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Basic_Relays

The document provides an overview of basic relay circuits, including voltage suppression relays, de-spiking diode relays, and de-spiking resistor relays, highlighting their functions and mechanisms. It also lists various types of relays such as latching relays, reed relays, and overload protection relays, explaining their applications and characteristics. Additionally, it discusses the evolution and usage of relays in industrial settings, emphasizing the impact of technology on their application.

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Joseph-celestine Donald
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7 views

Basic_Relays

The document provides an overview of basic relay circuits, including voltage suppression relays, de-spiking diode relays, and de-spiking resistor relays, highlighting their functions and mechanisms. It also lists various types of relays such as latching relays, reed relays, and overload protection relays, explaining their applications and characteristics. Additionally, it discusses the evolution and usage of relays in industrial settings, emphasizing the impact of technology on their application.

Uploaded by

Joseph-celestine Donald
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC RELAYS

Before going on to a deeper classification of the relays there are some basic relay circuits that must
be kept in our mind. They are

 Voltage Suppression Relays


As relays are used in industrial purposes very often, they are mostly controlled with the help of
computers. But when relays are controlled with such devices, there will surely be the presence of
semi-conductors like transistors. This will in turn cause the presence of voltage spikes. As a result, it
is really necessary to introduce voltage suppression devices, otherwise they will clearly destroy the
transistors.
This voltage suppression can be introduced in two ways. Either the computer provides the
suppression or the relay provides the suppression. If the relay provides the suppression they are
called voltage-suppression relays. In relays voltage suppression is provided with the help of resistors
of high value and even diodes and capacitors. Out of these diodes and resistors are more commonly
used. Whatever device is used, it will be clearly stated in the relay. Take a look at the diagram of a
voltage suppressed relay with the help of a diode.
voltage suppression relay using diode

 De-spiking Diode Relays


A diode in the reverse-biased position is connected in parallel with the relay coil. As there is no flow
of current due to such a connection, an open circuit of the relay will cause the current to stop flowing
through the coil. This will have effect on the magnetic field. The magnetic field will be decreased
instantly. This will cause the rise of an opposite voltage with very high reverse polarity to be
induced. This is mainly caused because of the magnetic lines of force that cut the armature coil due
to the open circuit. Thus the opposite voltage rises until the diode reaches 0.7 volts. As soon as this
cut-off voltage is achieved, the diode becomes forward-biased. This causes a closed circuit in the
relay, causing the entire voltage to pass through the load. The current thus produced will be flowing
through the circuit for a very long time. As soon as the voltage is completely drained, this current
flow will also stop. Take a look at the figure given below.

De-spiking diode relays

 De-spiking Resistor Relays


A resistor is almost efficient as that of a diode. It can not only suppress the voltage spikes efficiently,
but also allows the entire current to flow through it when the relay is in the on position. Thus the
current flow through it will also be very high. To reduce this, the value of the resistance should be as
high as 1 Kilo Ohm. But, as the value of the resistors increases the voltage spiking capability of the
relay decreases. Take a look at the circuit diagram below to understand more.
De-spiking resistor relays

Types Of Relays
Here is a detailed list of the different types of relays.

1. Latching Relay
Latching relays are also called impulse relays. They work in the bistable mode, and thus have two
relaxing states. They are also called keep relays or stay relays because as soon as the current towards
this relay is switched off, the relay continues the process that it was doing in the last state. This can
be achieved only with a solenoid which is operating in a ratchet and cam mechanism. It can also be
done by an over-centre spring mechanism or a permanent magnet mechanism in which, when the coil
is kept in the relaxed point, the over-centre spring holds the armature and the contacts in the right
spot. This can also be done with the help of a remanent core.
In the ratchet and cam method, power consumption occurs only for a particular time. Hence it is
more advantageous than the others.

2. Reed Relay
These types of relays have been given more importance in the contacts. In order to protect them from
atmospheric protection they are safely kept inside a vacuum or inert gas. Though these types of
relays have a very low switching current and voltage ratings, they are famous for their switching
speeds.

3. Polarized Relay
This type of relay has been given more importance on its sensitivity. These relays have been used
since the invention of telephones. They played very important roles in early telephone exchanges and
also in detecting telegraphic distortion. The sensitivity of these relays are very easy to adjust as the
armature of the relay is placed between the poles of a permanent magnet.

4. Buchholz Relay
This relay is actually used as a safety device. They are used for knowing the amount of gas present in
large oil-filled transformers. They are designed in such a way that they produce a warning if it senses
either the slow production of gas or fast production of gas in the transformer oil.

5. Overload protection Relay


As the name implies, these relays are used to prevent the electric motors from damage by over
current and short circuits. For this the heating element is kept in series with the motor. Thus when
over heat occurs the bi-metallic strip connected to the motor heats up and in turn releases a spring to
operate the contacts of the relay.

6. Mercury Wetted Relay


This relay is almost similar to the reed relay explained earlier. The only difference is that instead of
inert gases, the contacts are wetted with mercury. This makes them more position sensitive and also
expensive. They have to be vertically mounted for any operation. They have very low contact
resistance and so can be used for timing applications. Due to these factors, this relay is not used
frequently.

7. Machine Tool Relay


This is one of the most famous industrial relay. They are mainly used for the controlling of all kinds
of machines. They have a number of contacts with easily replaceable coils. This enabkes them to be
easily converted from NO contact to NC contact. Many types of these relays can easily be setup in a
control panel. Though they are very useful in industrial applications, the invention of PLC has made
them farther away from industries.

8. Contacor Relay
This is one of the most heavy load relay ever used. They are mainly used in switching electric
motors. They have a wide range of current ratings from a few amps to hundreds. The contacts of
these relays are usually made with alloys containing a small percentage of silver. This is done so as
to avoid the hazardous effects of arcing. These type of relays are mainly categorized in the rough use
areas. So, they produce loud noises while operated and hence cannot be used in places where noise is
a problem.

9. Solid State relay


SSR relays, as its name implies are designed with the help of solid state components. As they do not
have any moving objects in their design they are known for their high reliability.

10. Solid State Contactor Relay


These relays combine both the features of solid state relays and contactor relays. As a result they
have a number of advantages. They have a very good heat sink and can be designed for the correct
on-off cycles. They are mainly controlled with the help of PLC, micro-processors or
microcontrollers.

Source : http://www.circuitstoday.com/types-of-relays

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