Mathematics – transition work

Summer 2023

Exam Board: Edexcel A LEVEL

Specification: Mathematics
Text books to purchase (optional):
Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS Textbook Paperback – 8
May 2017

Introduction

Work through the questions in this booklet over the summer - you will need to
have a good knowledge of these topics before you commence your course in
September.

You should have met all the topics before at GCSE and if you get stuck, you may find
that the You tube/ Hegarty Maths clips on these topics help.

Work through the introduction to each chapter, making sure that you understand
the examples. Highlight the key points and mark anything you don’t understand.

Then tackle the exercise – not necessarily every question, but enough to ensure you
understand the topic thoroughly. The answers are given at the back of the booklet.
You should mark your work and correct it where necessary.

We will test you early in the course to check how well you understand these topics,
so it is important that you have completed the booklet before then, and filled in the
self-assessment page. A practice test is provided at the back of the booklet.

We hope that you will use this introduction to give you a good start to your AS work
and that it will help you enjoy and benefit from the course more.
 Task 1: REMOVING BRACKETS
To remove a single bracket, we multiply every term in the bracket by the number or the expression on the
outside:

Examples

1) 3 (x + 2y) = 3x + 6y

2) -2(2x - 3) = (-2)(2x) + (-2)(-3) = -4x + 6

To expand two brackets, we must multiply everything in the first bracket by everything in the second
bracket. We can do this in a variety of ways, including
* the smiley face method
* FOIL (Fronts Outers Inners Lasts)
* using a grid.
Examples:

1) (x + 1)(x + 2) = x(x + 2) + 1(x + 2)

or
(x +1)(x + 2) = x2 + 2 + 2x + x
= x2 + 3x +2

or
x 1
(x +1)(x + 2) = x2 + 2x + x + 2
x x2 x
2 2x 2 = x2 + 3x +2

2) (x - 2)(2x + 3) = x(2x + 3) - 2(2x +3)

= 2x2 + 3x – 4x - 6
= 2x2 – x – 6

or
(x - 2)(2x + 3) = 2x2 – 6 + 3x – 4x = 2x2 – x – 6

or
(2x +3)(x - 2) = 2x2 + 3x - 4x - x6 -2
2x 2x2 -4x = 2x2 - x - 6
3 3x -6

EXERCISE A Multiply out the following brackets and simplify.

1. 7(4x + 5)

2. -3(5x - 7)
 3. 5a – 4(3a - 1)

4. 4y + y(2 + 3y)

5. -3x – (x + 4)

6. 5(2x - 1) – (3x - 4)

7. (x + 2)(x + 3)

8. (t - 5)(t - 2)

9. (2x + 3y)(3x – 4y)

10. 4(x - 2)(x + 3)

11. (2y - 1)(2y + 1)

12. (3 + 5x)(4 – x)

Two Special Cases

Perfect Square: Difference of two squares:

(x + a)2 = (x + a)(x + a) = x2 + 2ax + a2 (x - a)(x + a) = x2 – a2
(2x - 3)2 = (2x – 3)(2x – 3) = 4x2 – 12x + 9 (x - 3)(x + 3) = x2 – 32
= x2 – 9

EXERCISE B Multiply out

1. (x - 1)2

2. (3x + 5)2

3. (7x - 2)2

4. (x + 2)(x - 2)

5. (3x + 1)(3x - 1)

6. (5y - 3)(5y + 3)
TASK 2: LINEAR EQUATIONS

When solving an equation, you must remember that whatever you do to one side must also be done to the
other. You are therefore allowed to
 add the same amount to both side
 subtract the same amount from each side
 multiply the whole of each side by the same amount
 divide the whole of each side by the same amount.

If the equation has unknowns on both sides, you should collect all the letters onto the same side of the
equation.

If the equation contains brackets, you should start by expanding the brackets.

A linear equation is an equation that contains numbers and terms in x. A linear equation does not contain
any x2 or x3 terms.

More help on solving equations can be obtained by downloading the leaflet available at this website:
http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/web-simplelinear.pdf

Example 1: Solve the equation 64 – 3x = 25

Solution: There are various ways to solve this equation. One approach is as follows:

Step 1: Add 3x to both sides (so that the x term is positive): 64 = 3x + 25

Step 2: Subtract 25 from both sides: 39 = 3x

Step 3: Divide both sides by 3: 13 = x

So the solution is x = 13.

