[A. K.

MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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 SOLID STATE
PART – 1 (PART-1: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID STATE, AMORPHOUS SOLID STATE
AND CRYSTALLINE SOLID, CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS.)
1 Why are solids rigid? [NCERT I]
Particles in solids are closely packed, having strong force of attraction among them. Therefore,
they are incompressible and rigid.
2 Why do solids have a definite volume? [NCERT I]
The particles in solids have strong intermolecular attraction and they are strongly held together
at fixed position, thus solids have definite volume.
3 Define the term 'amorphous'. [NCERT]
Amorphous solids are those substances, in which there is no regular arrangement of its
constituent particles, (i.e., ions, atoms or molecules) i.e., they have irregular shape. These solids
are Isotropic in nature and don't have sharp melting point (melt over a wide range of temp).
Therefore, they also called pseudo solids or supercooled liquid. They do not have definite heat of
fusion. When cut with a sharp edged tool, they cut into two pieces with irregular
Surfaces.
4 Write three main differences between Amorphous and Crystalline Solids.
S PROPERTIES CRYSTALLINE SOLID AMORPHOUS SOLID
1 Shape Internal arrangement of particles is Internal arrangement of particles
regular, i.e. they have Characteristic is irregular, i.e. they have
geometrical shape. irregular shape.
2 Melting point They have sharp melting point Don’t have sharp melting point
(Melt over a wide range of temp.)
3 Cleavage When cut with a sharp edged tool, they When cut with a sharp edged tool,
Property split into two pieces and the newly they cut into two pieces with
generated surfaces are plain & smooth irregular surfaces
4 Heat of fusion have a definite heat of fusion do not have definite heat of fusion
5 Anisotropy Anisotropic in nature because of these Isotropic in nature because of
substances show different property in these substances show same
different direction property in all directions
6 Nature True solids and symmetrical Pseudo solids or supercooled
liquid & Unsymmetrical.
7 Example Salt, sugar, NH4Cl, potassium nitrate, Glass, fibre glass, plastics,
naphthalene, benzoic acid, copper etc. rubbers, Polyurethane, teflon,
cellophane, polyvinyl chloride.
5 Write two differences between isotropy and anisotropy.
Isotropy Anisotropy
(i)These substances show identical values of These substances show different values of
physical properties in all directions. physical properties in different directions.
(ii) Amorphous solids show isotropy. Crystalline solids show anisotropy.

6 Write two examples of amorphous solids.

Rubber and quartz glass are examples of amorphous solids.
7 Name the type of solids which have long range orders
Crystalline solids have long range order.
8 Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature. What does this statement mean?

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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 Anisotropic mean, substances show different property in different direction
9 Why glass is considered a super cooled liquid? [NCERT I/C.B.S.E. Delhi 2013]
Glass is considered to be super cooled liquid because it shows some of the characteristics of
liquids, though it is an amorphous solid b/c glass has a tendency to flow, though very, slow.
10 Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions.
Comment on the nature of this solid. Would it show cleavage property? [NCERT I]
The solid is isotropic type i.e. amorphous solid b/c it has the same value of refrective index along
all direction. It would not show cleavage property b/c it undergoes irregular cut.
11 Classify the following as amorphous or crystalline solids: [NCERT I]
(i)Polyurethane, (ii)naphthalene, (iii)benzoic acid, (iv) Teflon, (v)potassium nitrate,
(vi)cellophane, (vii)polyvinyl chloride, (viii)fibre (ix)glass, (x)copper.
Crystalline solids: Benzoic acid, potassium nitrate, copper
Amorphous solids: Polyurethane, Teflon, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, fiberglass
12 What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions could
quartz be converted into glass? [NCERT]
Glass is a supercooled liquid and an amorphous substance. Quartz is the crystalline form of silica
(SiO2) in which tetrahedral units SiO4 are linked with each other in such a way that the oxygen
atom of one tetrahedron is shared with another Si atom. Quartz can be converted into glass by
melting it and cooling the melt very rapidly. In the glass, SiO4 tetrahedra are joined in a random
manner.
13 In a tabular form Classify the solids on the basis of different binding forces also mention
Nature of binding force, physical nature & electrical conductivity
Type of Solid Constituent Bonding/ Physical Melting Electrical Examples
Particles Attractive Forces Nature Point Conductivity
1. Molecular Molecules
solids
 Non polar  Dispersion or  Soft  Very  Insulator  Ar, CCl4,
London forces low H2, I2, CO2
 Polar  Dipole-dipole  Soft  Low  Insulator  HCl, SO2
interactions
 Hydrogen  H- bonding  Hard  Low  Insulator  H2O (ice)
bonded
2. Ionic Ions Electrostatic Hard but High Insulators in NaCl, MgO, ZnS,
solids brittle solid state but CaF2
conductors
in molten &
in aqueous
solutions
3. Metallic Positive Metallic bonding Hard but Fairly Conductors in Fe, Cu, Ag, Mg
solids ions in a sea malleable High solid state as
of and well as in
delocalised ductile molten
electrons State
4. Covalent Atoms Covalent bonding Hard Very High Insulators SiO2 (quartz),
(Network Conductor SiC (Carborundum)
solids) (exception) C(diamond), AlN,
Soft C(graphite)
14 Classify each of the following solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, network (covalent) or
amorphous. (a) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P4O10) (b) Graphite(c) Ammonium phosphate
(NH4)3PO4 (d) Brass(e) SiC (f) Rb(g) I2 (h) LiBr (i) P4 (j) Si (k) Plastic [NCERT]

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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15 Explain the following with suitable example: (i) Molecular solid (ii) Metallic solids
(i) In molecular solids, the constituents particles are molecules which are held together by van
der Waals forces of attraction. E.g. I2.
(ii)Metallic solids consist of positive ions surrounded by andheld together bya sea of free
electrons. These free electrons are mobile and are responsible for high thermal and electrical
conductivity of metallic solids. E.g. Ag, Cu.
16 Based on intermolecular forces classify following : Potassium sulphate, Tin Benzene,
Urea, Ammonia, H2O, zinc sulphide, Graphite, Rubidium, Argon ,Silicon carbide, Silver,
Sodium Sulphate, Hydrogen, I2, CO2, SO2 [NCERT I]
Ionic solids Metallic solids Molecular solids Covalent solids
Potassium sulphate, Tin, Rubidium Benzene, Urea, Ammonia, Graphite, Silicon
Zinc sulphide Water, Argon. carbide.
17 What type of interactions hold the molecules together in a polar molecular solid.
Dipole-dipole interactions
18 Write a distinguishing feature of metallic solids.
Metallic solids are Hard but malleable and ductile. They are good Conductors in solid state as
well as in molten State.
19 How do metallic and ionic substances differ in conducting electricity?
Ionic solids conduct electricity in molten state but not in solid state while Metallic solids conduct
electricity in solid state as well as in molten State.
20 Ionic solids conduct electricity in molten state but not in solid state. Explain. [NCERT I]
In the crystal lattice of ionic solid, ions occupy fixed positions thus cannot move from their
position on passing electricity in ionic solids. In molten state this orderly arrangements gets
destroyed, thus ions become free to move under the influence of applied current and hence
conduct electricity in molten state.
21 What type of solids are electrical conductors, malleable and ductile? [NCERT I]
Metallic solids
22 Solid A is a very hard electrical insulator in solid as well as in molten state and melts at
extremely high temperature. What type of solid is it? [NCERT I]
It is covalent solid b/c it is very hard, electrical insulator in solid as well as molten state having
higher melting point. Melting points are high.
23 Copper is conducting in solid as well as in molten state while copper sulphate is
conducting only in molten state or in aqueous solution. Why
24 Explain
(i) The basis of similarities and differences between metallic and ionic crystals.
(ii) Ionic solids are hard and brittle. [NCERT]
(i) Metallic and ionic crystals
Similarities:
(a) There is electrostatic force of attraction in both metallic and ionic crystals.

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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 (b) Both have high melting points.
(c) Bonds are non-directional in both the cases.
Differences:
(a) Ionic crystals are bad conductors of electricity in solids state as ions are not free to move.
They can conduct electricity only in die molten state or in aqueous solution. Metallic crystals are
good conductors of electricity in solid state as electrons are free to move.
(b) Ionic bond is strong due to strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
Metallic bond may be strong or weak depending upon the number of valence electrons and the
size of the kernels.
(ii) Ionic solids are hard and brittle. Ionic solids are hard due to the presence of strong
electrostatic forces of attraction. The brittleness in ionic crystals is due to the non- directional
bonds in them.
25 Why is the window glass of the old building thick at the bottom than at the top?
Glass is a pseudo solid, that is, it is a supercooled liquid of high viscosity. It flows down very
slowly and makes the bottom portion of window glass of old building slightly thicker.
26 Some of the very old glass objects appear slightly milky instead of being transparent.
why?

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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 PART – 2 (CRYSTAL LATTICE & UNIT CELL

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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1 What is Unit cell? Name the parameters that characterize unit cell. [NCERT I]
A. The smallest portion of the crystal lattice which when repeated again and again in different
directions generates the complete space lattice.
A unit cell is characterized by:
(i) Its dimensions along the three edges, a, b and c.
These edges may or may not be mutually perpendicular.
(ii) Angles between the edges, α (b/w b & c)
β (b/w a & c) and γ (between a & b).
2 Give the significance of Lattice point. Write difference b/w: Crystal lattice & unit cell. [NCERT]
The lattice point denotes the position of the constituent atom, molecules or ions in a crystal
lattice. The arrangement of the lattice points in space is responsible for the shape of a particular
crystalline solid.
DIFFERENCE B/W: CRYSTAL LATTICE & UNIT CELL:-
Crystal lattice: It deplicts the actual shape as well as size of the constituent particles in the crystal. It is
therefore, called space lattice or crystal lattice.

