Telecom Diploma

NGN
 Overview

• The general idea behind NGN is that one network transports all information and services
(voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video) by encapsulating these into packets, like it
is on the Internet.

• NGNs are commonly built around the IP, and therefore the term "all-IP" is also sometimes
used to describe the transformation towards NGN.

• According to ITU-T

– A Next Generation Network (NGN) is a packet-based network able to provide services

including Telecommunication Services and able to make use of multiple broadband,
QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are
independent from underlying transport-related technologies. It offers unrestricted
access by users to different service providers. It supports generalized mobility which will
allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users
 General principle

• NGN is a concept that refers to packet-based (IP-based) networks enabling convergence

between voice and data on one hand, and between fixed and mobile on the other hand

• These networks provide multi-purpose services through various access technologies

• The NGN concept involves decoupling of services and networks allowing them to be offered
separately and to evolve independently

• NGN has a horizontal functional structure of three planes: transport, control, and services

• The concept is that heterogeneous access (wired fixed, wireless fixed, and mobile) networks
are connected to a unified core network
Layers
Migration aspects
 Customer
Customer ID
ID Secure
Secure Communication
Communication
Service plane Location
Location Authentication
Authentication QoS
QoS tunnel
tunnel Filtering
Filtering
system
system tunnel
tunnel set-up
set-up

Billing & Operation Support Systems

Control plane

Quality of Service
Security
Packet-Switched backbone network Packet-Switched backbone network
over optical fibre / satellite over optical fibre / satellite
Transport plane

Packet-Switched
Circuit-Switched Broadcast
ATM network network
network networks
IP network (mobile operator)
(mobile operator) PSTN (Satellite, DTTV,
cable)

Access plane Wireless Circuit-Switched Wireline Circuit-Switched Wireline Packet-Switched Wireless Packet-Switched
(e.g. GSM) (e.g. copper loop) (e.g. ADSL, cable, Ethernet) (e.g. WLAN, UTRAN)

Circuit-Switched (CS) link Packet Switched (PS) link Signalling flow PS-CS gateway PS-PS router/switch
 Network entities

• For voice applications one of the most important devices in NGN is a Softswitch,
• a programmable device that controls VoIP calls
• enables correct integration of different protocols within NGN.
• creates the interface to the existing telephone network, PSTN, through (SG) and (MG)
• Gatekeeper
• originally a VoIP device, which converts (using gateways) voice and data from their analog or digital
CS form, to the IP-based form
• controls one or more gateways.
• When uses the Media Gateway Control Protocol, the name was changed to Media Gateway
Controller (MGC)
• A Call Agent is a general name for devices/systems controlling calls
 Network entities (cont)
• Access
– Media gateways
• Client gateway or access gateway under control of media gateway controller (MGC)
• Trunking GW: transcoding between packet based voice and TDM
– Signaling gateway: signaling translation (e.g., SIP/SS7)
– Subscriber gateway
• examples: Residential GW, Integrated Access Device
– Access concentrator: e.g., DSLAM
• Core
– Tx: O.F, SDH/WDM, POS,
– Switching: IP routing or L2 switching, MPLS
– Network Entities
• Transport: ATM SW, FR SW, MPLS SW, IP R
• Control: Softswitch/call agent/MGC
• Service: application server (service features and application execution), media
server (announcements, IVR) interactive voice response
 NGN Architecture

Service Application Servers

Application
Layer

Control MGC
Layer

Core/Backbone
Layer IP/ATM
(Media Layer) SDH/WDM N
M
S
GW GW
GW

Access Narrowband Mobile Broadband

Layer (PSTN/ISDN) (GSM/CDMA) (xDSL)
Access Access Access
Network Network Network
 IMS

• IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem

• A standardised Next Generation Networking (NGN) architecture for telecom operators that
want to provide mobile and fixed multimedia services .
• Uses a VoIP implementation based on SIP, and runs over the standard IP
• Existing phone systems (both packet-switched and circuit-switched) are supported
• IMS was originally designed for mobile networks, but with the addition of TISPAN in R7 ,fixed
networks are supported too .
• This is called Fixed/Mobile ConvergenceCMF( )
• The vision is for people to use one phone with one number, address book and voicemail
bank, taking advantage of cheap, high-speed connectivity in their fixed-line home or office
setting, while enjoying mobility outside in the wide-area mobile phone network .
• It also includes a seamless handover of calls between fixed-line and mobile networks.
• Telecom operators can provide services to users irrespective of their location, access
technology, and terminal..
IMS Structure
 User Database: HSS & SLF

• The HSS (Home Subscriber Server) is the master user database that supports the IMS
network entities that are actually handling the calls/sessions

• It contains the subscription-related information (user profiles), performs authentication and

authorization of the user, and can provide information about the physical location of user .

• It's similar to the GSM HLR and AUC

• An SLF (Subscriber Location Function) is needed when multiple HSSs are used .

• Both the HSS and the SLF implement the DIAMETER protocol (Cx, Dx and Sh interfaces)
Telecom Diploma

Voice Over IP
 Physical Structure of SoftX3000

FE FE To the billing center

Frame 0# FE

Standby iGWB
To the billing center

LAN Switch in
Frame 1# plane 1 GE
Active iGWB

LAN Switch in plane 0 BAM

Frame 2#

Hub
Emergency WS To the network
Management center

Frame 17#
WS WS WS
Host Background
17
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
 Overall structure of OSTA frame
Ethernet
communication
Interface boards boards Interface boards Power boards

Back boards

Backplane

Front boards

Service boards System Service boards Alarm Power boards

management board
boards

18
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
 Physical structure of SoftX3000
⚫ Host
➔ OSTA (Open Standards Telecom Architecture) frame: service
processing and resource management
➔ The capacity of the system depends on the quantity of configured
OSTA frames
⚫ Background
➔ BAM (Back Administration Module),
➔ Emergency Workstation
➔ WS (Workstation): operation and maintenance
➔ iGWB：bill management

Communication among the frames and BAM/iGWB is achieved

through two LAN Switches.
19
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No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
 Board configuration of basic frame 0
⚫ Provide clock, E1, and IP.
⚫ Provide the complete service processing.

20
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
 Softx3000 Frame Bus

21
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
 Boards in system support module
⚫ SMUI:
➔ Main control board of a frame, installed in slots 6 and 8, work
together with the back board SIUI in pairs.
➔ Perform loading and managing system program and data. Work in
active/standby mode.

⚫ SIUI:
➔ Back-insert interface board for SMUI, installed in back slots 6&8.
➔ Provide the SMUI with Ethernet interface, in active/standby mode.

⚫ HSCI:
➔ Back board, installed in the back slots 7&9, having 6 FE ,working
in active/standby mode
➔ Bridge between left and right shared resource buses, perform
board hot swap control and board power-on control. 22
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No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
 Boards in signaling processing module

⚫ BSGI:
➔ Process the IP packets after the IFMI level-1 dispatch, implement
processing of such protocols as UDP, SCTP, M2UA, M3UA,
V5UA, IUA, MGCP and H.248, and perform level-2 dispatch of
such messages to the FCCU or FCSU for transaction layer or
service layer processing. Work in load sharing mode.

⚫ MSGI:
➔ Process such protocols as UDP, TCP, H.323 (including H.323
RAS and H.323 Call Signaling) and SIP. Work in active/standby
mode.

23
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No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
 MRS cabinet

⚫ When the number of equivalent subscribers is greater than

100,000, it is required to configure an MRS cabinet.

⚫ The MRS cabinet contains a power distribution frame and an

MRS6000 frame.

24
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
 Softx3000 Frame Bus

25
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
 Boards in line interface module
⚫ BFII:

➔ Back interface board of the IFMI and provide one FE to connect to IP

network. Work in active/standby mode.

⚫ IFMI:

➔ Receive and transmit IP packets, process MAC layer messages and

distribute IP messages. Work in active/standby mode.