Example 2: Solve the equation 6x + 7 = 5 – 2x.

Solution:
Step 1: Begin by adding 2x to both sides 8x + 7 = 5
(to ensure that the x terms are together on the same side)

Step 2: Subtract 7 from each side: 8x = -2

Step 3: Divide each side by 8: x = -¼

Exercise A: Solve the following equations, showing each step in your working:

1) 2x + 5 = 19 2) 5x – 2 = 13 3) 11 – 4x = 5

4) 5 – 7x = -9 5) 11 + 3x = 8 – 2x 6) 7x + 2 = 4x – 5
Example 3: Solve the equation 2(3x – 2) = 20 – 3(x + 2)

Step 1: Multiply out the brackets: 6x – 4 = 20 – 3x – 6

(taking care of the negative signs)

Step 2: Simplify the right hand side: 6x – 4 = 14 –

3x Step 3: Add 3x to each side: 9x – 4 = 14

Step 4: Add 4: 9x = 18

Step 5: Divide by 9: x=2

Exercise B: Solve the following equations.

1) 5(2x – 4) = 4 2) 4(2 – x) = 3(x – 9)

3) 8 – (x + 3) = 4 4) 14 – 3(2x + 3) = 2

EQUATIONS CONTAINING FRACTIONS

When an equation contains a fraction, the first step is usually to multiply through by the denominator of
the fraction. This ensures that there are no fractions in the equation.

y
Example 4: Solve the equation  5  11
2

Solution:
Step 1: Multiply through by 2 (the denominator in the fraction): y  10  22

Step 2: Subtract 10: y = 12

1
Example 5: Solve the equation (2x  1)  5
3

Solution:
Step 1: Multiply by 3 (to remove the fraction) 2x  1  15

Step 2: Subtract 1 from each side 2x = 14

Step 3: Divide by 2 x=7

When an equation contains two fractions, you need to multiply by the lowest common denominator.
This will then remove both fractions.

Example 6: Solve the equation x  1  x  2  2

4 5
Solution:
Step 1: Find the lowest common denominator: The smallest number that both 4
and 5 divide into is 20.

20(x  1) 20(x  2)
Step 2: Multiply both sides by the lowest common denominator   40
4 5

5 4
20 (x  20 (x 
Step 3: Simplify the left hand side:   40
1) 2)
5(x + 1) + 4(x + 2) = 40

Step 4: Multiply out the brackets: 5x + 5 + 4x + 8 = 40

Step 5: Simplify the equation: 9x + 13 = 40

Step 6: Subtract 13 9x = 27

Step 7: Divide by 9: x=3

Example 7: Solve the equation x  x  2  2  3  5x

4 6
Solution: The lowest number that 4 and 6 go into is 12. So we multiply every term by 12:
12(x  2) 12(3  5x)
12x  4  24  6
Simplify 12x  3(x  2)  24  2(3  5x)
Expand brackets 12x  3x  6  24  6  10x
Simplify 15x  6  18  10x
Subtract 10x 5x  6  18
Add 6 5x = 24
Divide by 5 x = 4.8

Exercise C: Solve these equations

1 2x x
1) (x  3)  5 2) 1 4
2 3 3

y
3) 35 x2 3x
y 4) 7  2  14
4 3
Exercise C (continued)

7x  1 y1 y1 2y5

5) 2  13  x 6) 2  3  6

x1 5x  3 5 10
7) 2x   8) 2  1
2 3 x x

Task 3: SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

An example of a pair of simultaneous equations is

3x + 2y = 8
5x + y = 11

In these equations, x and y stand for two numbers. We can solve these equations in order to find
the values of x and y by eliminating one of the letters from the equations.

In these equations it is simplest to eliminate y. We do this by making the coefficients of y the

same in both equations. This can be achieved by multiplying equation  by 2, so that both
equations contain 2y:
3x + 2y = 8
10x + 2y = 22 x2

To eliminate the y terms, we subtract equation 2 from 1.