Unit cell: Each bricks represents the unit cell while the block is similar to the space or crystal lattice.
Thus, a unit cell is the fundamental building block of the space lattice.
3 Define: (i) Crystal lattice (ii) Packing efficiency
(i)Crystal lattice is the well-defined regular arrangement of atoms, molecules or ions in three-
dimensional space.
(ii) Packing efficiency is the percentage of the total space filled by the particles.
4 Draw body centred and face centred cubic unit cells.

5 Distinguish between [INTEX/C.B.S.E Foreign 2015]

(i) Hexagonal & monoclinic unit cells (ii) Face-centred & end-centred unit cells.
(i) In a hexagonal unit cell : a = b # c; α = β = 90° and γ = 120°
while In a monoclinic unit cell : a # b # c and α = γ = 90° and β # 90°

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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 (ii) In a face-centered unit cell, constituent particles are located at all the corners as well as at the
centres of all the faces.
In end-centered unit cell, constituent particles are located at all the corners as well as at the centres of
two opposite faces. (C.B.S.E Foreign 2015)

6 How much portion of an atom located at (i) corner and (ii) body centre (iii) faces of a
cubic unit cell is part of its neighbouring unit cell. [INTEX]
(i) An atom at the comer is shared by eight adjacent unit cells. Hence, portion of the atom at the
comer that belongs to one unit cell=1/8.
(ii)An atom at the body centre is not shared by any other unit cell. Hence, it belongs fully to unit
cell.
7 Calculate the Number of atoms per unit cell in Simple cubic, BCC & FCC. [NCERT]
The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, bcc & fcc are 1,2,4 respectively.
(1) The total number of atoms present in one simple cubic unit cell is 1.
Since, 8 atoms are present at 8 corners of a simple cubic unit cell. Each atom contributes one
1
eight to the unit cell. Total contribution = x 8 = 1
8
(2) The total number of atoms present in one body-centred cubic unit cell is 2.
Since, 8 atoms are present at 8 corners of a bcc unit cell. Each atom contributes one eight to the
1
unit cell. Total contribution = x 8 = 1
8
1 atom is present at body centre of a bcc unit cell.
Total number of atoms in one BCC unit cell =1+1=2.
(3) The total number of atoms present in one face-centred cubic unit cell is 4.
Since, 8 atoms are present at 8 corners of a bcc unit cell. Each atom contributes one eight to the
1
unit cell. Total contribution = x 8 = 1
8
6 atoms are present at 6 corners of a fcc unit cell. Each atom contributes one half to the unit cell.
1
Total contribution = x 6 = 3
2
Total number of atoms in one fcc unit cell =1+3 = 4
8 How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of each of the following lattice?
(i) Face-centred cubic (ii) Face-centred tetragonal (iii) Body-centred [NCERT]

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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9 A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners of the cube
and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound? What are the
coordination numbers of P and Q? [NCERT]
Contribution by atoms Q present at the eight corners of the cube = 1/8 x 8 = 1
Contribution by atom P present at the body centre = 1

∴ Formula of the compound is PQ.

Thus, P and Q are present in the ratio 1:1.

Co-ordination number of atoms P and Q = 8.

10 A cubic solid is made of two elements A and B. Atoms of A are at the corners of the cube
and B at the Face-centre. What is the formula of the compound? [NCERT I]
Contribution by atoms A present at the eight corners of the cube = 1/8 x 8 = 1
1
Contribution by atom B present at the face centre = x 6 = 3
2

∴ Formula of the compound is AB3.

Thus, A and B are present in the ratio 1:3.

11 An ionic compound made up of atoms A & B has a face centred cubic arrangement in
which atoms are at the corners and B atoms are at face centres. If one of the atoms is
missing from the corner, what is the simplest formula of the compound?
 No. of atoms of A at the corners =7 (because one A is missing)
∴ Contribution by atoms A present at the 7 corners of the cube = x 7 =
1 7
8 8
 No. of atoms B at face-centres = 6
∴Contribution by atoms B present at the face centre = x 6 = 3
1
2
7
 Thus, A and B are present in the ratio : 3.
∴ Formula of the compound is A7B24
8

12 In a face centred cubic lattice, atom A occupies the corner positions and atom B occupies
the face centre positions. If one atom of B is missing from one of the face centred points.
What is the formula of the compound?
 No. of atoms of A at the corners = 8
∴ Contribution by atoms A present at the 8 corners of the cube = x 8 = 1
1
8
 No. of atoms B at face-centres = 5 (because one B is missing)
∴Contribution by atoms B present at the face centre = x 5 =
1 5
2 2
5
 Thus, A and B are present in the ratio 1 :
2

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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 ∴ Formula of the compound is A2B5
13 A cubic solid is made of two elements A and B. Atoms of A are at the corners of the cube
and B at the centre of alternate Faces. What is the formula of the compound?
1
Effective number of atoms of A = x 8 (corners) = 1
8
1
Effective number of atoms of B = x 2 (at the centre of alternate faces) = 1
2

∴ Formula of the compound is AB

Thus, A and B are present in the ratio 1 : 1

14 A compound made up of elements A and B crystallizes in the cubic structure. Atoms are
present on the corners as well as face centres whereas atoms B are present on the edge
centres as well as body centre. What is the formula of the compound?
1 1
Effective number of atoms of A = x 8 (corners) + x 6 (face centres) = 4
8 2
1
Effective number of atoms of B = x 12 (Edge centres) + 1 (body centre) = 4
4

∴ Formula of the compound is AB

Thus, A and B are present in the ratio 1 : 1

15 If three elements P,Q, & R crystallizes in the cubic structure with P atoms at the corners, Q
atoms at the cube centre and R atoms at the centre of the faces of the cube What is the
formula of the compound? [NCERT I]
1
P atoms are at corners. There are 8 corners and contribution of each corner is .
8
1
Therefore, total P atom is x 8 = 1.
8
Q is at the centre of the cube. Therefore, total Q atom is 1.
1
R are present at the centre of the faces. There are 6 faces and contribution of each faces is .
2
1
Therefore, total R atoms are x 6 = 3.
∴ Formula of the compound is PQR3
2

16 A solid has a cubic structure in which P atoms are located at the corners of the cube, Q
atoms are at the cube centres and R atoms are at the edge centres. What is the formula of
the compound?
1
P atoms are at corners. There are 8 corners and contribution of each corner is .
8
1
Therefore, total P atom is x 8 = 1.
8
Q is at the centre of the cube. Therefore, total Q atom is 1.
1
R are present at the centre of the edges. There are 12 edges and contribution of each edges is .
4
Therefore, total R atoms are x 12= 3. ∴ Formula of the compound is PQR3
1
4
17 In an alloy of gold and cadmium, gold crystallizes in cubic structure occupying the
corners only and cadmium fits into the face centre voids. What is quantitative
composition of the alloy?

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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  As gold atoms occupy all the corners of a unit cell, therefore, the number of gold atoms per
unit cell = 8 x 1/8 = 1 atom

 As cadmium atoms fit into the face centres, therefore, the number of cadmium atoms per unit
cell =6x1/2=3 atoms

 Ratio of gold (Au) and cadmium (Cd)= 1 : 3

Hence, formula for the given alloy is AuCd3
18 Calculate the number of unit cells in 8.1 g of aluminum if it crystallizes in FCC structure.
(Atomic mass of Al =27gm/mol). [CBSE-2017]
8.1
Number of atoms of Al = X NA
27
Since, there are 4 atoms present per unit cell,
23
8.1 x 6.022 x 10
Therefore number of unit cells = = 4.51×1022 unit cells
27 x 4
19 Calculate the number of unit cells in 9.2 g of sodium if it crystallizes in BCC structure.
(Atomic mass of Na = 23 gm/mol).
9.2
Number of atoms of Na = X NA
23
Since, there are 2 atoms present per unit cell,
23
9.2 x 6.022 x 10
Therefore number of unit cells = = 1.204×1023 unit cells
23 x 2
20 Potassium crystallizes in a body centered cubic lattice. What is the approximate number
of unit cells in 4.0g of potassium? Atomic mass of potassium = 39.
4.0
Number of atoms of Na = X NA
39
Since, there are 2 atoms present per unit cell,
23
4.0 x 6.022 x 10
Therefore number of unit cells = = 3.09 ×1022 unit cells
39 x 2
21 Derive the relationship between edge length (a) of unit cell and radius of atom(r) for
(i)simple cubic (ii)body –centered cubic (iii)face –centered cubic (with the assumptions
that atoms are touching each other)
22 Silver crystallizes in fcc lattice. Each side of the unit cell has a length of 409 pm. What is
the radius of an atom of silver? [CBSE-2009]
For FCC, ❑√ 2a = 4r or r =
❑
√2 a = 1.414 x 409 pm
= 144.6 pm
4 4
23 Aluminium crystallizes in a cubic close-packed structure. Its metallic radius is 125 pm.
(i) What is the length of the side of the unit cell?
(ii) How many unit cells are there in 1.00 cm3 of aluminium? [NCERT]
(i) For CCP (FCC), √ 2a = 4r or a = 2 √ 2r = 2 x 1.414 x 125 pm = 354 pm
❑ ❑

(ii) Volume of one unit cell = a3 = (354 x 10-10 cm)3 = 4.44 x 10-23 cm3
3
1 cm
Number of unit cells in 1cm3 = – 23 3 = 2.25 x 10
22
4.44 x 10 cm
24 Gold (atomic radius = 0.144 nm) crystallizes in a face-centred unit cell. What is the length

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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 of a side of the cell? [NCERT]
For CCP (FCC), ❑√ 2a = 4r or a = 2❑√ 2r = 2 x 1.414 x 0.144 nm = 0.407 nm
25 Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of a metal crystal for
(i) simple cubic (ii) BCC (iii) FCC (CCP) Structures.
Packing efficiency: It is the percentage of total space occupied by the particles.
4 3
N x volume of one sphere N x πr
Packing Fraction= x 100 = 3 x 100
volume of one unit cell 3
a
(i) For simple cubic unit cell:- a = 2r & No. of spheres per unit cell = 1
4 3 4 3
Nx πr 1x π r
Packing efficiency= 3 x 100 = 3 x 100 = 52.4%
3 3
a (2r )
(ii) For BCC:- √ 3a = 4r & No. of spheres per unit cell = 2
❑