26
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
RAS : Remote Access Service
RTP : Real time Transport Protocol
RTCP : RTP Control Protocol
RTSP : RTP Streaming Protocol
IntServ : Integrated Service
RSUP : Resource Reservation Protocol
DiffServ : Differentiated Service
AGW : Access GateWay
BAS/BRAS :Broadband Access Server
DSLAM : DSL Access Multiplexer
IAD : Integrated Access Device
IGMP : Internet Group Message Protocol
SCN : Switched Circuit Network
BAM : Back Administration module
ISDN : Integrated Services Digital Network
NMS : Network Management System
OSS : Operation Support System
POTS : Plain Old Telephone service
SGSN : Servicing GPRS Support Node
GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunicatio System
MRS: media resource server (announcement , recording)
IGWB:I gateway Bill
SHLR : Smart Home Location Register
SS7 : Signaling System no7
PSTN : public switched telephone network
CPE : Customer Premises Equipment
TCAP : Transaction Capabilities application Part
SCCP : Signaling Connection Part
OAM : Operation, Administration and Maintenance
ASE : Application Service Element
ISUP : ISDN User Part
TUP : Telephony User Part
NSP: Network Service Part
ISO : International Standard Organization
BICC : Bearer Independent Call Control ( supporting narrowband ISDN
services across broadband )
SIGTRAN : Signaling Transport
AU : User Adaptation
SCTP : Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Megaco : gateway control protocol defined MGCP by (IT U_T)
POS : packet Over SONet/SDH
SONet : Synchronous Digital Network
SDH : synchronous digital hierarchy
IMS : IP Multimedia Subsystem
TISPAN : Telecommunication &Internet converged Service and Protocol
for Advanced Network (focus to define the European view of NGN)
DIAMETER : (many protocols ) more serviced than RADIUS
RADIUS : Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service
OSA : Open Service Access
SCS : Service Capabilities Server
CSCF : Call Session Control Function
S-CSCF : Serving CSCF
I-CSCF : Interrogating CSCF
P-CSCF : Proxy CSCF
AS : Application Server
US : User Agent
CAMEL : Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic
CDR : Call Detail Record
Telecom Diploma

IN
 Overview

• Intelligent network

• A network architecture intended both for fixed as well as mobile telecom

networks

• Allows operators to provide value-added services in addition to the

standard telecom services such as PSTN, ISDN and GSM

• In IN, the intelligence is provided by network nodes owned by telecom

operators, as opposed to solutions based on intelligence in the telephone
equipment, or in Internet servers provided by any part.

• IN is based on the SS7 protocol

• IMS standards can be seen as a hybrid of IN and Internet services

 The Main Idea of IN

Intelligent Layer The newly

introduced system.

IN Separates service control function

from switching function.

Signaling Layer
The existing
network resources.

Switch &
Transmission Layer

32
 Basic Features
• The basic motovation behind the development of the IN system was the need for a more
flexible way of adding sophisticated services to the existing network .
• Before IN was developed, all new feature and/or services that was to be added had to be
implemented directly in the core switch systems .
• This results in very long release cycles as the bug hunting and testing had to be extensive and
thorough to prevent the network from failing .
• With the advent of IN, most of these services was moved out of the core switch systems and
into self serving nodes
• This created a modular and more secure network that allowed the services providers
themselves to develop variations and value-added services to their network without
submitting a request to the core switch manufacturer and wait for the long development
process
 Standards

• The IN concepts, architecture and protocols were originally developed as

standards by the ITU-T
• The primary aim of the IN was to enhance the core telephony services
offered by traditional telecommunications networks
• This core would then provide a basis upon which operators could
build services in addition to those already present on a
standard telephone exchange
• ITU-T standard set Q.1210 to Q.1219 ,or Capability Set One
(CS-1)
• Following the success of CS-1 ,further enhancements followed
in the form of CS-2
 Flavors
• European flavours developed by ETSI, American flavours by ANSI, and Japanese
variants also exist .
• The main reasons for producing variants in each region was to ensure
interoperability between equipment manufactured and deployed locally
• However, new functionality was also added which meant that variants diverged
from each other and the main ITU-T standard .
• The biggest variant was called Customised Applications for Mobile networks
Enhanced Logic (CAMEL )
• This allowed for extensions to be made for the mobile phone environment, and
allowed mobile phone operators to offer the same IN services to subscribers while
they are roaming as they receive in the home network.
• IN is there in the area of VOIP and SIP
• New standards: JAIN and Parlay
• From a technical view, the SCE is beginning to move away from its proprietary
graphical origins and is moving towards a Java applicatio server environment.
 IN Architecture