We get: 7x = 14
i.e. x = 2

To find y, we substitute x = 2 into one of the original equations. For example if we put it into : 10
+ y = 11
y=1
Therefore the solution is x = 2, y = 1.

Remember: You can check your solutions by substituting both x and y into the original equations.

Example: Solve 2x + 5y = 16
3x – 4y = 1

Solution: We begin by getting the same number of x or y appearing in both equation. We can get
20y in both equations if we multiply the top equation by 4 and the bottom equation by 5:
 8x + 20y = 64
15x – 20y = 5

As the SIGNS in front of 20y are DIFFERENT, we can eliminate the y terms from the equations by
ADDING:
23x = 69
i.e. x=3

Substituting this into equation  gives:

6 + 5y = 16
5y = 10
So… y=2

The solution is x = 3, y = 2.

If you need more help on solving simultaneous equations, you can download a booklet from the
following website:

http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/web-simultaneous1.pdf

Exercise A:

Solve the pairs of simultaneous equations in the following questions:

1) x + 2y = 7 2) x + 3y = 0
3x + 2y = 9 3x + 2y = -7

3) 3x – 2y = 4 4) 9x – 2y = 25
2x + 3y = -6 4x – 5y = 7

5) 4a + 3b = 22 6) 3p + 3q = 15
5a – 4b = 43 2p + 5q = 14
Task 4: FACTORISING

Common factors

We can factorise some expressions by taking out a common factor.

Example 1: Factorise 12x – 30

Solution: 6 is a common factor to both 12 and 30. We can therefore factorise by taking 6
outside a bracket:
12x – 30 = 6(2x – 5)

Example 2: Factorise 6x2 – 2xy

Solution: 2 is a common factor to both 6 and 2. Both terms also contain an x.

So we factorise by taking 2x outside a bracket.
6x2 – 2xy = 2x(3x – y)

Example 3: Factorise 9x3y2 – 18x2y

Solution: 9 is a common factor to both 9 and 18.

The highest power of x that is present in both expressions is x2.
There is also a y present in both parts.
So we factorise by taking 9x2y outside a bracket:
9x3y2 – 18x2y = 9x2y(xy – 2)

Example 4: Factorise 3x(2x – 1) – 4(2x – 1)

Solution: There is a common bracket as a factor.

So we factorise by taking (2x – 1) out as a factor.
The expression factorises to (2x – 1)(3x – 4)

Exercise A

Factorise each of the following

1) 3x + xy

2) 4x2 – 2xy

3) pq2 – p2q

4) 3pq - 9q2

5) 2x3 – 6x2

6) 8a5b2 – 12a3b4

7) 5y(y – 1) + 3(y – 1)
Factorising quadratics

Simple quadratics: Factorising quadratics of the form x2  bx  c

The method is:
Step 1: Form two brackets (x … )(x … )
Step 2: Find two numbers that multiply to give c and add to make b. These two numbers get written at the other
end of the brackets.

Example 1: Factorise x2 – 9x – 10.

Solution: We need to find two numbers that multiply to make -10 and add to make -9. These numbers are -10
and 1.

Therefore x2 – 9x – 10 = (x – 10)(x + 1).

General quadratics: Factorising quadratics of the form ax2  bx  c

The method is:
Step 1: Find two numbers that multiply together to make ac and add to make b.
Step 2: Split up the bx term using the numbers found in step 1.
Step 3: Factorise the front and back pair of expressions as fully as possible.
Step 4: There should be a common bracket. Take this out as a common factor.

Example 2: Factorise 6x2 + x – 12.

Solution: We need to find two numbers that multiply to make 6 × -12 = -72 and add to make 1. These two
numbers are -8 and 9.

Therefore, 6x2 + x – 12 = 6x2 - 8x + 9x – 12

= 2x(3x – 4) + 3(3x – 4) (the two brackets must be identical)

= (3x – 4)(2x + 3)

Difference of two squares: Factorising quadratics of the form x2  a2

Remember that x2  a2 = (x + a)(x – a).

