Introduction of Data Communications

CS455

Dr. Yonshik Choi Department of Computer Science Illinois Institute of Technology

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Introduction
What is Computer Network? Why networking? What should we know for networking? What are data communications? How do computers communicate each other? What if communicating in a subnet or if communicating between two separate subnets? What are the issues of two machines communication? How do we make billions different computers to talk? Hardware vs. software Utilization, speed, performance, errors, etc.

Introduction
Applications that require computer communications - Home : access to public database - Office : electronic mail - Financial institutions : transfer of funds - Travel : access to reservation systems - Industry : equipment control - Etc. Course focus - Issues that must be resolved when communicating data between two computers in these applications - Characteristics of existing data and computer networks - Hardware and software needed for computer communication - Inter working of distributed applications
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Types of Communication Networks

Telephone Networks (RBOCs, CLECs) Data Networks Broadcast Television Networks (or CATV) Integrated Services Digital Networks Broadband Multiservice Networks Wireless Communication Networks (cellular and satellite) even power line

How to connect Internet?

Those various types of networks provide only a physical connection to a second network, ISP (Internet Service Provider) network. ISP provides access point to the Internet ISP POP (Point of Presence) edge of ISP network, connections from the user are accepted and authenticated here. User services DNS, email host, Usenet newsgroup, telnet, FTP, web hosting, etc ISP backbone UUNET/WorldCom/MCI, Sprint, AT&T, Level 3, Qwest, PSINet, Verio, Global Crossing, AboveNet, etc 5

Whats in the Internet?

Fiber Circuits Routers ATM switches Sonet/SDH switches Gigaswitches NAP (Network Access Points) Etc

Voice, Data, and other media?

Voice calls use PSTN (legacy way)
Voice calls start to use data network

Computer Communications use the Internet (data network) TV broadcasting traditionally uses air broadcasting, CATV, Satellite, etc.. (whats
more?)

IPTV

Radio broadcasting traditionally uses air broadcasting but satellite is added Internet Radio Any other?
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Voice, Data, and other media?

Books (paper)
eBooks, download via the Internet

Sales (phone or paper)

Online buying, eBay, Amazon, etc via the Internet email Letters (paper, mailing) Utility payment (paper, mailing) Online payment

Telephone Networks
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Networks) Designed to provide a basic switched telephone service: POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) Switched A subscriber can make a call to any other telephone that is connected to the network The call is (circuit) switched through the network

Switched Networks
Why switched network? if we talk each other in a room, we can talk directly if two people stays remotely, then they need special method to relay each other Circuit SW Network vs. Packet SW Network

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Telephone Networks
Elements & topology of a PSTN
Telephones in a home or small business are connected directly to the nearest Local Exchange (LE)/End office (EO) Telephones in a medium or large office/site are connected to a private switching office PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
The PBX, in turn, connected to the nearest Local (public) Exchange

Access circuits link the telephone handsets to a LE

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Telephone Networks
Cellular handsets are linked to the cellular phone network infrastructure by radio
The cellular phone network is made of Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs) The MSCs are connected to the PSTN through a Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)

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Communication Modes

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Communication Modes

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Communication Modes

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Circuit Switched Network

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Packet Switched Network

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Packet Switched Network

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Data Communication Networks & Open System Standards

Background What is communication? Talking with others Computer talking data communications Why computers need to talk? Sharing resources such as printer, data storage, and applications Exchanging information & knowledge, search information Ways to communicate

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Standards
Closed systems: devices works only for compatible domain products Other vendor equipments or computers do not work. International agreed standards are required to work with public-carrier networks: V-series recommendations: DTE (Data Terminal Equipment: computer) to DCE (Data Circuit Equipment: modem) connected to the PSTN. X-series recommendations: connecting a DTE to PSDN. I-series recommendations: connecting a DTE to the ISDN.

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ISO Reference model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) ISO: International Standard Organization ISO Reference Model: 1. Network environment: Concerned with the protocols and standards relating to the different types of underlying data communication network. 2.OSI environment: 1. + adds additional application-oriented protocols and standards to allow end systems to communicate with one another in an open way. 3. Real system environment: 2. + manufacturers own proprietary software and services, which have been developed to perform a particular distributed information processing task.

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OSI Reference Model Protocol Stack

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1

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OSI RM 1. Physical Layer Mechanical: connector size,shape Electrical: address voltage level and timing Functional: defines meaning of interfaces interchange circuits Procedual: methods of operation RS-232 2. Data link Layer Reliable information across the physical link Functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors which may occur in the physical layer. HDLC, LAPB, BSC 3. Network layer The network layer provides independence from the data transfer technology and independence from relaying and routing considerations. 3A: subnetwork access functions e.g.) X.25 3B: subnetwork convergence functions - subnet enhancement 23 3C: concatenation and routing functions - internetworking

OSI RM (continued) 4. Transport layer To provide transparent transfer of data between end systems. End - to - end significance 5. Session layer Provides the structure for controlling the communication. Interactions between application process - two way simultaneous, two way alternate operation, major/minor synchronization points, token management. Setting up, maintaining/closing down a session.

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OSI RM (continued) 6. Presentation layer To provide independence to application processes from differences in data representation. It is responsible for the syntax of data during transfer. If two computers use different presentation standard such as different character sets or codes: e.g. UNIX: new line has one ASCII char. <carriage return> DOS: uses two ASCII chars. <line feed> + <carriage return> P. layer converts from one computer to another to display correctly. 7. Application layer Concerned with the semantics of the applications. It is the user interface. E-mail, File transfer, Terminal control, virtual terminal.
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Telecommunications World History of US telephone service provider: AT&T was the worlds largest provider until 12/31/1983. 80% telephone in US + other countries. After breaking up, AT&T provides long distance services and 7 RBOC (Regional Bell Operating Companies: Ameritech, Bell Atlantic, BellSouth, NYNEX, Pacific Bell, Southwestern Bell, and US WEST).

ITU (International Telecommunication Union) ITU-R: Radiocommunications sector (allocating radio frequencies worldwide) ITU-T: Telecommunications Standardization Sector (telephone & data comm sys) ITU-D: Development sector
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International Standards World Three major international bodies for computer communications: ISO (International Standard Organization: since 1946) Members: 89 countries: ANSI (US), BSI (Great Britain), AFNOR (Association Frangaise de Normalisation Description, France), DIN (Deutsches Institut fr Normung, Germany) and other 85. IEEE (Institute of Electrical an Electronics Engineers) Largest professional organization in the world. e.g. IEEE 802 standard for LAN -> subsequently taking over by ISO 8802 ITU-T (formerly known as CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee or Comite Consultatif International Telegraphique et Telephonique)) And, NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology: agency of US Dept. of Commerce)
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ISO & IEEE produce standards for use by computer manufacturers. ITU-T defines standards for connecting devices to multiple international public networks. There are many new societies for newer technologies and they are becoming stronger. e.g. SPIE International Society for Optical Engineering: photonics, optical networks, broadband networks, future Internet architecture, etc.

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1. Internet Standard World US DoD (Department of Defense) funded DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency: research universities + research institutes) ARPANET (without military. Government joined) Internet IAB (Internet Activities Board later changed to Internet Architecture Board) IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) suite makes Internet communications. TCP/IP architecture has 5 layer rather than 7 layer of ISO OSI.

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Course Overview Physical layer Transmission Basics Encoding & Compression Data Link layer Utilization of communications LAN & Ethernet Network layer & IP Routing Technologies Transmission layer & TCP Wireless Communications Digital Subscriber Line ATM
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