UNIT-IV

Visualization of groups

Real Life Data Visualization Examples


Data visualization is a powerful tool that translates complex data sets into visual
formats, making it easier to understand, interpret, and derive actionable insights. It
is used across various industries to make data-driven decisions, identify trends, and
communicate findings effectively. Here are ten real-life examples of data
visualization demonstrating its impact and utility in different fields.
Table of Content
 1. Healthcare: COVID-19 Dashboards
 2. Business: Sales and Marketing Analytics
 3. Finance: Stock Market Analysis
 4. Sports: Performance Analysis
 5. Public Policy: Crime Data Analysis
 6. Environmental Science: Climate Change Visualization
 7. Education: Student Performance Tracking
 8. Transportation: Traffic Management Systems
 9. Social Media: Sentiment Analysis
 10. Agriculture: Precision Farming
Importance of Data Visualization
Data visualization is crucial in today's world for a few key reasons:
 Understanding complex data: Our ability to process raw data is limited.
Visualization tools turn numbers and figures into charts, graphs, and maps,
making it easier to see patterns, trends, and outliers that might otherwise be
missed. This is especially true for vast datasets, where visualization helps us
avoid getting overwhelmed by information overload.
 Communication and storytelling: Data visualization conveys information in a
way that is clear, concise, and engaging. Compelling visuals can help
communicate complex ideas to a wider audience, even those without a data
science background. This is useful for presenting findings to colleagues,
investors, or the public.
 Better decision-making: By presenting data visually, we can make data-driven
decisions more quickly and effectively. Visualizations can help us identify
relationships between variables, forecast future trends, and understand the
potential impact of different courses of action.
1. Healthcare: COVID-19 Dashboards
During the COVID-19 pandemic, data visualization played a crucial role in tracking
and managing the spread of the virus. Governments, health organizations, and
research institutions developed interactive dashboards to present real-time data on
infection rates, recoveries, and fatalities. For instance, the John Hopkins University
COVID-19 Dashboard became an essential tool for public health officials and the
general public.
Key Features:
 Geographical Maps: Displaying infection hotspots.
 Time Series Charts: Showing trends over time.
 Bar Charts and Pie Charts: Representing data such as age distribution of cases
or vaccination progress.
Impact:
These visualizations enabled quick assessment of the pandemic's progression,
facilitated resource allocation, and informed policy decisions. They also provided
transparency and informed the public about the current state of the pandemic.
2. Business: Sales and Marketing Analytics
Companies use data visualization to analyze sales data and improve marketing
strategies. Tools like Tableau, Power BI, and Google Data Studio allow businesses
to create interactive dashboards that provide insights into sales performance,
customer behavior, and market trends.
Key Features:
 Sales Funnels: Visualizing the customer journey from awareness to purchase.
 Heat Maps: Identifying regions with high sales volumes.
 Line Graphs and Bar Charts: Tracking monthly or quarterly sales
performance.
Impact:
Data visualization helps businesses identify successful products, understand
customer preferences, and allocate marketing budgets effectively. It also allows for
real-time monitoring of campaigns and quick adjustments to strategies.
3. Finance: Stock Market Analysis
Financial analysts and investors rely heavily on data visualization to monitor stock
market trends and make investment decisions. Platforms like Bloomberg Terminal
and Yahoo Finance provide detailed visualizations of stock performance, market
indices, and financial news.
Key Features:
 Candlestick Charts: Showing the open, high, low, and close prices of stocks.
 Moving Averages: Smoothing out price data to identify trends.
 Volume Charts: Displaying trading volumes over time.
Impact:
Visualizing stock data helps investors identify patterns, understand market
dynamics, and predict future price movements. It also aids in risk management and
portfolio optimization.
4. Sports: Performance Analysis
Sports teams and analysts use data visualization to evaluate player performance and
game strategies. Tools like SAP Sports One and Hudl provide visual insights into
various aspects of sports, from individual player statistics to team dynamics.
Key Features:
 Heat Maps: Showing player movement and positioning during games.
 Radar Charts: Comparing player attributes and performance metrics.
 Event Visualizations: Tracking passes, shots, and other key actions in games.
Impact:
These visualizations help coaches and analysts make informed decisions about
tactics, player selection, and training programs. They also enhance fan engagement
by providing detailed insights into game statistics.
5. Public Policy: Crime Data Analysis
Law enforcement agencies and public policy makers use data visualization to
analyze crime data and improve public safety. Platforms like CrimeReports and city-
specific dashboards provide detailed visualizations of crime patterns and trends.
Key Features:
 Heat Maps: Indicating crime hotspots in different neighborhoods.
 Time Series Analysis: Tracking crime rates over time.
 Correlation Charts: Identifying relationships between different types of crimes.
Impact:
Visualizing crime data helps law enforcement agencies allocate resources more
effectively, develop targeted crime prevention strategies, and engage with