Therefore:
x2  9  x2  32  (x  3)(x  3)
16x2  25  (2x)2  52  (2x  5)(2x  5)

Also notice that:

2x2  8  2(x2  4)  2(x  4)(x  4)
and 3x3  48xy2  3x(x2  16 y2 )  3x(x  4 y)(x  4 y)
Factorising by pairing
We can factorise expressions like 2x2  xy  2x  y using the method of factorising by pairing:

2x2  xy  2x  y = x(2x + y) – 1(2x + y) (factorise front and back pairs, ensuring both
brackets are identical)
= (2x + y)(x – 1)
If you need more help with factorising, you can download a booklet from this website:
http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/web-factorisingquadratics.pdf

Exercise B

Factorise

1) x2  x  6

2) x2  6x  16

3) 2x2  5x  2

4) 2x2  3x
(factorise by taking out a common factor)
5) 3x2  5x  2

6) 2 y2  17 y  21

7) 7 y2  10 y  3

8) 10x2  5x  30

9) 4x2  25

10) x2  3x  xy  3y 2

11) 4x2  12x  8

12) 16m2  81n2

13) 4 y3  9a2 y

14) 8(x  1)2  2(x  1)  10

Task 5: CHANGING THE SUBJECT OF A FORMULA

We can use algebra to change the subject of a formula. Rearranging a formula is similar to solving an
equation – we must do the same to both sides in order to keep the equation balanced.

Example 1: Make x the subject of the formula y = 4x + 3.

Solution: y = 4x + 3
Subtract 3 from both sides: y – 3 = 4x
Divide both sides by 4; y3
4 x
So x y3
is the same equation but with x the subject.
 4

Example 2: Make x the subject of y = 2 – 5x

Solution: Notice that in this formula the x term is negative.

y = 2 – 5x
Add 5x to both sides y + 5x = 2 (the x term is now positive)
Subtract y from both sides 5x = 2 – y
Divide both sides by 5 2 y
x 5
5(F 
Example 3: The formula C 
32) is used to convert between ° Fahrenheit and ° Celsius.

9
We can rearrange to make F the subject. 5(F  32)
C 9
Multiply by 9 9C  5(F  32) (this removes the fraction)
Expand the brackets 9C  5F  160
Add 160 to both sides 9C  160  5F
9C  160
Divide both sides by 5 F
5
9C  160
Therefore the required rearrangement is F  .
5

Exercise A

Make x the subject of each of these formulae:

1) y = 7x – 1 2) x5
y 4

x
3) 4y 2 4(3x  5)
3 4) y 9
Rearranging equations involving squares and square roots

Example 4: Make x the subject of x2  y2  w2

Solution: x 2  y 2  w2
Subtract y2 from both sides: x 2  w2  y 2 (this isolates the term involving x)
Square root both sides: w2  y2
x

Remember that you can have a positive or a negative square root. We cannot simplify the answer any
more.

1 5a
Example 5: Make a the subject of the formula t 
4 h

Solution: 1 5a
t
4 h
Multiply by 4 4t 
5
a
h
Square both sides 2 5a
16t 
Multiply by h: h
16t 2 h  5a
Divide by 5: 16t 2 h
a
5
Exercise B:

Make t the subject of each of the following

wt
1) P 2) wt 2
32r P
32r

1 2 2t
3) V  t
4) P g
h
3

5) w(v  t)
Pa  g 6) r  a  bt 2
More difficult examples

Sometimes the variable that we wish to make the subject occurs in more than one place in the formula. In
these questions, we collect the terms involving this variable on one side of the equation, and we put the
other terms on the opposite side.

Example 6: Make t the subject of the formula a  xt  b  yt

Solution: a  xt  b  yt
Start by collecting all the t terms on the right hand side:
Add xt to both sides: a  b  yt  xt
Now put the terms without a t on the left hand side:
Subtract b from both sides: a  b  yt  xt
Factorise the RHS: a  b  t( y  x)
ab
Divide by (y + x): t
yx

So the required equation is ab

t y x

Wa
Example 7: Make W the subject of the formula T  W 
2b

Solution: This formula is complicated by the fractional term. We begin by removing the fraction:
Multiply by 2b: 2bT  2bW  Wa
Add 2bW to both sides: 2bT  Wa  (this collects the W’s together)
2bW
Factorise the RHS: 2bT  W (a 
2b)
2bT
Divide both sides by a + 2b: W  a  2b

If you need more help you can download an information booklet on rearranging equations from the
following website:

http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/web-formulae2-tom.pdf

Exercise C

Make x the subject of these formulae:

1) ax  3  bx  c 2) 3(x  a)  k (x  2)

2x  x
3)
3 y 4) 1
x
5x  2 a
b
TASK 6: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
2
A quadratic equation has the form ax  bx  c  0 .