4 3
4 3 2x π r
N x πr 3
Packing efficiency= 3 x 100 = 4 r 3 x 100 = 68%
a
3
(❑ )
√3
(iii) For FCC (CCP):- ❑√ 2a = 4r & No. of spheres per unit cell = 4
4 3
4 3 4x πr
N x πr 3
Packing efficiency= 3 x 100 = 4 r 3 x 100 = 74%
a
3
(❑ )
√2
PART – 3 (DENSITY)
1 How can you determine the atomic mass of an unknown metal if you know its density and
the dimension of its unit cell? Explain. [NCERT/C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2011]

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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2 Silver forms CCP lattice and X-ray studies of its crystals show that the edge length of its
unit cell is 408.6 pm. Calculate density of silver (Atomic mass = 107.9 u)
ZM 4 x 107.5 10.46 g cm–3
d= 3 ¿
a NA ¿¿
3 An element (atomic mass = 27) has a density of 2.7 g/cm3. If edge length of the cell is 4.07
× 10-8 cm. what is the nature of the cubic unit cell?
ZM 3
da NA
d= 3 & z= =2.7 x ¿ ¿ ¿ = 4.05 ≃ 4
a NA M
Since there are four atoms per unit cell, the cubic unit cell must be face centred (fcc) or cubic
close packed (ccp).
4 Silver crystallizes in FCC lattice. If edge length of the cell is 4.07 × 10-8 cm and density is
10.5 g cm-3, calculate the atomic mass of silver. [NCERT, DELHI 2014]

5 An element (at. mass = 60) having FCC unit cell has a density of 6.23g/cm3. Edge length of
the unit cell is?
ZM 3 Z. M 4 x 60 −23 −24
d= 3 &a = = =6.397 x 10 =63.97 x 10
a NA d . N A 6.23 x 6.022 x 10
23

so,a=4.0 x 10−8 cm=400 pm

6 Niobium crystallizes in body-centred cubic structure. If density is 8.55 g cm-3, calculate
atomic radius of niobium using its atomic mass 93 u. [DELHI-2013]
ZM 3 Z . M 2 x 92.91 −23 −24
d= 3 &a = = =3.609 x 10 =36.09 x 10
a NA d . N A 6.022 x 1023 x 8.55

so,a=3.305 x 10−8 cm=330.5 pm

1.732 x 330.5
We know that, 4 r= √ 3 a or r = =143 pm
4
7 Copper Crystallizes into FCC lattice with edge length 3.61 X 10-8 cm. Show that calculated
density is in agreement with measured value of 8.92 g/cc. [NCERT]

This calculated value of density is closely in agreement with its measured value of 8.92 g cm3.
8 Iron has BCC unit cell with cell edge of 286.65 pm. The density of iron is 7.874 g/cm3.
Calculate the value of Avogadro constant (atomic mass of Fe = 56 gmol-1) [CBSE-2009]
ZM Z M 2 x 56
d= 3 & NA¿ 3 = ¿ ¿ ¿ = 6.04 x 1023
a NA a d
9 An element has a BCC structure with a cell edge of 288pm.The density of the element is
7.2 g/cm3. How many atoms are present in 208 g of the element?

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 Volume of the unit cell = (288 pm)3 = (288×10-10 cm)3 = 2.39×10-23 cm3
 Volume of 208 g of the element:

 Number of unit cells in this volume :

 Since each bcc cubic unit cell contains 2 atoms, therefore, the total number of atoms in 208 g
= 2 (atoms/unit cell) × 12.08 × 1023unit cells= 24.16×1023 atoms
10 Determine the density of BCC iron, which has a lattice parameter of 0.2866 nm.
ZM 2 x 56
d= 3 ¿ 7.9 g cm–3
a NA ¿¿
11 Determine the type of cubic lattices to which the iron crystal belongs if its unit cell has an
edge length of 286 pm and the density of iron crystals is 7.86 g/cm3.
ZM 3
da NA
d= 3 & z= =7.86 x ¿ ¿ ¿ = 1.98 ≃ 2
a NA M
Since there are two atoms per unit cell, the cubic unit cell must be body centred cube (BCC).
12
1. An element exists in bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. Density of the element is 7.2
g cm–3 what is the atomic mass of the element?
zxM dx Nxa
3
Since density of crystalis , d= 3 & M =
N xa Z
–3 23 –8 3
7.2 g m x 6.022 x 10 x (2.88 x 10 cm)
=
≃ 52 g/mol
2

13 Ag crystallizes in FCC lattice. The edge length of its unit cell is 4.077 x 10-8 cm. & its density
is 10.5 g/cm3 Calculate the atomic Mass of Ag.
zxM dx Nxa
3
Since density of crystalis , d= 3 & M =
N xa Z
–3 23 –8 3
10.5 g m x 6.022 x 10 x (4.077 x 10 cm)
=
4
= 107.13 g/mol
14 Elements X with an atomic mass 60 g/mol has density 6.23 g/cm3 If the edge length of
cubic unit cell is 400 pm. Identify the type of cubic unit cell. Calculate the radius of an
atom of this element.
zxM dx Nxa
3
Since density of crystalis , d= 3 & z =
N xa M
–3 23 –8 3
6.23 g m x 6.022 x 10 x (4.0 x 10 cm)
=
60
= 4.001 ≃ 4
Since there are four atoms per unit cell, the cubic unit cell must be face centred (fcc) or cubic
close packed (ccp).
For FCC structure, ❑√ 2a = 4r

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 r=
√2 a = 1.414 x 4.0 x 10 – 8 cm = 1.414 x 10-8 cm = 141.1 pm
❑

4 4
15
2. Aluminum has the face-centered cubic structure with a unit cell dimension of 4.041Å.
What is density of aluminum?
2.715 g cm-3
16 An element with molar mass 2.7×10-2 kg mol-1 forms a cubic unit cell with edge length 405
pm. If its density is 2.7×103 kg m-3, what is the nature of the cubic unit cell? [CBSE Delhi 2015]
zxM dx Nxa
3
Since density of crystalis , d= 3 & z =
N xa M
3 –3 23 – 10 3
2.7 x 10 Kg m x 6.022 x 10 x(4.05 x 10 m)
= – 2 kgmol –1

2.7 x 10
= 3.99 ≃ 4
Since there are four atoms per unit cell, the cubic unit cell must be face centred (fcc) or cubic
close packed (ccp).
17 X-ray diffraction studies show that copper crystallizes in an fcc unit cell with cell edge of
3.608×10-8 cm. In a separate experiment, copper is determined to have a density of 8.92
g/cm3, calculate the atomic mass of copper.

18 An element crystallizes in BCC structure. If the edge length of the cell is 1.469 x 10-10 m. &
density is 19.3 g/cm3. Calculate the atomic Mass of this element. Also calculate the radius
of an atom of this element.
zxM dx Nxa
3
Since density of crystalis , d= 3 & M =
N xa Z
–3 23 –8 3
19.3 g m x 6.022 x 10 x (1.469 x 10 cm)
=
2
= 18.8 g/mol
For BCC, ❑√ 3a = 4r or r =
❑
√3 a = 1.732 x 1.469 x 10– 8 cm = 0.636 x 10-8 cm = 63.6 pm
4 4
19 An element crystallizes into a structure which may be described by a cubic lattice of unit
cell having one atom on each corner of the cube & two atoms on one of its diagonals. If the
volume of this unit cell is 24 x 10-24 cm3 & density of element is 7.2gm cm-3, calculate the
number of atoms present in 200 g of the element.
Mass Mass
We know, Density = = 7.2 = −24 , Then, Mass = 1.72×10−22
Volume 24 x 10
This is the mass of one unit cell.
1
Number of atoms per unit cell = x 8 + 1×2 = 1+2 = 3
8
−22
1.72 x 10
Mass of one atom = = 5.76×10−23
3
200
The number of atoms present in 200 g of element = −23 = 3.472×10
24
5.76 x 10
20 An element has a BCC structure with a cell edge of 314 pm. The density of the element is

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 10.3 g/cm3. Calculate the atomic mass of element.
zxM dx Nxa
3
Since density of crystalis , d= 3 & M =
N xa Z
–3 23 –8 3
10.3 g m x 6.022 x 10 x (3.14 x 10 cm)
=
2
= 96 g/mol
21
3. An element crystallizes in FCC structure; 200 g of this element has 4.12 X 1024 atoms. If the
density of A is 7.2 g cm-3, calculate the edge length of unit cell.

Question 85.
An element occurs in bcc structure. It has a cell edge length of 250 pm. Calculate the molar
mass if its density is 8.0 g cm-3. Also calculate the radius of an atom of this element.
(Comptt. Delhi) 2013
Answer:
Given : For bcc structure, Z = 2
Edge of the unit cell, a = 250 pm
Density of the element, p = 8.0 g/ cm3
M=?r=?
Using the formula

Question 88.
The density of copper is 8.95 g cm-3. It has a face centred cubic structure. What is the radius
of copper atom?
(Atomic mass Cu = 63.5 g mol-1, NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol-1) (Comptt. Delhi) 2014

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Answer:

Question 91.
An element with molar mass 27 g mol-1 forms a cubic unit cell with edge length 4.05 × 10-
8
cm. If its density is 2.7 g cm-3, what is the nature of the cubic unit cell? (Delhi) 2015
Answer:

= 6.022 × 10-2 × 66.43 = 4.0004 = 4

It has Face centred cubic cell/fee.

Question 95.
An element crystallizes in a f.c.c. lattice with cell edge of 250 pm. Calculate the density if
300 g of this element contains 2 × 1024 atoms. (Delhi) 2015
Answer:
Given: a = 250 pm = 250 × 10-10 cm
z = 4 (for fee)
M=?d=?