communities to improve safety.
6. Environmental Science: Climate Change Visualization
Environmental scientists use data visualization to communicate the effects of climate
change and advocate for sustainable practices. Websites like NASA's Climate
Change portal provide interactive visualizations of global temperature changes,
carbon dioxide levels, and ice melt data.
Key Features:
 Geographical Maps: Showing temperature anomalies and sea level rise.
 Time Series Graphs: Tracking changes in carbon dioxide levels over decades.
 Comparative Charts: Displaying historical data alongside future projections.
Impact:
These visualizations raise awareness about climate change, influence policy-
making, and inspire public action toward sustainability and environmental
protection.
7. Education: Student Performance Tracking
Educational institutions use data visualization to monitor and enhance student
performance. Platforms like Edmodo and Google Classroom allow educators to
create dashboards that track grades, attendance, and engagement metrics.
Key Features:
 Progress Charts: Visualizing individual and class performance over time.
 Heat Maps: Identifying areas where students struggle.
 Comparative Graphs: Comparing performance across different subjects or
cohorts.
Impact:
These visualizations help educators identify at-risk students, tailor instructional
strategies, and improve overall educational outcomes.
8. Transportation: Traffic Management Systems
City planners and traffic management authorities use data visualization to optimize
traffic flow and reduce congestion. Systems like Waze and Google Maps provide
real-time traffic data visualizations to drivers and planners.
Key Features:
 Heat Maps: Showing areas of heavy traffic and congestion.
 Flow Charts: Visualizing traffic patterns and peak hours.
 Predictive Models: Forecasting future traffic conditions based on historical
data.
Impact:
Visualizing traffic data helps in developing effective traffic management strategies,
improving road infrastructure, and reducing travel time for commuters.
9. Social Media: Sentiment Analysis
Marketing teams and social media analysts use data visualization to understand
public sentiment and engagement on social media platforms. Tools like Brandwatch
and Hootsuite offer dashboards that visualize sentiment analysis, engagement rates,
and trending topics.
Key Features:
 Word Clouds: Visualizing the most frequently used terms.
 Sentiment Graphs: Showing positive, negative, and neutral sentiments over
time.
 Engagement Charts: Tracking likes, shares, and comments.
Impact:
These visualizations help brands understand audience sentiment, gauge the success
of campaigns, and respond to public opinion effectively.
10. Agriculture: Precision Farming
Farmers and agronomists use data visualization to improve crop management and
yield. Platforms like Climate FieldView and John Deere Operations Center provide
visual tools to monitor soil health, weather conditions, and crop performance.
Key Features:
 Field Maps: Showing soil moisture levels and crop health.
 Trend Analysis: Tracking crop performance over different seasons.
 Predictive Models: Forecasting yield based on current conditions and historical
data.
Impact:
Data visualization in agriculture leads to more efficient farming practices, higher
yields, and sustainable resource management.
Best Practices for Effective Data Visualization
Creating effective data visualizations requires careful consideration of design
principles and best practices. Here are some tips to ensure your visualizations are
impactful and easy to understand:
 Simplify: Keep your visualizations simple and avoid clutter. Remove
unnecessary elements and focus on the key message you want to convey. Use
clear and concise labels, titles, and legends to guide the viewer.
 Choose the right chart: Select the appropriate chart type that best represents
your data and objective. Consider factors such as the type of data, the relationship
between variables, and the story you want to tell.
 Use color strategically: Colors can enhance the visual appeal of your
visualizations, but they should also serve a purpose. Use color to highlight key
insights or patterns, but avoid using too many colors that can confuse the viewer.
 Provide context: Provide context and background information to help the viewer
understand the data. Use annotations, captions, and supporting text to provide
explanations and insights.
 Ensure accessibility: Consider accessibility when designing your visualizations.
Use appropriate color contrasts, provide alternative text for images, and ensure
that your visualizations are accessible to users with disabilities.
By following these best practices, you can create visualizations that effectively
communicate your message, engage your audience, and drive meaningful insights.
Conclusion
Data visualization is a vital tool in various real-life applications, transforming raw
data into meaningful insights. Whether it's managing a public health crisis,
optimizing business operations, analyzing financial markets, enhancing sports
performance, improving public safety, addressing climate change, tracking
educational outcomes, managing traffic, understanding social media sentiment, or
improving agricultural practices, data visualization empowers decision-makers to
understand complex information quickly and act effectively. As technology
advances, the importance and sophistication of data visualization will continue to
grow, further enhancing its role in our daily lives.
 Tree, Graphs,
Tree Traversal Techniques
Tree Traversal techniques include various ways to visit all the nodes of the tree. Unlike linear data structures
(Array, Linked List, Queues, Stacks, etc) which have only...