There are two methods that are commonly used for solving quadratic equations:

* factorising

* the quadratic formula

Note that not all quadratic equations can be solved by factorising. The quadratic formula can always be
used however.

Method 1: Factorising

Make sure that the equation is rearranged so that the right hand side is 0. It usually makes it easier if the
coefficient of x2 is positive.

Example 1 : Solve x2 –3x + 2 = 0

Factorise (x –1)(x – 2) = 0

Either (x – 1) = 0 or (x – 2) = 0

So the solutions are x = 1 or x = 2

Note: The individual values x = 1 and x = 2 are called the roots of the equation.

Example 2: Solve x2 – 2x = 0

Factorise: x(x – 2) = 0

Either x = 0 or (x – 2) = 0

So x = 0 or x = 2
Method 2: Using the formula

2
Recall that the roots of the quadratic equation ax  bx  c  0 are given by the formula:

Example 3: Solve the equation

2x2  5  7  3x

Solution: First we rearrange so that the right hand side is 0. We get

2x2  3x  12  0

We can then tell that a = 2, b = 3 and c = -12.

Substituting these into the quadratic formula gives:

x  3  3  4  2 
2
 3 
(12) 22 105 4
(this is the surd form for the solutions)

If we have a calculator, we can evaluate these roots to get: x = 1.81 or x = -3.31

If you need more help with the work in this chapter, there is an information booklet downloadable from
this web site: http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/web-quadraticequations.pdf

EXERCISE A

1) Use factorisation to solve the following equations:

a) x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 b) x2 – 3x – 4 = 0
c) x2 = 15 – 2x

2) Find the roots of the following equations:

a) x2 + 3x = 0 b) x2 – 4x = 0

c) 4 – x2 = 0

3) Solve the following equations either by factorising or by using the formula:

a) 6x2 - 5x – 4 = 0 b) 8x2 – 24x + 10 = 0

4) Use the formula to solve the following equations to 3 significant figures. Some of the equations can’t be
solved.

a) x2 +7x +9 = 0 b) 6 + 3x = 8x2

c) 4x2 – x – 7 = 0 d) x2 – 3x + 18 = 0

e) 3x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 f) 3x2 = 13x – 16

Task 8: COMPLETING THE SQUARE

Formula for C.T.S:

Completing the square is used to write out a quadratic equation:

To complete the square of the function you need a further term .

So the completed square form is

Similarly

Example 1:
Complete the square for the expression

=
=

Example 2:
Complete the square for expressions
a) b)

= =

= =

Exercise A:

Complete the square for the expressions:

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

 Practice Booklet Test
This is a sample test that Year 12 mathematicians recently sat.
Your test will ask similar questions to this one.

You may NOT use a calculator

 b  b 2  4ac
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 then x =
2a

1. Expand and simplify

(a) (2x + 3)(2x – 1) (b) (a + 3)2 (c) 4x(3x – 2) – x(2x + 5)

2. Factorise
(a) x2 – 7x (b) y2 – 64 (c) 2x2 + 5x – 3 (d) 6t2 – 13t + 5

3. Simplify
4x 3 y 3x  4x  1
2
(a) (b) +
8x 2 y 3 6
3

4. Solve the following equations

(a) h  1 3h
=4 (b) x2 – 8x = 0 (c) p2 + 4p = 12
4 + 5

5. Write each of the following as single powers of x and / y

1 x5
(a) (b) (x2y)3 (c)

