + × = + =
2 4 2 8 8 16 16

4. There are three coins, one is a two headed coin (having head on both the faces),
another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and the third is an
unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed. If it shows
head, then what is the probability that it was the two headed coin?
Solution

Let 𝐸1 = event of selecting a two headed coin.


𝐸2 = event of selecting a biased coin, which shows 75% times head.
𝐸3 = event of selecting an unbiased coin.
𝐴 = event that tossed coin shows head.
1
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸3 ) =
3
𝐴
𝑃 (𝐸 ) = 𝑃 (coin showing head given that it is two headed
1
coin) = 1
𝐴 75 3
𝑃 (𝐸 ) = 𝑃 (coin showing head given that it is biased coin) = 100 = 4
2
𝐴
𝑃 (𝐸 ) = 𝑃 (coin showing head given that it is an unbiased
3

1
coin) =
2

By Bayes theorem
P(getting two headed coin when it is known that it shows head)
𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 (𝐸 )
1
𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 (𝐸 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 (𝐸 ) + 𝑃(𝐸3 )𝑃 (𝐸 )
1 2 3
1 1 1
= 3×1 = 3×1 = 3 =
4
1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 9 9
×1+ × + × (1 + + ) ×
3 3 4 3 2 3 4 2 3 4

∴ Required probability = 4/9

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