Binary Tree Data Structure

A Binary Tree Data Structure is a hierarchical data structure in which each node has at most two children,
referred to as the left child and the right child. It is commo...

Introduction to Tree Data Structure

Tree data structure is a hierarchical structure that is used to represent and organize data in the form of
parent child relationship. The following are some real world sit...

Tree Data Structure

Tree Data Structure is a non-linear data structurein which a collection of elements known as nodes are
connected to each other via edges such that there exists exactly one...
Applications of tree data structure
A tree is a type of data structure that represents a hierarchical relationship between data elements, called

Graph Data Structure And Algorithms

Graph Data Structure is a collection of nodes connected by edges. It's used to represent relationships
between different entities. Graph algorithms are methods used to man...

Charts and Graphs for Data Visualization

As companies and groups deal with more and more data, it’s crucial to present it visually. Data is
everywhere these days, and it can be overwhelming.This article is your g...
Visualize Graphs in Python
Prerequisites: Graph Data Structure And AlgorithmsA Graph is a non-linear data structure consisting of
nodes and edges. The nodes are sometimes also referred to as vertice...

Graph and its representations

A Graph is a non-linear data structure consisting of vertices and edges. The vertices are sometimes also
referred to as nodes and the edges are lines or arcs that connect ...
 Network Visualization in R using igraph
Exploring Network Visualization in R through the powerful igraph package opens a gateway to
deciphering

Cluster Computing

Introduction :
Cluster computing is a collection of tightly or loosely connected computers that
work together so that they act as a single entity. The connected computers execute
operations all together thus creating the idea of a single system. The clusters are
generally connected through fast local area networks (LANs)

Cluster Computing

Why is Cluster Computing important?

1. Cluster computing gives a relatively inexpensive, unconventional to the large
server or mainframe computer solutions.
2. It resolves the demand for content criticality and process services in a faster way.
3. Many organizations and IT companies are implementing cluster computing to
augment their scalability, availability, processing speed and resource
management at economic prices.
4. It ensures that computational power is always available.
5. It provides a single general strategy for the implementation and application of
parallel high-performance systems independent of certain hardware vendors and
their product decisions.

A Simple Cluster Computing Layout

Types of Cluster computing :

1. High performance (HP) clusters :
HP clusters use computer clusters and supercomputers to solve advance
computational problems. They are used to performing functions that need nodes to
communicate as they perform their jobs. They are designed to take benefit of the
parallel processing power of several nodes.
2. Load-balancing clusters :
Incoming requests are distributed for resources among several nodes running similar
programs or having similar content. This prevents any single node from receiving a
disproportionate amount of task. This type of distribution is generally used in a web-
hosting environment.
3. High Availability (HA) Clusters :
HA clusters are designed to maintain redundant nodes that can act as backup systems
in case any failure occurs. Consistent computing services like business activities,
complicated databases, customer services like e-websites and network file
distribution are provided. They are designed to give uninterrupted data availability
to the customers.
Classification of Cluster :

1. Open Cluster :
IPs are needed by every node and those are accessed only through the internet or
web. This type of cluster causes enhanced security concerns.
2. Close Cluster :
The nodes are hidden behind the gateway node, and they provide increased
protection. They need fewer IP addresses and are good for computational tasks.
Cluster Computing Architecture :
 It is designed with an array of interconnected individual computers and the
computer systems operating collectively as a single standalone system.
 It is a group of workstations or computers working together as a single,
integrated computing resource connected via high speed interconnects.
 A node – Either a single or a multiprocessor network having memory, input and
output functions and an operating system.
 Two or more nodes are connected on a single line or every node might be
connected individually through a LAN connection.