∵ 2 × 1024 atoms of an element have mass = 300g

Using formula : d = \(\frac{z \times M}{a^{3} N_{A}}\)

∴ 6.022 × 1023 atoms of an element have mass

= \(\frac{300 \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}}{2 \times 10^{24}}\) = 90.33 g
Now M = 90.33 g

Question 102.
An element crystallises in b.c.c. lattice with cell edge of 400 pm. Calculate its density if 500
g of this element contains 2.5 × 1024 atoms. (Comptt. Delhi) 2017
Answer:
Given : a = 400 pm = 400 × 10-10 cm
Z = 2 (for bcc) M = ? d = ?

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Using formula, d = \(\frac{\mathrm{Z} \times \mathrm{M}}{a^{3} \times \mathrm{N}_{\

∵ 2.5 × 1024 atoms of an element have mass = 500 g

mathrm{A}}}\)

∴ 6.022 × 2023atoms of an element have mass

∴ d = 6.25 g cm-3
= \(\frac{240.88}{6.4 \times 6.022}=\frac{240.88}{38.5408}\)

Question 105.
An element exists in bcc lattice with a cell edge of 288 pm. Calculate its molar mass if its
density is 7.2 g/cm3. (Comptt. All India) 2017
Answer:
Given : Cell edge, a = 288 pm = 288 × 10-10 cm
Density, d = 7.2 g/cm3
For bcc formula, units per cell Z = 2, M = ?
Using formula and substituting values,

Question 106.
(a) An element has an atomic mass 93 g mol-1 and density 11.5 g cm-3. If the edge length of its unit
cell is 300 pm, identify the type of unit cell. (Delhi) (2017)
Answer:
(a) Given:
M = 93 g mol-1; ρ = 11.5 g cm-3;
a = 300 pm = 300 × 10-10 cm = 3 × 10-8 cm
Using formula,
Z = \(\frac{\rho \times a^{3} \times N_{A}}{M}\)

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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 = \(\frac{11.5 \times\left(3 \times 10^{-8}\right)^{3} \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}}{93}\)
= 2.01 (approx.)
As the number of atoms present in given unit cells are coming nearly equal to 2, hence the given
units cell is body centered cubic unit cell (BCC).

PART – 4 (CLOSE PACKED STRUCTURES , COORDINATION NUMBER, VOIDS)

1 What is meant by the term 'coordination number'?
The numbers of nearest neighbours of a particle are called its coordination number.
2 What is the coordination number of atoms in a cubic close-packed structure.
12
3 What is the coordination number of atoms in a Hexagonal close packing hcp in 2-D & 3-D.
6 & 12
4 What is the two dimensional coordination number of a molecule in Sqaure close packed
layer? [NCERT I]
In the two-dimensional square close-packed layer, a particular molecule is in contact with four
molecules. Hence, the coordination number of the molecule is four.
5 What is the coordination number of atoms in a Body centered cubic & Face centered
cubic.
8 & 12
6 Write the 'coordination number' of Rock salt (NaCl) CsCl, ZnS, CaF2 & Flourite.

7 Name two metals which have cubic closepacked structure.

Silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) have cubic close packed structure.
8 What are voids?
Voids are the empty spaces present between atoms or ions, when they are packed within the
crystal
9 What is the co-ordination number of an atom present in octahedral void?
The co-ordination number of atom present in octahedral void is 6.
10 How will you distinguish between the following pairs of terms:
(i) Hexagonal close-packing and cubic close-packing
(ii)Tetrahedral void and octahedral void
HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKING CUBIC CLOSE-PACKING
1. In this case, the spheres of the third layer 1. In this case, the spheres of the third layer are
are exactly aligned with those of the not aligned with those of the
first layer. first layer.
2. Tetrahedral voids is covered. 2. Octahedral voids are covered.
3. ABABAB……….. arrangement is obtained. 3. ABCABCABC ……….. arrangement is obtained.
4. Eg. Mg, Zn 4. Cu, Ag
Tetrahedral void: A tetrahedral void is formed when triangular void made by three spheres of a
particular layer and touching each other.
Octahedral void: An octahedral void is formed when three spheres arranged at the corners of
an equilateral triangle are placed over another set of spheres.

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11 Two elements P and Q have B.C.C. and F.C.C. structures. What will be the number of
tetrahedral and octahedral voids per unit cell?
Since, No of octahedral voids = N & No of tetrahedral voids = 2N
(where N is the no of atoms per unit cell)
 For BCC, N = 2
Then, No of octahedral voids in P = 2 & No of tetrahedral voids in P = 4
 For FCC, N = 4
Then, No of octahedral voids in Q = 4 & No of tetrahedral voids in Q = 8
12 A compound forms hexagonal close-packed structure. What is the total number of voids in
0.5 mol of it? How many of these are tetrahedral voids? [NCERT I]
Since we know that, the numbers of atoms in 0.5 mole = 3.01 x 1023
Then the numbers of total voids = 3N = 3 x 3.01 x 1023 = 9.03 x 1023
And the numbers of tetrahedral voids = 2N = 2 x 3.01 x 1023 = 6.02 x 1023
13 A compound is formed by two elements X and Y. Atoms of the element Y (as anions) make
ccp and those of the element X (as cations) occupy all the octahedral voids. What is the
formula of the compound?
The ccp lattice is formed by the element Y. The number of octahedral voids generated would be
equal to the number of atoms of Y present in it. Since all the octahedral voids are occupied by the
atoms of X, their number would also be equal to that of the element Y. Thus, the atoms of
elements X and Y are present in equal numbers or 1:1 ratio. Therefore, the formula of the
compound is XY.
14 Atoms of element B form hcp lattice and those of the element A occupy 2/3rd of
tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound formed by the elements A and B?
The number of tetrahedral voids formed is equal to twice the number of atoms of element B and
only 2/3rd of these are occupied by the atoms of element A. Hence the ratio of the number of
atoms of A and B is 2× (2/3):1 or 4:3 and the formula of the compound is A4B3.
15 A compound is formed by two elements M and N. The element N forms ccp and atoms of M
occupy 1/3rd of tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound? [I & CBSE 2015]
The number of tetrahedral voids formed is equal to twice the number of atoms of element N and
only 1/3rd of these are occupied by the atoms of element M. Hence the ratio of the number of
atoms of M and N is 2× (1/3) :1 or 2:3 and the formula of the compound is M2N3.
16 Atoms of element B form HCP lattice and those of the element A occupy 2/3rd of
tetrahedral voids. What is the empirical formula of this compound?
Let the number of atoms of B in hcp lattice = n
Since the number of tetrahedral voids is double the number of atoms in close packed

∴ Number of tetrahedral voids = 2n.

arrangement.

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 ∴ Number of atoms of A in hcp lattice=2n×2/3= 4n/3
Since only 2/3 of tetrahedral voids are occupied by the atoms of the element A.

Ratio of A : B=4n/3 : n = 4n : 3n = 4 : 3
The formula of compound AB = A4B3
17 Ferric oxide crystallises in a hexagonal close-packed array of oxide ions with two out of
every three octahedral holes occupied by ferric ions. Derive the formula of the ferric
oxide.
Suppose the number of oxide (O2–) ions = N.
Since, Number of octahedral void = number of anions
So that the number of octahedral voids = N
Given that, Two out of every three octahedral holes are occupied by ferric ions.
So that the number of ferric (Fe3+) ions = 2N/3
The ratio of the number of Fe3+ ions to the number of O2− ions, Fe3+ : O2− = 2N/3 : N
Hence, the formula of the ferric oxide is Fe2O3.
18 In a compound, oxide ions have CCP arrangement. Cations A are present in one eighth of
the tetrahedral voids and cations B occupy half the octahedral voids. What is the simplest
formula of the compound?
Unit cell of ccp arrangement, thus Number of oxide ions per unit cell = 4
No. of tetrahedral voids per unit = 8
1
Thus, No. of a Cation ‘A’ per unit cell = x 8 = 1
8
No. of octahedral voids per unit = 4
1
Thus, No of cations ‘B’ per unit celll = ×4 = 2
2
Hence ration A : B : O = 1 : 2 : 4
2−

Hence, the formula of the Metal oxide is AB2O4.

19 In compound atoms of element Y forms ccp lattice and those of element X occupy 2/3rd of
tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?
X4 Y3
20 A compound is made of two atoms X and Y. Atom X is arranged in ccp and atom Y occupies
tetrahedral site. Find the formula of compound.
X2Y
21 In a crystalline solid, the atoms A and B are arranged as follows:-
(a) Atoms A are arranged in ccp array. (b) Atoms B occupy all the octahedral voids and
half of the tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?
AB2
22 If the radius of the octahedral void is r and radius of the atoms in close packing is R,
derive relation between r and R.
Sol. A sphere is fitted into the octahedral void as shown in the diagram.

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Page 21
 PART – 4 (CRYSTAL DEFECTS)
1 What is crystal defect?
Irregularities in the arrangement of constituent particles in a crystal is called crystal defect.
2 What is Point defect? [Jharkhand Board 2011]
The irregularities or deviations from ideal arrangement around a point or an atom in a
crystalline substance are called ……
3 What are the stoichiometric defects found in ionic crystals?
When the ratio of Cations & Anions remains same after defect, then these types of defect is
called...
They are also called intrinsic or thermodynamic defects. Electrical neutrality remains same.
4 Why stoichiometric defects are also called intrinsic defects?
Stoichiometric defect is also called Intrinsic defect because it is due to the deviation from
regular arrangement of atoms or ions within the crystal & no external substance is added.
5 Explain the following with suitable examples: (a) Schottky defect (b) Frenkel defect
(a) Schottky defect – These types of defect arise when equal number of cations and anions are
missing from their lattice sites. These defects are shown by those crystals (i) Which have almost
same the sizes of cation and anion (ii) High Co-ordination no.
(b) Frenkel defect – These types of defect arise when an ion missing from the lattice site and
occupies any interstitial void. These defects are shown by those crystals in which (i) there is a
large difference in the size of ions (ii) Low Co-ordination no.
6 Define (a) Interstitials (b) Vacancy
(a) Interstitials– Atoms or ions which occupy interstitial positions in a crystal are called
interstitials.
(b)Vacancy– When any of the constituent particles is missing from crystal lattice, the
unoccupied position is called vacancy
7 Name the defect in which equal number of cations & anions are missing from lattice
points.
Schottky defect
8 What is the effect of Schottky defect and Frenkel defects on the density of crystals.