CCS7 SCE
HLR
SCP SMP

TCP/IP
VC
SSP/IP

MSC/SSP CMP

GMSC/SSP SMAP SMAP

GMSC/SSP IP
MSC GMSC
MSC/SSP
MIN

36
 IN System Components

SCE --- Service Creation Environment

SMP --- Service Management Point
SCP --- Service Control Point
SSP --- Service Switching Point
SMAP --- Service Management Access Point
CMP --- Card Management Point
IP --- IN Peripherals
VC --- Voucher Center

37
 Service Creation Environment -- SCE
• SCE is a computer system based on UNIX platform with graphic
user interface.
• The development environment used to create the services
present on the SCP
• Usually ,proprietary graphical languages have been used to
enable telecom engineers to create services directly .
• user can use Graphical Interface to manipulate between
different functions to formulate a service
On SCE, you can:
❑ Create new IN services
❑ Test and simulate IN services
❑ Modify or upgrade IN services

SCE outputs the IN services in binary files, which can be

transferred to SMP.
38
 Service Management Point -- SMP

SMP is a computer system based on UNIX platform, which is for:

▪ Service management
▪ Network management
▪ Charging management
▪ Subscriber management There is a data base
in SMP
▪ Storing billing records
▪ Managing SCP remotely
▪ SMAP access management
▪ ……

39
 Service Management Access Point -- SMAP

SMAP is a PC based on Windows 9x/2000 system,

which is :

▪ The client of SMP. SMAP accesses the data from SMP

database.
▪ The man machine interface of SMP. Most management
functions of SMP must be configured and executed on SMAP.
▪ And has a graphic interface and easy to use.
Sometimes, we refer SMS to SMP and SMAP together.

40
 Voucher Center -- VC

VC is a computer system based on UNIX platform, which is for:

▪ Storing scratch cards
▪ Voucher cards management
▪ Recharging subscribers

41
 Card Management Point -- CMP

CMP is a PC based on Windows 9x/2000 system, which

▪ is the client of VC. CMP accesses the

data from VC database.
▪ is for voucher cards management
▪ is the man machine interface of VC.
Most management functions of VC must
be configured and executed on CMP.
▪ has graphic interface and easy to use.

42
 ServicePCS( tnioP lortnoC ecivreS ro )FCS( noticnuF lortnoC )
SCP is a computer system based on UNIX platform, which:
▪ communicates with SSPs and IPs via CAP
▪ storing billing records temporarily
▪ controls IN calls
▪ controls IN charging
▪ executes service logics
▪ controls call traffic
This is a separate set of platforms that receive
queries from the SSP .
The SCP contains service logic which implements the
behaviour desired by the operator, i.e., the services.

43
 Service Switching Function (SSF) or Service Switching Point (SSP)
SSP is a special switching system, which

▪ can trigger IN calls, and then

▪ report IN calls to SCP, and after receiving the instructions from SCP, SSP will

▪ make the connection between the caller and the called.

▪ communicates with SCP via INAP or CAP

▪ generates billing records after successful IN calls

▪ communicates with local switches via CCS7.

This is co-located with the telephone exchange itself, and acts as the trigger point for
further services to be invoked during a call .
The SSF is responsible for entertaining calls requiring value added services

44
 SDF/SDP

• Service Data Function (SDF) or Service Data Point (SDP)

– A database that contains additional subscriber data, or other data

required to process a call, e.g., subscribers’s prepaid remaining credit

– The SDF may be a separate platform, or is sometimes co-located with

the SCP .
 Specialized Resource Function (SRF) or Intelligent Periphera

▪ IP is the system for

o Playing voice prompts to IN service users
o Collect user information
▪ IP communicates with SSP via ISUP and with SCP via INAP.
▪ IP usually has very large storing capacity to record voices.
▪ Sometimes, IP is combined with SSP.
A node which can connect to both the SSP and the SCP and
delivers additional special resources into the call, mostly
related to voice data, for example play voice announcements
or collect DTMF tones from the user.