Cluster Computing Architecture

Components of a Cluster Computer :

1. Cluster Nodes
2. Cluster Operating System
3. The switch or node interconnect
4. Network switching hardware
 Cluster Components

Advantages of Cluster Computing :

1. High Performance :
The systems offer better and enhanced performance than that of mainframe
computer networks.
2. Easy to manage :
Cluster Computing is manageable and easy to implement.
3. Scalable :
Resources can be added to the clusters accordingly.
4. Expandability :
Computer clusters can be expanded easily by adding additional computers to the
network. Cluster computing is capable of combining several additional resources or
the networks to the existing computer system.
5. Availability :
The other nodes will be active when one node gets failed and will function as a proxy
for the failed node. This makes sure for enhanced availability.
6. Flexibility :
It can be upgraded to the superior specification or additional nodes can be added.
Disadvantages of Cluster Computing :

1. High cost :
It is not so much cost-effective due to its high hardware and its design.
 2. Problem in finding fault :
It is difficult to find which component has a fault.
3. More space is needed :
Infrastructure may increase as more servers are needed to manage and monitor.
Applications of Cluster Computing :
 Various complex computational problems can be solved.
 It can be used in the applications of aerodynamics, astrophysics and in data
mining.
 Weather forecasting.
 Image Rendering.
 Various e-commerce applications.
 Earthquake Simulation.
 Petroleum reservoir simulation.

Directed Graphs, Multigraphs and

Visualization in Networkx

Prerequisite: Basic visualization technique for a Graph
In the previous article, we have learned about the basics of Networkx module and
how to create an undirected graph. Note that Networkx module easily outputs the
various Graph parameters easily, as shown below with an example.

import networkx as nx

edges = [(1, 2), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 6),

(3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 8), (4, 9), (6, 7)]

G.add_edges_from(edges)

nx.draw_networkx(G, with_label = True)

 print("Total number of nodes: ", int(G.number_of_nodes()))

print("Total number of edges: ", int(G.number_of_edges()))

print("List of all nodes: ", list(G.nodes()))

print("List of all edges: ", list(G.edges(data = True)))

print("Degree for all nodes: ", dict(G.degree()))

print("Total number of self-loops: ", int(G.number_of_selfloops()))

print("List of all nodes with self-loops: ",

list(G.nodes_with_selfloops()))

print("List of all nodes we can go to in a single step from node 2: ",

list(G.neighbors(2)))

Output:

Total number of nodes: 9

Total number of edges: 10
List of all nodes: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
List of all edges: [(1, 2, {}), (1, 6, {}), (2, 3, {}), (2, 4, {}), (2, 6, {}), (3, 4, {}), (3, 5,
{}), (4, 8, {}), (4, 9, {}), (6, 7, {})]
Degree for all nodes: {1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 3, 4: 4, 5: 1, 6: 3, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1}
Total number of self-loops: 0
List of all nodes with self-loops: []
List of all nodes we can go to in a single step from node 2: [1, 3, 4, 6]
Creating Weighted undirected Graph –
Add list of all edges along with assorted weights –

import networkx as nx

G = nx.Graph()

edges = [(1, 2, 19), (1, 6, 15), (2, 3, 6), (2, 4, 10),

(2, 6, 22), (3, 4, 51), (3, 5, 14), (4, 8, 20),

(4, 9, 42), (6, 7, 30)]

G.add_weighted_edges_from(edges)

nx.draw_networkx(G, with_labels = True)

We can add the edges via an Edge List, which needs to be saved in a .txt format
(eg. edge_list.txt)

G = nx.read_edgelist('edge_list.txt', data =[('Weight', int)])

1 2 19
1 6 15
2 3 6
2 4 10
2 6 22
3 4 51
3 5 14
4 8 20
4 9 42
6 7 30
Edge list can also be read via a Pandas Dataframe –

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('edge_list.txt', delim_whitespace = True,

header = None, names =['n1', 'n2', 'weight'])