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 The density of substance having Schottky defect decreases while density of substance having
Frenkel defect is not affected.
9 Why does Frenkel defect not change the density of AgCl crystals?
Due to Frenkel defect, as no ions are missing from the crystal as a whole, so there is no change in
density.
10 Why are Frenkel defects not found in pure alkali halides?
Frenkel defect is not found in pure alkali metal halides. This is because of the larger size of
the cations of the alkali metals, due to the large size the cations cannot fit into the interstitial
sites.
11 What type of defect can arise when a solid is heated? Which physical property is affected
by it and in what way?
When a solid is heated, vacancy defect can arise. On heating, some atoms or ions leave the lattice
site completely, i.e., lattice sites become vacant. As a result-of this defect, density of the
substances decreases.
12 Why are Frenkel defects found in AgCl but not in NaCl?
Frenkel defect is found is AgCl because Ag+ is small enough in size so as to fit into interstitial
vacant positions. Thus due to large difference in the size of ions Ag+ and Cl-, Ag+ occupies voids
but Na+ ions cannot fit into the interstitial sites.
13 What type of stoichiometric defect is shown by ZnS and AgBr [CBSE DELHI 2013]
(i) ZnS shows Frenkel defect (ii) AgBr has both Schottky and Frenkel defects
14 CaCl2 will introduce Schottky defect if added to AgCl crystal. Explain
Two Ag+ ions will be replaced by one Ca2+ ions to maintain electrical neutrality. Thus a hole is
created at the lattice site for every Ca2+ ion introduced.
15 Name the defect in which the smaller ion is dislocated from its normal site to an
interstitial site.
Frenkel defect
16 Explain the following non- stoichiometric defects:
(i) metal excess defect due to presence interstitial cation (ii) Metal deficiency defect.
Self
17 Define the term F –centers.
The electrons trapped in the anion vacancies are called F-center.
18 Write one property which is caused due to the presence of F-center in a solid.
The colours and paramagnetic behaviour of the solid is due to the presence of F-center in a solid.
19 Ionic solids which have anionic vacancies due to metal excess develop colour. Explain
with the example.
The colour develops because of the presence of electrons in the anionic sites. These electrons
absorb energy from the visible part of radiation and get excited.
20 Name the non- stoichiometric defect responsible for colour in alkali halides.
Non-stoichiometric defect responsible for colour in alkali metal halide is metal excess
(anion -vacancy) defect.
21 On heating crystals of KCl in Potassium vapuors the crystals start exhibiting a violet
colour, why?
KCl exhibits violet colour when heated in Potassium vapours as there are excess of K+ ions which
attract Cl- and electrons are trapped at the site of anions forming F-centres. These electrons
absorb energy from visible light and radiate complementary violet colour.

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22 Why is Lithium chloride sometimes pink in colour?
When a crystal of LiCl is heated in an atmosphere of Li vapour, the Li atoms lose electron to form
Li+ ions. The released electrons diffuse into the crystal and occupy anionic sites (F-centres).
These electrons impart pink colour to the LiCl crystal..
23 Why common salt is sometime yellow instead of being pure white.
Sometimes, crystals of common salt (NaCl)are yellow instead of being pure white due to the
presence of electrons in some lattice sites in place of anions. These sites act as F-centers and
impart yellow colour to crystal of common salt.
24 Zinc oxide is white but it turns yellow on heating. Why?
When ZnO is heated, it loses oxygen according to the reaction :
ZnO → Zn2++ ½O2 + 2e−
Zn2+ ions are entrapped in the interstitial voids and electrons in the neighbouring interstitial
voids to maintain electrical neutrality. This gives rise to metal defect. Due to presence of electron
in the interstitial voids (F-centres), the colour is yellow b/c the remaining colours of white light
are absorbed by these electrons.
25 Why does zinc oxide exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity on heating?
Zinc oxide is white in colour at room temperature. On heating it loses oxygen and turns yellow.
2ZnO → 2Zn+2 + O2 + 4e-
 The excess Zn2+ ions move to interstitial sites & the electrons to neighboring interstitial sites.
These entrapped electrons enhance the electrical conductivity of ZnO.
26 What makes alkali metal halides sometimes coloured, which are otherwise colourless?
Alkali metal halides have anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons. These are called F-
centres, and impart colour to the crystals of alkali metal halides. For example, the excess of
lithium in LiCl makes it pink.
27 Name the defect in which a negative ion from the crystal lattice may be missing from its
lattice site leaving a hole or vacancy which is occupied by the electron originally
associated with the anion.
Metal excess defect due to anionic vacancies
28 Name the defect type of defect generally occurs when metal shows variable valency.
Metal deficiency defect due to cationic vacancies.
29 What type of non-stoichiometric defect is present in the sample of Fe0.93O1.00?
Metal deficiency defect is present in the sample because iron is less in amount than that
required for stoichiometric composition.
30 A sample of ferrous oxide has actual formula Fe0.93O1.00. In this sample what fraction of
metal ions are Fe2+ ions?
It is given that nickel oxide has the formula as Fe0.93O1.00.
As per the formula, there are 93 Fe ions for 100 oxide ions.
Out of 93 Fe ions, let x ions be in +2 oxidation state & 93−x ions will be in +3 oxidation state.
Oxide ion has −2 charge.
To maintain electrical neutrality, total positive charge on cations = total negative charge on anions.
2x + 3(93−x) +100(−2) = 0 then, x = 79
So the numbers of Fe+2 ions are 79.
79
Fraction of Fe2+ ions = = 0.849
93
31 Analysis shows that nickel oxide has the formula Ni.98O1.00 What fractions of Ni exist as Ni+2

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Page 24
 ions?
It is given that nickel oxide has the formula as Ni0.98O1.00.
As per the formula, there are 98 Ni ions for 100 oxide ions.
Out of 98 Ni ions, let x ions be in +2 oxidation state & 98−x ions will be in +3 oxidation state.
Oxide ion has −2 charge.
To maintain electrical neutrality, total positive charge on cations = total negative charge on anions.
2x + 3(98−x) +100(−2) = 0 then, x = 94
So the numbers of Ni+2 ions are 94 and number of Ni+3 ions are 4
94 4
Fraction of Ni2+ ions = = 0.96 and Fraction of Ni3+ ions = = 0.04
98 98
32 Analysis shows that a metal oxide has the empirical formula M0.98 O. Calculate the
percentage of M2+ and M3+ ions in the crystal.
It is given that nickel oxide has the formula as M0.96O1.00.
As per the formula, there are 96 M ions for 100 oxide ions.
Out of 96 M ions, let x ions be in +2 oxidation state & 96−x ions will be in +3 oxidation state.
Oxide ion has −2 charge.
To maintain electrical neutrality, total positive charge on cations = total negative charge on anions.
2x + 3(96−x) +100(−2) = 0 then, x = 88
So the numbers of M+2 ions are 88 and number of M+3 ions are 8
88 8
% of M2+ ions = = 91.67 and % of M3+ ions = x 100 = 8.33
96 96
33 Explain how vacancies are introduced in an ionic solid when a cation of higher valence is
added as an impurity in it? [NCERT I]
When a cation of higher valence is added to an ionic solid as an impurity to it, the cation of
higher valence replaces more than one cation of lower valence so as to keep the crystal
electrically neutral. As a result, some sites become vacant. For example, when Sr2+is added to
NaCl, each Sr2+ ion replaces two Na+ ions.
34 What type of defect is produced when NaCl is doped with SrCl2.
It is called impurity defect. A cation vacancy is produced b/c 2Na+ are replaced by one Sr+2 ion in
the lattice.
35 What is the nature of crystal defect produced when NaCl is doped with MgCl2?
It is called impurity defect. A cation vacancy is produced b/c 2Na+ are replaced by one Mg+2 ion
in the lattice.
36 If NaCl is doped with 10-3 mol % of SrCl2, what is the concentration of cation vacancies?
[ALL INDIA-2013]

∴ Moles of SrCl2 doped = 10-3

Let moles of NaCI = 100

Each Sr2+ will replace two Na+ ions. To maintain electrical neutrality it occupies one position and

∴ Moles of cation vacancy in 100 moles NaCI = 10-3

thus creates one cation vacancy.

∴ Number of cation vacancies = 10-5 × 6.022 × 1023 = 6.022 × 1018 mol-1

Moles of cation vacancy in one mole NaCI = 10-3 × 10-2 = 10-5

36 Calculate the concentration of cation vacancies if KCl is doped with 10-3 mole of CaCl2
One Ca2+ replaces two K+ units. 10-3 moles of Ca2+ will replace 2 × 10-3 moles of K+. Hence cationic
vacancies = 10-3 mole percent
38 Name a substance which on addition to AgCl causes cation vacancy in it.

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Page 25
 CdCl2 or SrCl2
39 Why is FeO (s) not formed in stoichiometric composition?
In FeO crystals some Fe2+ cations are replaced by Fe3+ ions. Two Fe3+ ions replace three Fe2+ ions to
make up for the loss of positive charge. Due to this there is less amount of metal as compared to
stoichiometric proportion.

(Q.) Fe3O4 is ferrimagnetic at room temperature. What happens to its magnetic

properties when it is heated to 850 K? (1 Mark)

(Ans) When Fe3O4 is heated to 850 K it loses ferrimagnetism and becomes paramagnetic.

(Q.) Write the unit in which the magnitude of magnetic moment is measured.

(1 Mark)

(Ans) The magnetic moment is measured in Bohr magneton ( B).

(Q.) What causes the conduction of electricity by semiconductors? (1 Mark)

(Ans) Electrons and holes produced by defects cause the conduction of electricityby
semiconductors.