46
 Protocols

• The core elements described above use standard protocols to communicate with each
other .
• The interfaces between the SSP and the SCP are SS7 based
• This means that the IN standards only had to define the application layer which was
called the Intelligent Networks Application Part or INAP
• The INAP messages are encoded using ASN-1.
• The interface between the SCP and the SDP is defined in the standards to be an X.500
Directory Access Protocol or DAP .
• However, a more lightweight interface called LDAP has emerged from the IETF which is
considerably simpler to implement, so many SCPs have implemented that instead.
 Providing a New IN Service

Service Logic
Program SMP
The new service is Authorization
Authorization
Certification
Certification
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created on SCE.
achievement, award you this certification.

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Service Logic
Program &
Service Data

SSP
MSC/GMSC CCS7
Database
SCP

MSC/SSP 48
 Subscribing an IN Service

Subscriber
Service Data SMP
The operator adds Authorization
Authorization

subscriber service
Certification
Certification
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achievement, award you this certification.

SMAP SCE
accredit£
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Subscriber
Service Data

SSP
MSC/GMSC CCS7
Database
SCP

MSC/SSP 49
 How Does IN Process a Call ?

SMAP
A calls to a PPS SMP
subscriber
13901120000. Database SCE
Subscriber
Service Data

Service Logic
Program &
Service Data
010-25634896
A SCP queries the
database to
B SSP authenticate the
MSC/GMSC subscriber.
CCS7
Database
C
SCP
D
13901120000 50
MSC
 Architecture of
IN Charging System

TELLIN-SMP Settlement Center

Charging
Call Management
Tickets Information Settlement
Result
TELLIN-SCP
& remote call
tickets
Apply
Apply
Charging
Charging
Report

M900/1800-SSP BAU Billing Center

BAU: Billing Access Unit 51

 Charging Feature of TELLIN (1)

1. TELLIN provides three charging methods:

❖Charge by time
❖ One off charge

❖ Fixed tariff

2. TELLIN provides flexible premiums and premium rates

❖Basic premium
❖ IN premium

❖ User related premium

52
 Charging Feature of TELLIN (2)
3. How TELLIN handles discounts
❖ Daily discount
❖ Discount by week

❖ Discount by holiday or festival

❖ Discount by subscriber

4. TELLIN can classify charging types according to the called or calling

numbers, and set charging rates flexibly. The categories mainly include:
❖ Local call
❖ Domestic toll

❖ International toll

❖ Charges for calls to special areas

❖ Charges for mobile calls

53
 Service Examples
◼ Prepaid Calling Card service
• Call screening ◼ Free Phone service
• Account card calling
• Private-number plans (with ◼ Virtual Private Network
numbers remaining service
unpublished in directories)
• Prefix free dialing from ◼ Advertising service
cellphones abroad ◼ Tele-Voting service
• Seamless MMS message
access from abroa ◼ Number Portable service
◼ Mass Calling service
◼ Wide Area Centrex service
◼ Universal Personal
Telephone service .
 TELLIN Service Categories

Commodity Services
Free Phone, AD, Calling Card, Televoting, Mas Calling, etc.

Network Operator Services

Number Portable, Authenticate Gateway, etc.

Corporate Services
VPN, WAC, etc.

Customized Service
Personal 800, Special Data, Special Flow, etc.

Personal mobility services

UPT, Portable IN, Service based on location, etc.