G = nx.from_pandas_dataframe(df, 'n1', 'n2', edge_attr ='weight')

# The Graph diagram does not show the edge weights.

# However, we can get the weights by printing all the

# edges along with the weights by the command below

print(list(G.edges(data = True)))

Output:
[(1, 2, {'weight': 19}),
(1, 6, {'weight': 15}),
(2, 3, {'weight': 6}),
(2, 4, {'weight': 10}),
(2, 6, {'weight': 22}),
(3, 4, {'weight': 51}),
(3, 5, {'weight': 14}),
(4, 8, {'weight': 20}),
(4, 9, {'weight': 42}),
 (6, 7, {'weight': 30})]
We would now explore the different visualization techniques of a Graph.
For this, We’ve created a Dataset of various Indian cities and the distances
between them and saved it in a .txt file, edge_list.txt.
Kolkata Mumbai 2031
Mumbai Pune 155
Mumbai Goa 571
Kolkata Delhi 1492
Kolkata Bhubaneshwar 444
Mumbai Delhi 1424
Delhi Chandigarh 243
Delhi Surat 1208
Kolkata Hyderabad 1495
Hyderabad Chennai 626
Chennai Thiruvananthapuram 773
Thiruvananthapuram Hyderabad 1299
Kolkata Varanasi 679
Delhi Varanasi 821
Mumbai Bangalore 984
Chennai Bangalore 347
Hyderabad Bangalore 575
Kolkata Guwahati 1031
Now, we will make a Graph by the following code. We will also add a node
attribute to all the cities which will be the population of each city.

import networkx as nx

G = nx.read_weighted_edgelist('edge_list.txt', delimiter =" ")

population = {

'Kolkata' : 4486679,

'Delhi' : 11007835,

'Mumbai' : 12442373,

'Guwahati' : 957352,

'Bangalore' : 8436675,

'Pune' : 3124458,

'Hyderabad' : 6809970,

'Chennai' : 4681087,

'Thiruvananthapuram' : 460468,

'Bhubaneshwar' : 837737,

'Varanasi' : 1198491,

'Surat' : 4467797,

'Goa' : 40017,

'Chandigarh' : 961587

# We have to set the population attribute for each of the 14 nodes

for i in list(G.nodes()):

G.nodes[i]['population'] = population[i]
 nx.draw_networkx(G, with_label = True)

# This line allows us to visualize the Graph

Output:

But, we can customize the Network to provide more information visually by

following these steps:
1. The size of the node is proportional to the population of the city.
2. The intensity of colour of the node is directly proportional to the degree of the
node.
3. The width of the edge is directly proportional to the weight of the edge, in this
case, the distance between the cities.

# fixing the size of the figure

plt.figure(figsize =(10, 7))

node_color = [G.degree(v) for v in G]

# node colour is a list of degrees of nodes

node_size = [0.0005 * nx.get_node_attributes(G, 'population')[v] for v in G]

# size of node is a list of population of cities

edge_width = [0.0015 * G[u][v]['weight'] for u, v in G.edges()]

# width of edge is a list of weight of edges

nx.draw_networkx(G, node_size = node_size,

node_color = node_color, alpha = 0.7,

with_labels = True, width = edge_width,

edge_color ='.4', cmap = plt.cm.Blues)

plt.axis('off')

plt.tight_layout();
Output:

We can see in the above code, we have specified the layout type as tight. You can
find the different layout techniques and try a few of them as shown in the code
below:

print("The various layout options are:")

print([x for x in nx.__dir__() if x.endswith('_layout')])

# prints out list of all different layout options

node_color = [G.degree(v) for v in G]

node_size = [0.0005 * nx.get_node_attributes(G, 'population')[v] for v in G]

edge_width = [0.0015 * G[u][v]['weight'] for u, v in G.edges()]

plt.figure(figsize =(10, 9))

 pos = nx.random_layout(G)

print("Random Layout:")

# demonstrating random layout

nx.draw_networkx(G, pos, node_size = node_size,

node_color = node_color, alpha = 0.7,

with_labels = True, width = edge_width,

edge_color ='.4', cmap = plt.cm.Blues)

plt.figure(figsize =(10, 9))

pos = nx.circular_layout(G)

print("Circular Layout")