(Q.) What is a diode? (1 Mark)

(Ans) Diode is a combination of n- type and p- type semiconductors. It is used as a rectifier.

(Q.) Name a transition metal oxide which has appreance and conductivity like that
of Cu? (1 Mark)

(Ans) Rhenium oxide (ReO3)

(Q.) What is rank? Find rank of face centered cubic unit cell. (2 Marks)

(Ans) Rank is the number of atoms per unit cell of a crystal.

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Page 26
In f c c Contribution of atoms present at the corners=

Contribution of atoms present at faces =

Rank = 1 + 3 = 4.
(Q.) What is doping? How does n-type and p-type semiconductors formed? (2 Marks)

(Ans) The process of introducing atoms of other elements as impurity into an insulator to
make it semiconductor is called doping. Doping of silicon or germanium with electron rich
impurities like P, As, Sb results in formation of n-type semiconductors whereas p-type
semiconductors are formed by adding elements of group 13 like B, Al,Ga.

(Q.) Explain the following with one example each:

(i)Ferrimagnetism (ii)Antiferromagnetic substances (2 Marks)

(Ans) (i) When magnetic moments are aligned in parallel and anti parallel directions in unequal numbers
itresults in net moment. It is called ferrimagnetism. These substances are weakly attracted by magnetic
field as compared to ferromagnetic substances.E.g:Magnetite (Fe3O4)

(ii) Antiferromagnetic substances are expected to posses paramagnetism or ferromagnetism

but actually they possess zero net magnetic moment. It is due to the presence of equal
number of domains in opposite direction. E.g: MnO.

(Q.)

(Q.) A solid A+ B– has NaCl closed packed structure. The radius of anion is 245 pm. Find radius
of anion. (2 Marks)

(Ans) The co-ordination number of A+ B– = 6 ( It has NaCl type structure.)

For this,

(Q.) The edge length of unit cell of NaCl crystal lattice is 5.6A 0. The density of NaCl is 2.2g cm–
3
. Find the number of formula units of NaCl per unit cell. (2 Marks)

(Ans)

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(Q.) Find the number of NaCl molecules in a unit cell of its crystal. (2 Marks)

(Ans)

No. ofNaCl molecules in aunit cellof NaCl= 4

(Q.) The unit cell of metallic silver is face-centred cubic. What is the mass of a
silver unit cell? (2Marks)

(Ans)
(Q.) A metal crystallizes as face centered cubic lattice with edge length of 450pm.
Molar mass of metal is 50g mol–1. Find the density of metal.(2 Marks)

(Ans)

(Q.) A solid has bcc structure. Distance of closest approach between two atoms is 1.73A 0. Find
edge length of cell. (2 Marks)

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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(Ans) In bcc, distance of closest approach =[( 3)/2] edge length

Or Edge length =[1.73/ 3] 2A

= 200pm

(Q.) Classify the following solids as metallic; molecular,amorphous, covalent or

ionic.

(i) SO2 (ii) Diamond (iii) I2 (iv) MgO

(iv) Ag (v) Quartz (vi) Ar (3 Marks)

(Ans) Metallic solid - Ag

Covalent solid - Quartz

Molecular solids - I2, Ar, SO2

Ionic solids - MgO

(Q.) (i) What are voids?

(ii) How a tetrahedral void is different from octahedral void?

(iii) Draw structure of tetrahedral and octahedral void. (3 Marks)

(Ans) (i) Atomsand ions are spherical in shape. A crystal is formed by close packing of
atomsor ions.Since,spheres touch each other only at points, some empty space is left
between them.This space is called void or hole.

(ii)A tetrahedral void is surrounded by four spheres(atoms), which lie at vertices of

regular tetrahedron whereas an octahedral void is surrounded by six spheres(atoms).

(iii)

(Q.) The density of an atom is 7.2g cm–3. It has bcc structure. The edge length is
288 pm. How many atoms of element does 208g of element has?

(3 Marks)

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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(Ans)

(Q.)Find the type of lattice for cube having edge length of 400 pm, atomic wt. =
60 and density = 6.25 g/cc.

(3 Marks)

(Ans)
Let the no. of atoms in a unit cell = x

Mass of one unit cell =

Volume of unit cell = (edge length) 3 =

= 64 x 10-24 cm3

Density =

or, Mass =

=4

The unit cell has4 atoms

It is face centered cubic lattice.

(Q.) A mineral contains Ca, O and Ti. In its unit cell oxygen atoms are present at
face centres, calcium atoms at corners and titanium atoms at centre of cube. Find
the oxidation number of titanium in the mineral.(3 Marks)

(Ans) No. of Ca atoms =

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No. of O atoms =

No. of Ti atoms =

Formula of mineral is CaTiO3

Let oxidation number ofTi = x

In CaTiO3

+2 + x + (-2 3) = 0

x = +4

Oxidation state of titanium is + 4 in this mineral.

(Q.) A metal has cubic lattice. Edge length of lattice cell is 2A0. The density of
metal is 2.4g cm–3.How many units cell are present in 200g of metal.(3 Marks)

(Ans)

(Q.) The density of NaCl crystal is 2.155g cm–3 and distance between Na+ and Cl– is 280 pm. Find
value of Avogadro’s number. (3 Marks)

(Ans) NaCl has fcc structure.

In fcc, a (edge length) =

= pm

= 560 pm

For fcc , Z = 4, Na = Avogadro number =?

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 GROUP - 1

CHAPTER 1 : SOLID STATES

(Q.4) Fe3O4 is ferrimagnetic at room temperature. What happens to its magnetic

properties when it is heated to 850 K? (1 Mark)

(Ans) When Fe3O4 is heated to 850 K it loses ferrimagnetism and becomes paramagnetic.

(Q.6) Write the unit in which the magnitude of magnetic moment is measured.

(1 Mark)

(Ans) The magnetic moment is measured in Bohr magneton ( B).

(Q.8)Which type of solids which have long range orders. (1 Mark)

(Ans) crystalline solids have long range order.

(Q.11) What causes the conduction of electricity by semiconductors? (1 Mark)

(Ans) Electrons and holes produced by defects cause the conduction of electricity by
semiconductors.

(Q.13) What is the co-ordination number of an atom present in octahedral void?

(1 Mark)

(Ans) The co-ordination number of atom present in octahedral void is 6.

(Q.19) What is doping? How does n-type and p-type semiconductors formed? (2 Marks)

(Ans) The process of introducing atoms of other elements as impurity into an insulator to make
it semiconductor is called doping. Doping of silicon or germanium with electron rich impurities

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like P, As, Sb results in formation of n-type semiconductors whereas p-type semiconductors are
formed by adding elements of group 13 like B, Al,Ga.

(Q.20) Explain the following with one example each:

(i)Ferrimagnetism (ii)Antiferromagnetic substances (2 Marks)

(Ans) (i) When magnetic moments are aligned in parallel and anti parallel directions in unequal
numbers itresults in net moment. It is called ferrimagnetism. These substances are weakly
attracted by magnetic field as compared to ferromagnetic substances.E.g:Magnetite (Fe 3O4)

(ii) Antiferromagnetic substances are expected to posses paramagnetism or ferromagnetism

but actually they possess zero net magnetic moment. It is due to the presence of equal number
of domains in opposite direction. E.g: MnO.

(Q.22) A metal crystallizes as face centered cubic lattice with edge length of 450pm. Molar
mass of metal is 50g mol–1. Find the density of metal.(2 Marks)

(Ans)

(Q.23) A solid has bcc structure. Distance of closest approach between two atoms is 1.73A 0.
Find edge length of cell. (2 Marks)

(Ans) In bcc, distance of closest approach =[( 3)/2] edge length

Or Edge length =[1.73/ 3] 2A

= 200pm

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1. 'Stability of a crystal is reflected in the magnitude of its melting points'. Comment. Collect
melting points of solid water, ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether and methane from a data book.
What can you say about the intermolecular forces between these molecules?
2. What is a semiconductor? Describe the two main types of semiconductors and contrast
their conduction mechanism.
3. Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu2O can be prepared in laboratory. In this oxide,
copper to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1. Can you account for the fact that this
substance is a p-type semiconductor?
4. Ferric oxide crystallises in a hexagonal close-packed array of oxide ions with two out of
every three octahedral holes occupied by ferric ions. Derive the formula of the ferric oxide.
5. Classify each of the following as being either a p-type or a n-type semiconductor:
(i) Ge doped with In (ii) B doped with Si.
6. In terms of band theory, what is the difference
(i) between a conductor and an insulator (ii) between a conductor and a semiconductor?
7. Explain the following with suitable examples: (i) Ferromagnetism (ii) Paramagnetism
(iii) Ferrimagnetism (iv) Antiferromagnetism (v) 12-16 and 13-15 group compounds.
NCERT (THEORITICAL-INTEXT)

8. What type of substances would make better permanent magnets, ferromagnetic or

ferrimagnetic? Justify your answer.

(ANS) Ferromagnetic substances would make better permanent magnet. Because when
Ferromagnetic substances are placed in a magnetic field all the domains (act as a tiny
magnet) get oriented in the direction of the magnetic field and a strong magnetic effect is
produced. This ordering of domains persists even when the magnetic field is removed.
While in ferrimagnetic substances, the net magnetic movement arise due to unequal
number of domains in opposite direction.

9. What happens when Fe3O4 is heated to 850 K temperature?

(ANS) Ferrimagnetic Fe3O4 on heating to 850 K becomes paramagnetic because on heating

there will be greater alignment of spins in one direction.

10. The electrical conductivity of a metal decreases with rise in temperature while that of a
semi-conductor increases. Explain.
11.(ANS) In metals with increase of temperature, the kernels start vibrating and thus offer
resistance to the flow of electrons. Hence conductivity decreases. In case of semi-

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 conductors, with increase of temperature, more electrons can shift from valence band
to conduction band. Hence conductivity increases.