55
 PSTN/ISDN IN Services

❖ ACC Account Card Calling

❖ FPH Free Phone
❖ VPN Virtual Private Network
❖ WAC Wide Area Centrex
❖ UPT Universal Personal Telecommunication
❖ VOT Tele Voting
❖ MAS Mass Calling
❖ NP Number Portable
❖ AD Advertising
❖ CCC Credit Card Calling
❖ PRM Premium Rate
❖ UAN Unique Access Number
❖ TBK Telephone Bank
❖ TP Telephone Payment
❖ TV Telephone Virement
❖ SPL Split Payment
56
GSM/CDMA/GPRS IN Services

❖ Pre-Paid Service
❖ Mobile Virtual Private Network

❖ Wireless Advertising

❖ Cell and Time Discount Service

❖ Press by Voice Service

❖ Originating Call Screening

❖ Terminating Call Screening

❖ Originating Hunting

❖ Terminating Hunting

❖ Personal Discount Service

❖ Original Dependent Routing

❖ Familiarity Number Service

57
 Internet IN Services

❖ Calling Card IP Phone

❖ Caller IP Phone
❖ Caller IP Fax
❖ Internet Call Waiting (ICW)
❖ Click to Dial
❖ IP Centrex
❖ IP Free Phone
❖ IP VPN

58
 VoIP
IP Telephony

• Instead of using traditional circuit switch systems for voice communications, IP Telephony uses a
packet protocol originally designed for data communications.

Circuit Switched - PSTN Packet Switched – Data Network

 Definition

• IP Telephony

– Transmission of voice, fax, and related services over packet-switched IP- based networks.

• Internet Telephony

– Specific sub-set of IP Telephony in which the principal transmission network is the public
Internet.

– Voice-over-the-Net(VoN) ; Internet Phone ; Net Telephony

• Voice-over-IP (VoIP)

– Specific sub-set of IP Telephony in which the principal transmission network(s) is (are) private,
managed IP-based network(s).

– Voice-over-frame relay ; Voice-over-cable ; Voive-over-DSL (VoDSL)

 PC-to-PC

ISP Internet ISP

PSTN PSTN

USER A Server USER B

Modem Modem
 PC-to-Phone
IP Telephony Provider

ISP Internet IPTP

Gateway
PSTN

PSTN

USER A USER B

USER B
Modem
 Phone-to-Phone (1)

Management IP Network

Gateway Gateway

Network of IP Telephony Service

PSTN Provider PSTN

USER A USER B USER B

USER A USER B
 Phone-to-Phone (2)

ISP Internet ISP

PSTN PSTN

Server
USER A

USER A USER B
 IP Telephony: QoS

Packet loss (%)

10

8
Unacceptable for Voice
or Fax ITU G.114
7
Utility Recommendation
6

Operational Target for Possibly Tolerable for

2 Voice and Fax Voice

0
100 200 300 400 500 Delay (ms)
 QoS: Delays

Network Delay
Sender Delay: Receiver Delay:

 
Coding delay Decoding delay
Packeting delay DePacketing delay
Transmission delay … Receiver delay … Inversion

IP Network
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 3 5 4 6
Loss Packet

T T"#T’#T Delay Variation :

T’#T Jitter
Sender
Network
Receiver
 QoS Technologies

• Reservation
– Allocates resources on a per-flow basis

– Flows include information such as transport protocol, source address & port,
destination address and port

• IntServ/RSVP

• Prioritization
– Traffic flows are aggregated and categorized by "class of service”

• DiffServ and MPLS.

 IP Telephony Protocols

SIP, H.323 and MGCP

Call Control and Signaling Signaling and Media
H.323 Gateway Control
Audio/
Video
H.225

H.245 Q.931 RAS SIP MGCP RTP RTCP RTSP

TCP UDP

IP

H.323 Version 1 and 2 supports H.245 over TCP, Q.931 over TCP and RAS over UDP.
H.323 Version 3 and 4 supports H.245 over UDP/TCP and Q.931 over UDP/TCP and RAS over UDP.
SIP supports TCP and UDP.
 SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

“
Session Initiation Protocol - An application layer signaling protocol
that defines initiation, modification and termination of interactive,
multimedia communication sessions between users.