# demonstrating circular layout

nx.draw_networkx(G, pos, node_size = node_size,

node_color = node_color, alpha = 0.7,

with_labels = True, width = edge_width,

edge_color ='.4', cmap = plt.cm.Blues)

Output:
The various layout options are:
['rescale_layout',
 'random_layout',
'shell_layout',
'fruchterman_reingold_layout',
'spectral_layout',
'kamada_kawai_layout',
'spring_layout',
'circular_layout']

Random Layout:

Circular Layout:

Networkx allows us to create a Path Graph, i.e. a straight line connecting a number
of nodes in the following manner:

G2 = nx.path_graph(5)
 nx.draw_networkx(G2, with_labels = True)

We can rename the nodes –

G2 = nx.path_graph(5)

new = {0:"Germany", 1:"Austria", 2:"France", 3:"Poland", 4:"Italy"}

G2 = nx.relabel_nodes(G2, new)

nx.draw_networkx(G2, with_labels = True)

Creating Directed Graph –

Networkx allows us to work with Directed Graphs. Their creation, adding of
nodes, edges etc. are exactly similar to that of an undirected graph as
discussed here.
The following code shows the basic operations on a Directed graph.
import networkx as nx

G = nx.DiGraph()

G.add_edges_from([(1, 1), (1, 7), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),

(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 3), (5, 4), (5, 8),

(5, 9), (6, 4), (7, 2), (7, 6), (8, 7)])

plt.figure(figsize =(9, 9))

nx.draw_networkx(G, with_label = True, node_color ='green')

# getting different graph attributes

print("Total number of nodes: ", int(G.number_of_nodes()))

print("Total number of edges: ", int(G.number_of_edges()))

print("List of all nodes: ", list(G.nodes()))

print("List of all edges: ", list(G.edges()))

print("In-degree for all nodes: ", dict(G.in_degree()))

print("Out degree for all nodes: ", dict(G.out_degree))

print("Total number of self-loops: ", int(G.number_of_selfloops()))

print("List of all nodes with self-loops: ",

list(G.nodes_with_selfloops()))
 print("List of all nodes we can go to in a single step from node 2: ",

list(G.successors(2)))

print("List of all nodes from which we can go to node 2 in a single step: ",

list(G.predecessors(2)))

Output:

Total number of nodes: 9

Total number of edges: 15
List of all nodes: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
List of all edges: [(1, 1), (1, 7), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 3), (5, 8), (5,
9), (5, 4), (6, 4), (7, 2), (7, 6), (8, 7)]
In-degree for all nodes: {1: 2, 2: 2, 3: 2, 4: 2, 5: 1, 6: 2, 7: 2, 8: 1, 9: 1}
Out degree for all nodes: {1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 3, 6: 1, 7: 2, 8: 1, 9: 0}
Total number of self-loops: 2
List of all nodes with self-loops: [1, 2]
List of all nodes we can go to in a single step from node 2: [1, 2, 3, 6]
List of all nodes from which we can go to node 2 in a single step: [2, 7]
Now, we will show the basic operations for a MultiGraph. Networkx allows us to
create both directed and undirected Multigraphs. A Multigraph is a Graph where
multiple parallel edges can connect the same nodes.
For example, let us create a network of 10 people, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J.
They have four different relations among them namely Friend, Co-worker, Family
and Neighbour. A relation between two people isn’t restricted to a single kind.
But the visualization of Multigraph in Networkx is not clear. It fails to show
multiple edges separately and these edges overlap.

import networkx as nx

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

G = nx.MultiGraph()

relations = [('A', 'B', 'neighbour'), ('A', 'B', 'friend'), ('B', 'C', 'coworker'),

('C', 'F', 'coworker'), ('C', 'F', 'friend'), ('F', 'G', 'coworker'),

('F', 'G', 'family'), ('C', 'E', 'friend'), ('E', 'D', 'family'),

('E', 'I', 'coworker'), ('E', 'I', 'neighbour'), ('I', 'J',

'coworker'),

('E', 'J', 'friend'), ('E', 'H', 'coworker')]

for i in relations:

G.add_edge(i[0], i[1], relation = i[2])

plt.figure(figsize =(9, 9))

nx.draw_networkx(G, with_label = True)