1.17. Which of the following lattices has the highest packing efficiency (i) simple
cubic (ii) body-centered cubic and (iii) hexagonal close-packed lattice?
Ans: Packing efficiency of:
Simple cubic = 52.4% bcc = 68% hcp = 74%
hcp lattice has the highest packing efficiency.

1.6 ‘Stability of a crystal is reflected in the magnitude of its melting points’. Comment.
Collect melting points of solid water, ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether and methane from a
data book. What can you say about the intermolecular forces between these
molecules?
Sol. Higher the melting point, greater are the forces holding the constituent particles
together and thus greater is the stability of a crystal. Melting points of given substances are
following. Water = 273 K, Ethyl alcohol = 155.7 K, Diethylether = 156.8 K, Methane = 90.5 K.
The intermoleoilar forces present in case of water and ethyl alcohol are mainly due to the
hydrogen bonding which is responsible for their high melting points. Hydrogen bonding is
stronger in case of water than ethyl alcohol and hence water has higher melting point then
ethyl alcohol. Dipole-dipole interactions are present in case of diethylether. The only forces
present in case of methane is the weak van der Waal’s forces (or London dispersion forces).

1.14 If the radius of the octahedral void is r and radius of the atoms in close-packing
is R, derive relation between rand R.

Question 17.
What are semi-conductors? Describe the two main types of semiconductors and contrast
their conduction mechanisms.
Solution:
Semi-conductors are the substances whose conductivity lies in between those of
conductors and insulators. The two
main types of semiconductors are n-type and p-type.
(i) n-type semiconductor: When a silicon or germanium crystal is doped with group 15
element like P or As, the dopant atom forms four covalent bonds like Si or Ge atom but the
fifth electron, not used in bonding, becomes delocalised and continues its share towards
electrical conduction. Thus silicon or germanium doped with P or As is called H-type
semiconductor, a-indicative of negative since it is the electron that conducts electricity.

(ii) p-type semiconductor: When a silicon or germanium is doped with group 13 element
like B or Al, the dopant is present only with three valence electrons. An electron vacancy or
a hole is created at the place of missing fourth electron. Here, this hole moves throughout
the crystal like a positive charge giving rise to electrical conductivity. Thus Si or Ge doped

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with B or Al is called p-type semiconductor, p stands for positive hole, since it is the
positive hole that is responsible for conduction.

Question 18.
Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu2O can be prepared in laboratory. In this oxide,
copper to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1. Can you account for the fact that this
substance is a p-type semiconductor?
Solution:
The ratio less than 2 : 1 in Cu20 shows cuprous (Cu+) ions have been replaced by cupric
(Cu2+) ions. For maintaining electrical neutrality, every two Cu+ ions will be replaced by one
Cu2+ ion thereby creating a hole. As conduction will be due to the presence of these positive
holes, hence it is a p-type semiconductor.

Question 20.
Classify each of the following as being either a p-type or n-type semiconductor :

1. Ge doped with In
2. B doped with Si.

Solution:

1. Ge is group 14 element and In is group 13 element. Hence, an electron deficient hole is

created and therefore, it is a p – type semiconductor.
2. B is group 13 element and Si is group 14 element, there will be a free electron, So, it is
an n-type semiconductor.

Question 22.
In terms of band theory, what is the difference

1. between a conductor and an insulator

2. between a conductor and a semiconductor?

Solution:
In most of the solids and in many insulating solids conduction takes place due to migration
of electrons under the influence of electric field. However, in ionic solids, it is the ions that
are responsible for the conducting behaviour due to their movement.

(i) In metals, conductivity strongly depends upon the number of valence electrons
available in an atom. The atomic orbitals of metal atoms form molecular orbitals which are

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so close in energy to each other, as to form a band. If this band is partially filled or it
overlaps with the higher energy unoccupied conduction band, then electrons can flow
easily under an applied electric field and the metal behaves as a conductor.

If the gap between valence band and next higher unoccupied conduction band is large,
electrons cannot jump into it and such a substance behaves as insulator.

(ii) If the gap between the valence band and conduction band is small, some electrons may
jump from valence band to the conduction band. Such a substance shows some
conductivity and it behaves as a semiconductor. Electrical conductivity of semiconductors
increases with increase in temperature, since more electrons can jump to the conduction
band. Silicon and germanium show this type of behaviour and are called intrinsic
semiconductors. Conductors have no forbidden band.

Question 25.
Question 26.
Explain the following with suitable example:

1. Ferromagnetism
2. Paramagnetism
3. Ferrimagnetism
4. Antiferromagnetism
5. 12-16 and 13-15 group compounds.

Solution:
(i) Ferromagnetic substances : Substances which are attracted very strongly by a
magnetic field are called ferromagnetic substances, e.g., Fe, Ni, Co and CrO2 show
ferromagnetism. Such substances remain permanently magnetised, once they have been
magnetised. This type of magnetic moments are due to unpaired electrons in the same
direction.

The ferromagnetic material, CrO2, is used to make magnetic tapes used for audio recording.

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(ii) Paramagnetic substances : Substances which are weakly attracted by the external
magnetic field are called paramagnetic substances. The property thus exhibited is called
paramagnetism. They are magnetised in the same direction as that of the applied field. This
property is shown by those substances whose atoms, ions or molecules contain unpaired
electrons, e.g., O2, Cu2+, Fe3+, etc. These substances, however, lose their magnetism in the
absence of the magnetic field.

(iii) Ferrimagnetic substances : Substances which are expected to possess large

magnetism on the basis of the unpaired electrons but actually have small net magnetic
moment are called ferrimagnetic substances, e.g., Fe3O4, ferrites of the formula
M2+Fe2O4 where M = Mg, Cu, Zn, etc. Ferrimagnetism arises due to the unequal number of
magnetic moments in opposite direction resulting in some net magnetic moment.

(iv) Antiferromagnetic substances : Substances which are expected to possess

paramagnetism or ferromagnetism on the basis of unpaired electrons but actually they
possess zero net magnetic moment are called antiferromagnetic substances, e.g., MnO.
Antiferromagnetism is due to the presence of equal number of magnetic moments in the
opposite directions

(v) 13-15 group compounds : When the solid state materials are produced by
combination of elements of groups 13 and 15, the compounds thus obtained are called 13-
15 compounds. For example, InSb, AlP, GaAs, etc.

12-16 group compounds : Combination of elements of groups 12 and 16 yield some solid
compounds which are referred to as 12-16 compounds. For example, ZnS, CdS, CdSe, HgTe,
etc. In these compounds, the bonds have ionic character.

INTEX

1.23. A group 14 element is to be converted into n-type semiconductor by doping it

with a suitable impurity. To which group should this impurity belong?
Ans: Impurity from group 15 should be added to get n-type semiconductor.

1.24. What type of substances would make better permanent magnets, ferromagnetic
or ferrimagnetic. Justify your answer.
Ans: Ferromagnetic substances make better permanent magnets. This is because when
placed in magnetic field, their domains get oriented in the directions of magnetic field and a
strong magnetic field is produced. This ordering of domains persists even when external
magnetic field is removed. Hence, the ferromagnetic substance becomes a permanent
magnet.

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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 CBSE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION
GROUP 1
CHAPTER 1 : SOLID STATE
CBSE -2016
Q.2 An element crystallizes in a f.c.c. lattice with cell edge of 400 pm. The density of the
element is 7 g cm-3 . How many atoms are present in 280 g of the element?
Ans: Volume of a unit cell = a3
= (400)3
=
64 X 10-24 cm3
Volume of 280 g of the element = mass/density
= 280/7 cm3
= 40
No. of unit cells in this volume = 40/64 x 10 -24 =6.25 X 10 23 unit cells
Since Z= 4
Therefore, total no. of atoms in 280 g = 4 X 6.25 X 1023
= 2.5 X 10 24 atoms.

CBSE-2015
Q.1 Write the formula of a compound in which the element Y forms ccp letters and atoms of
X occupy 1/3rd of tetrahedral voids.

CBSE-2014

Q.1 An element with density 2.8 g cm–3 forms af.c.c. unitcell with edgelength 4 × 10–8 cm.
Calculate the molar mass of the element. (Given:NA = 6.022 ×1023mol–1)
OR
How will you distinguish between the following pairs of terms:
(i) Tetrahedral and octahedral voids
(ii) Crystal lattice and unit cell

CBSE-2013

Q.2 Aluminium crystallizes in an fcc structure. Atomic radius of the metal is 125 pm. What is
the length of the side of the unit cell of the metal?
CBSE-2012
Q.1 How may the conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor be increased?
Copper crystallizes with face centred cubic unit cell. If the radius of copper atom is
127.8 pm, calculate the density of copper metal. (Atomic mass of Cu = 63.55 u and
Avogadro’s number NA= 6.02 × 1023mol–1)
OR

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Page 39
 Iron has a body centred cubic unit cell with a cell dimension of 286.65 pm. The density
of iron is 7.87 g cm–3. Use this information to calculate Avogadro’s number. (At. mass of
Fe =56.0 u

CBSE 2016

Q. 1 (i) Write the colligative property which is used to find the molecular mass of
Macromolecules?
(ii) In non ideal solution what type of deviation shows the formation of mimimum
boiling
Azeotropes.
Ans: (i) Osmotic Pressure
(ii) Large position deviation
Q. 2 Calculate the boiling points of solution when 2 gm of Na2SO4 (molecular mass 142
gm/mol) was dissolved in 50 gm of water assuming Na 2SO4 undergoes complete
ionization.
Kb for water = 0.52 K Kg mol-1

STUDY MATERIAL FOR BRIGHT STUDENTS

SOLID STATE

1. Sometimes, crystals of common salt (NaCl) are yellow instead of being pure white. Why?
2. What is rank? Find rank of face centered cubic unit cell.
(Potassium metal crystallizes in bcc. The edge length of unit cell is 4.3 A0. Find the radius
of potassium atom.
3. A solid is made of two elements A and B. Atoms of element A occupy all the tetrahedral
sites while atoms of element B are in ccp arrangement. From this data find the formula of
the compound.
4. A solid A+ B– has NaCl closed packed structure. The radius of anion is 245 pm. Find radius
of anion.
5. The edge length of unit cell of NaCl crystal lattice is 5.6A0. The density of NaCl is 2.2g cm–
3
. Find the number of formula units of NaCl per unit cell.