x4 x 2

6. Work out the values of the following, giving your answers as fractions
 8  13
(a) 4-2 (b) 100 (c) 
27
 

7. Solve the simultaneous equations 3x – 5y = -11

5x – 2y = 7

8. Rearrange the following equations to make x the subject

1
(a) v2 = u2 + 2ax (b) V = πx2h (c) y = x  2
3 x1

9. Solve 5x2 – x – 1 = 0 giving your solutions in surd form

10. If x2 + 6x + 4 = (x + p)2 + q
Find the values of p and q
 SOLUTIONS TO THE EXERCISES

CHAPTER 1:
Ex A
1) 28x + 35 2) -15x + 21 3) -7a + 4 4) 6y + 3y2 5) 2x – 4
6) 7x – 1 7) x2 + 5x + 6 8) t2 – 3t – 10 9) 6x2 + xy – 12y2
10) 4x2 + 4x – 24 11) 4y2 – 1 12) 12 + 17x – 5x2
Ex B
1) x2 – 2x + 1 2) 9x2 + 30x + 25 3) 49x2 – 28x + 4 4) x2 – 4
5) 9x2 -1 6) 25y2 – 9

CHAPTER 2
Ex A
1) 7 2) 3 3) 1½ 4) 2 5) -3/5 6) -7/3
Ex B
1) 2.4 2) 5 3) 1 4) ½
Ex C
1) 7 2) 15 3) 24/7 4) 35/3 5) 3 6) 2 7) 9/5 8) 5
Ex D
1) 34, 36, 38 2) 9.875, 29.625 3) 24, 48

CHAPTER 3
1) x = 1, y = 3 2) x = -3, y = 1 3) x = 0, y = -2 4) x = 3, y = 1
5) a = 7, b = -26) p = 11/3, q = 4/3

CHAPTER 4
Ex A
1) x(3 + y) 2) 2x(2x – y) 3) pq(q – p) 4) 3q(p – 3q) 5) 2x2(x - 3) 6) 4a3b2(2a2 – 3b2)
7) (y – 1)(5y + 3)
Ex B
1) (x – 3)(x + 2) 2) (x + 8)(x – 2) 3) (2x + 1)(x + 2) 4) x(2x – 3) 5) (3x -1 )(x + 2)
6) (2y + 3)(y + 7) 7) (7y – 3)(y – 1) 8) 5(2x – 3)(x + 2) 9) (2x + 5)(2x – 5) 10) (x – 3)(x – y)
11) 4(x – 2)(x – 1) 12) (4m – 9n)(4m + 9n) 13) y(2y – 3a)(2y + 3a) 14) 2(4x + 5)(x – 4)

CHAPTER 5
Ex A
1) x y 9 y  20
 2) x  4 y  3) x  3(4 y  4) x 
1 12
5 2)
7
Ex B
32rP P2 g Pag
1) t  2) t   32rP 3) t   3V 4) t  5) t  v  6) t   r  a
w w  2 w b
Ex C h
c3 ab
1) x  3a  2y 4) x
ab 2k x 
2) 3 x
3)
ba
k3 5y2 

CHAPTER 6
1) a) -1, -2 b) -1, 4 c) -5, 3 2) a) 0, -3 b) 0, 4 c) 2, -2
3) a) -1/2, 4/3 b) 0.5, 2.5 4) a) -5.30, -1.70 b) 1.07, -0.699 c) -1.20, 1.45
d) no solutions e) no solutions f) no solutions
CHAPTER 7
Ex A
1) 5b6 2) 6c7 3) b3c4 4) -12n8 5) 4n5 6) d2 7) a6 8) -d12
Ex B
1) 2 2) 3 3) 1/3 4) 1/25 5) 1 6) 1/7 7) 9 8) 9/4 9) ¼ 10) 0.2 11) 4/9 12) 64
13) 6a3 14) x 15) xy2

CHAPTER 8
Ex A
1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10.

11. 12.

SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE BOOKLET TEST

1) a) 4x2 + 4x – 3 b) a2 + 6a + 9 c) 10x2 -13x

2) a) x(x – 7) b) (y + 8)(y – 8) c) (2x - 1)(x + 3) d) (3t - 5)(2t – 1)

x 10x  3
3) a) b)
2 y2 6

4) a) h = 5 b) x = 0 or x = 8 c) p = -6 or p = 2

5) a) x-4 b) x6y3 c) x7

1 2
6) a) b) 1 c)
16 3

7) x = 3, y = 4

v2  u2 3V
8) a) x  b) x  c) x  2  y
2a  y1
h
1  21
9) x  10

10) p = 3, q = -5