# getting various graph properties

print("Total number of nodes: ", int(G.number_of_nodes()))

print("Total number of edges: ", int(G.number_of_edges()))

print("List of all nodes: ", list(G.nodes()))

print("List of all edges: ", list(G.edges(data = True)))

print("Degree for all nodes: ", dict(G.degree()))

print("Total number of self-loops: ", int(G.number_of_selfloops()))

print("List of all nodes with self-loops: ", list(G.nodes_with_selfloops()))

print("List of all nodes we can go to in a single step from node E: ",

list(G.neighbors('E")))
Output:

Total number of nodes: 10

Total number of edges: 14
List of all nodes: [‘E’, ‘I’, ‘D’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘F’, ‘H’, ‘A’, ‘J’, ‘G’]
List of all edges: [(‘E’, ‘I’, {‘relation’: ‘coworker’}), (‘E’, ‘I’, {‘relation’:
‘neighbour’}), (‘E’, ‘H’, {‘relation’: ‘coworker’}), (‘E’, ‘J’, {‘relation’: ‘friend’}),
(‘E’, ‘C’, {‘relation’: ‘friend’}), (‘E’, ‘D’, {‘relation’: ‘family’}), (‘I’, ‘J’,
{‘relation’: ‘coworker’}), (‘B’, ‘A’, {‘relation’: ‘neighbour’}), (‘B’, ‘A’,
{‘relation’: ‘friend’}), (‘B’, ‘C’, {‘relation’: ‘coworker’}), (‘C’, ‘F’, {‘relation’:
‘coworker’}), (‘C’, ‘F’, {‘relation’: ‘friend’}), (‘F’, ‘G’, {‘relation’: ‘coworker’}),
(‘F’, ‘G’, {‘relation’: ‘family’})]
Degree for all nodes: {‘E’: 6, ‘I’: 3, ‘B’: 3, ‘D’: 1, ‘F’: 4, ‘A’: 2, ‘G’: 2, ‘H’: 1,
‘J’: 2, ‘C’: 4}
Total number of self-loops: 0
List of all nodes with self-loops: []
List of all nodes we can go to in a single step from node E: [‘I’, ‘H’, ‘J’, ‘C’, ‘D’]
 Best Data Visualization Tools for 2025

Choosing the right Data Visualization Tool is critical for turning complex data into
actionable insights. With many options available, businesses and analysts are
looking for tools that create clear, visually appealing charts and dashboards while
easily fitting into their current workflows.