6. Find the number of NaCl molecules in a unit cell of its crystal.

7. A compound is made of two atoms X and Y. Atom X is arranged in ccp and atom Y
occupies tetrahedral site. Find the formula of compound.
8. The unit cell of metallic silver is face-centered cubic. What is the mass of a silver unit cell?

9. Classify the following solids as metallic; molecular, amorphous, covalent or ionic.

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 (i) SO2 (ii) Diamond (iii) I2 (iv) MgO

(iv) Ag (v) Quartz (vi) Ar

(I) What are voids?

(ii) How a tetrahedral void is different from octahedral void?

(iii) Draw structure of tetrahedral and octahedral void.

10. The density of an atom is 7.2g cm–3. It has bcc structure. The edge length is 288 pm. How
many atoms of element does 208g of element has?

11. Find the type of lattice for cube having edge length of 400 pm, atomic wt. = 60 and
density = 6.25 g/cc.
12. A mineral contains Ca, O and Ti. In its unit cell oxygen atoms are present at face centers,
calcium atoms at corners and titanium atoms at centre of cube. Find the oxidation
number of titanium in the mineral.
13. A metal oxide crystallizes in a hexagonal close packed array of oxide ions with two out of
every three octahedral holes occupied by metal. Find formula of metal oxide.

14. A metal has cubic lattice. Edge length of lattice cell is 2A0. The density of metal is 2.4g cm–
3
.How many units cell are present in 200g of metal.

15. The density of NaCl crystal is 2.155g cm–3 and distance between Na+ and Cl– is 280 pm.
Find value of Avogadro’s number.
16. In a face centered cubic lattice atoms of A occupy corner of cell and that of B occupy face
centers. One of the A atoms is missing from one corner of a unit cell. Find the simplest
formula of compound.

STUDY MATERIAL FOR BRIGHT STUDENTS

SOLID STATE (answers)

1. Sometimes, crystals of common salt (NaCl)are yellow instead of being pure white due to the
presence of electrons in some lattice sites in place of anions. These sites act’s F-centers
and impart yellow colour to crystal of common salt.
2. Rank is the number of atoms per unit cell of a crystal.

In f c c Contribution of atoms present at the corners=

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Page 41
 Contribution of atoms present at faces =

Rank = 1 + 3 = 4.

3.

4. There are 2 tetrahedral sites per atom of B because atoms of element B have ccp
arrangement. There are 2 atoms of element A for each atom of element B because all
tetrahedral sites are occupied by atoms of element A. Therefore, the formula of the
compound is A2B.
5. The co-ordination number of A+ B– = 6 ( It has NaCl type structure.)

For this,

6.

No. of NaCl molecules in a unit cell of NaCl= 4

7. No. of atoms of X = 8

No. of atoms of Y =(8/8 ) + (6/2) = 4

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 Ratio of X : Y is 2: 1

Formula of compound is X2Y.

8.

9. Metallic solid - Ag
Covalent solid - Quartz
Molecular solids - I2, Ar, SO2
Ionic solids - MgO
10. (i) Atoms and ions are spherical in shape. A crystal is formed by close packing of atoms or
ions. Since, spheres touch each other only at points, some empty space is left between
them. This space is called void or hole.
(ii)A tetrahedral void is surrounded by four spheres(atoms), which lie at vertices of regular tetrahedron whereas an octahedral void is
surrounded by six spheres(atoms).

(iii)

11.

12

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 Let the no. of atoms in a unit cell = x
Mass of one unit cell =

=
Volume of unit cell = (edge length) 3 =
= 64 x 10-24 cm3

Density =
or, Mass =

=4
The unit cell has4 atoms
It is face centered cubic lattice.
13. No. of Ca atoms =

No. of O atoms =

No. of Ti atoms =
Formula of mineral is CaTiO3
Let oxidation number ofTi = x
In CaTiO3
+2 + x + (-2 3) = 0
x = +4
Oxidation state of titanium is + 4 in this mineral.

14.

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15. NaCl has fcc structure.
In fcc, a (edge length) =
= pm
= 560 pm

For fcc , Z = 4, Na = Avogadro number =?

16.

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 PART - 6 : EXERCISE (PROPERTIES OF THE SOLID)

1 How solids can be classified on the basis of their conductivities.

2 In terms of band theory what is the difference between Conductor, semi Conductor &
an insulator.

3 What is a semiconductor? Describe the two main types of semiconductors and

contrast their conduction mechanism.

4 Explain the following terms:

(a)Intrinsic semiconductor (b)Doping (c)n-type semiconductor

(d) p-type semiconductor (e) applications of n-& p type semiconductor

5 Explain the following with suitable examples: (i)Paramagnetism (ii)Diamagnetism

(iii) Ferromagnetism (d) Anti Ferromagnetism (e) Ferrimagnetism

6 Name the substance in which the energy gap between between filled valence band and
the conduction band is very small or there is overlapping between these bands then
electrons can flow easily.

7 Name the substance in which the energy gap between filled valence band and the
conduction band is large, thus electrons cannot jump to higher band and such a
substance has very small conductivity.

8 Name the substance in which the gap between the valence band and conduction band
is small. Therefore, some electrons may jump to conduction band and show some
conductivity

9 A group 14 element is to be converted into n –type semi conductor by doping it with

suitable impurity .To which group should this impurity belong?

10 Name an element with which silicon can be doped to give a p-type semiconductor.

11 What type of semiconductor is obtained when:

(i) Si doped with As (ii) Si doped with B (iii) Germanium is doped with Indium
(iv) Germanium is doped with Aluminium (v) Boron is doped with silicon.

12 Name an element with which germanium can be doped to produce an n-type

semiconductor.

13 What is the difference between Phosphorous and gallium doped semiconductors

14 Explain with example (i)12-16 group compounds. (ii)13-15 group compounds.

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 15 What type of magnetism is shown in the following alignment of magnetic moments.
Give one example of such type.

16 Draw the alignment of magnetic moments in Ferrimagnetic substances. Give one

example of such type.

17 Why Ferromagnetic substances show better magnetism than antiferromagntic

substances

18 What type of substances would make better permanent magnets, ferromagnetic or

ferrimagnetic? Justify.

19 Name the substances which are weakly attracted by a magnetic field & is due to
presence of one or more unpaired electrons.

20 Name the substances which are weakly repelled by a magnetic field & is shown by
those substances in which all the electrons are paired & there are no unpaired
electrons.

21 What happens when ferromagnetic Fe3O4 is heated at 850 K and why?

22 How can a ferromagnetic substance be changed to a paramagnetic one?

23 What happens when a ferromagnetic substance is subjected to high temperature?

24 Non- stoichiometric cuprous oxide Cu2O can be prepared in laboratory .In this oxide
copper to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1 .can you account for the fact that this
substance is a p-type semiconductor.

ANSWER KEYS: PART - 3 : EXERCISE (DENSITY)

(13) [ M=34.69,3.4722 x 1024] (18) [96 g/mol] (19) [z=2, 2.165 Ặ]

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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22 KF has CCP structure. Calculate the radius of unit cell if the side of the cube or edge length
is 400pm. How many F- ions and octahedral voids are there in this unit cell.
23 Calculate the value of Avogadro constant from the following data. Density of NaCl = 2.165
g/cm3. Distance b/w Na+ & Cl- is 281 pm.
24 Gold has a close-packed structure which can be viewed as-spheres 0.74 occupying of the
total volume. If the density of gold is 19.3 g/cc, calculate the apparent radius of a gold ion
in the solid
25 The well known mineral fluorite is chemically calcium fluoride. It is known that in one
unit cell of this mineral there 4 Ca2+ ions & 8 F- ions and that Ca2+ ions are arranged in a
FCC lattice. The F- ions fill all the tetrahedral holes in the FCC lattice of Ca+2 ions. The edge
of the unit cell is 5.46 X 10-8 cm in length. The density of solid is 3.18 g/cm3 in length.
Using this information Calculate the value of Avogadro constant.

1. What is the distance between Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl crystal if its density 2.165 g cm-3. NaCl
crystallizes in FCC lattice.
2. The compound CuCl has Fcc structure like ZnS, its density is 3.4 g cm-3. What is the length
of the edge of unit cell?

(F) NCERT (NUMERICAL)

3. If NaCl is doped with 10 mol % of SrCl2, what is the concentration of cation vacancies?
–3

OTHERS (NUMERICAL)
4. If the radius of bromide ion is 0.182 pm, how large a cation can fit in each of the tetrahedral
void?
5. Bromide ions form cubic close packed structure. Radius of Br– is 195 pm. What would be
the minimum radius of cation which fits in the tetrahedral void?
r
For a tetrahedral void  0.225then, r+ = 0.225 × 195 = 80.735 pm
r

6. The edge length of the unit cell of KCl (NaCl like structure, fcc) is 6.28A°. Assuming anion
cation contact along the cell edge, calculate the radius of the potassium ion.

(18)For rock salt structure, when anion-cation contact is there along the cell edge,
r+ a
≈0.731 …….. (1) and r+ + r-= …….. (2)
r- 2
r- a 1 6.28 1
Dividing (2) with r+ then, 1 + = x or 1 + 1.368 = x
r+ 2 r+ 2 r+
Or r+ =1.326 A0

7. Calculate the concentration of cation vacancies if KCl is doped with 10-3 mole of CaCl2.

(19)One Ca2+ replaces two K+ unitsor10-3 moles of Ca2+ will replace 2 × 10-3 moles of K+.
Hence cationic vacancies = 10-3 mole percent

[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]

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[A. K. MACHIWAL, PGT CHEMISTRY, KENDRIYAL VIDYALAYA, 07891632633]
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