IETF RFC 2543 Session Initiation Protocol

”
 SIP Distributed Architecture

SIP Components

Location Redirect Registrar

Server Server Server

PSTN
User Agent Gateway
Proxy Proxy
Server Server
 SIP Messages
SIP components communicate by exchanging SIP messages:
•SIP Methods:
– INVITE – Initiates a call by inviting
user to participate in session.
– ACK - Confirms that the client has
received a final response to an INVITE
request.
– BYE - Indicates termination of the call.
– CANCEL - Cancels a pending request.
– REGISTER – Registers the user agent.
– OPTIONS – Used to query the
capabilities of a server.
– INFO – Used to carry out-of-bound
information, such as DTMF digits.
 SIP Headers

– SIP borrows much of the syntax and semantics from HTTP.

– A SIP messages looks like an HTTP message – message formatting, header support

– The SIP address is identified by a SIP URL, in the format: user@host.

 SIP: Communication Establishment

Establishing communication using SIP usually occurs in six steps:

1. Registering, initiating and locating the user.

2. Determine the media to use – involves delivering a description of the session that
the user is invited to.

3. Determine the willingness of the called party to communicate – the called party
must send a response message to indicate willingness to communicate – accept or
reject.

4. Call setup.

5. Call modification or handling (eg call transfer (optional)).

6. Call termination.
 SIP: Registering

– Each time a user turns on the SIP user

client (SIP IP Phone, PC, or other SIP
device), the client registers with the
proxy/registration server. SIP Phone Proxy/ Location/
– Registration can also occur when the User Registration Redirect
Server Server
SIP user client needs to inform the REGISTER REGISTER
proxy/registration server of its location. 200 200
– The registration information is
periodically refreshed and each user
client must re-register with the SIP Messages:
proxy/registration server. REGISTER – Registers the address
– Typically the proxy/registration server listed in the To header field.
will forward this information to be 200 – OK.
saved in the location/redirect server.
 Simplified SIP Call Setup

User Agent Proxy Server Location/Redirect Server Proxy Server User Agent
INVITE INVITE
302
(Moved Temporarily)
ACK
INVITE
Call INVITE
Setup 302
(Moved Temporarily)
ACK
INVITE
180 (Ringing) 180 (Ringing) 180 (Ringing)
200 (OK) 200 (OK) 200 (OK)
ACK ACK ACK

Media
RTP MEDIA PATH
Path
Call BYE BYE BYE
Termination 200 (OK) 200 (OK) 200 (OK)
 IP Telephony Signaling Protocols:
H.323

“
Describes terminals and other entities that provide multimedia
communications services over Packet Based Networks (PBN) which may not
provide a guaranteed Quality of Service.

H.323 entities may provide real-time audio, video and/or data

communications.

ITU-T Recommendation H.323 Version 4

”
 H.323 Components

Gatekeeper Multipoint
Control Unit

Circuit
Packet Based Switched
Network Networks

Gateway
Terminal
 H.323 : Communication Establishment

Establishing communication using H.323 may occur in five steps:

1. Call setup.

2. Initial communication and capabilities exchange.

3. Audio/video communication establishment.

4. Call services.

5. Call termination.
 Simplified H.323 Call Setup

–Both endpoints have previously registered with the

gatekeeper.
Terminal A Terminal B
–Terminal A initiate the call to the gatekeeper. (RAS Gatekeeper
messages are exchanged). 1. ARQ
–The gatekeeper provides information for Terminal A to 2. ACF
contact Terminal B. 3. SETUP
–Terminal A sends a SETUP message to Terminal B. 4. Call Proceeding
–Terminal B responds with a Call Proceeding message 5. ARQ
and also contacts the gatekeeper for permission. 6. ACF
–Terminal B sends a Alerting and Connect message. 7.Alerting
–Terminal B and A exchange H.245 messages to 8.Connect
determine master slave, terminal capabilities, and H.245 Messages
open logical channels.
RTP Media Path
–The two terminals establish RTP media paths.

RAS messages
Call Signaling Messages
Note: This diagram only illustrates a simple
point-to-point call setup where call signaling is
not routed to the gatekeeper. Refer to the
H.323 recommendation for more call setup
scenarios.