Best Data Visualization Tools

In this article, we’ll explore the Best Data Visualization Tools for 2025, examining
their features, pros, and ideal use cases.
Top 25 Data Visualization Tools in 2025
Here’s an overview of the leading data visualization tools in 2025, with detailed
insights into their capabilities and ideal use cases.
1. Tableau
Tableau is a data visualization tool that can be used by data analysts, scientists,
statisticians, etc. to visualize the data and get a clear opinion based on the data
analysis. Tableau also allows its users to prepare, clean, and format their data and
then create data visualizations to obtain actionable insights that can be shared with
other users.
Key Features:
 Drag-and-drop functionality for easy data manipulation
 Real-time data analysis for immediate insights
 Extensive library of visualization options
2. Looker Studio
Looker is a data visualization tool that can go in-depth into the data and analyze it
to obtain useful insights. Looker also provides connections with Redshift,
Snowflake, and BigQuery, as well as more than 50 SQL-supported dialects so you
can connect to multiple databases without any issues.
Key Features:
 Strong data modeling capabilities
 Integration with Google Cloud services
 Real-time data updates for accurate insights
3. Zoho Analytics
Zoho Analytics is a Business Intelligence and Data Analytics software that can help
you create wonderful-looking data visualizations based on your data in a few
minutes. You can export Zoho Analytics files in any format such as Spreadsheet,
MS Word, Excel, PPT, PDF, etc
Key Features:
 AI-driven insights and data recommendations
 Easy data blending from multiple sources
 Custom dashboards for tailored reporting
4. Sisense
Sisense is a business intelligence-based data visualization system and it provides
various tools that allow data analysts to simplify complex data and obtain insights
for their organization and outsiders. Sisense believes that eventually, every company
will be a data-driven company and every product will be related to data in some way.
Key Features:
 In-chip analytics for faster performance
 Embedded BI capabilities for integration into applications
 Intuitive dashboard creation tools
5. IBM Watson Analytics
IBM Cognos Analytics is an Artificial Intelligence-based business
intelligence platform that supports data analytics among other things.
Key Features:
 Natural language processing for data queries
 Predictive analytics capabilities
 Easy-to-use dashboard creation tools
6. Qlik Sense
Qlik Sense is a data visualization platform that helps companies to become data-
driven enterprises by providing an associative data analytics engine, sophisticated
Artificial Intelligence system, and scalable multi-cloud architecture that allows you
to deploy any combination of SaaS, on-premises, or a private cloud.
Key Features:
 Associative data engine for deeper insights
 Self-service visualization and dashboard creation
 In-app data preparation and analytics
7. Domo
Domo is a business intelligence model that contains multiple data visualization tools
that provide a consolidated platform where you can perform data analysis and then
create interactive data visualizations that allow other people to easily understand
your data conclusions.
Key Features:
 Data Integration: Connects to various data sources, including spreadsheets,
databases, and cloud services.
 Interactive Dashboards: Customizable dashboards that allow users to visualize
data trends and insights effectively.
 Collaboration Tools: Built-in collaboration features for sharing insights with
teams and stakeholders.
8. Microsoft Power BI
Microsoft Power BI is a Data Visualization platform focused on creating a data-
driven business intelligence culture in all companies today. To fulfill this, it offers
self-service analytics tools that can be used to analyze, aggregate, and share data in
a meaningful fashion.
Key Features:
 Custom Visualizations: A wide array of visualization options that can be
tailored to meet specific needs.
 Data Connectivity: Integrates seamlessly with various Microsoft and third-party
data sources.
 Natural Language Queries: Allows users to ask questions about their data in
plain language to generate insights.
9. Klipfolio
Klipfolio is a Canadian business intelligence company that provides one of the best
data visualization tools. You can access your data from hundreds of different data
sources like spreadsheets, databases, files, and web services applications by using
connectors.
Key Features:
 Data Connectors: Integrates with hundreds of data sources, including databases,
spreadsheets, and web applications.
 Custom Dashboards: Users can create personalized dashboards using drag-and-
drop functionality.
 Real-Time Data Updates: Dashboards are updated in real time, providing up-
to-date insights.
10. SAP Analytics Cloud
SAP Analytics Cloud uses business intelligence and data analytics capabilities to
help you evaluate your data and create visualizations in order to predict business
outcomes.
Key Features:
 Smart Data Discovery: Automated insights and anomaly detection to enhance
decision-making.
 Collaborative Features: Allows teams to share insights and collaborate on data-
driven projects.
 Predictive Analytics: Built-in predictive capabilities for forecasting and trend
analysis.
11. Yellowfin
Yellowfin is a worldwide famous analytics and business software vendor that has a
well-suited automation product that is specially created for people who have to take
decisions within a short period of time.
Key Features:
 Data Storytelling: Allows users to create narratives around their data to
facilitate better understanding.
 Collaboration Tools: Built-in collaboration features for sharing insights and
discussing findings.
 Automated Insights: Features that automatically highlight important trends and
anomalies in the data.
12. Whatagraph
Whatagraph is a seamless integration that provides marketing agencies with an easy
and useful way of sharing or sending marketing campaign data with clients.
Key Features:
 Customizable Reports: Users can create tailored reports with various widgets
and templates.
 Automated Reporting: Schedule automated reports to be sent to clients
regularly.
 Seamless Integrations: Integrates with multiple marketing platforms for easy
data import.
13. Dundas BI
Dundas Bi is a flexible business intelligence and analysis tool. One can create and
display animated dashboards, reports or scorecards. This platform can be used for
data analysis can be used flexibly, openly and completely configurable.
Key Features:
 Animated Dashboards: Users can create dynamic dashboards with interactive
elements.
 Open API Access: Offers API access for custom development and integration.
 Comprehensive Reporting Tools: Advanced reporting capabilities for detailed
analysis.
14. Infogram
Infogram is an online tool that helps you create beautiful infographics and interactive
charts quickly and easily. It’s perfect for anyone looking to make data visually
appealing without needing design skills.
Key Features:
 Templates and Assets: A library of templates for quick design.
 Interactive Charts: Enables the creation of engaging, interactive visuals.
 Data Import: Easy import from spreadsheets or directly from Google Drive.
15. Chartio
Chartio is a cloud-based data visualization tool that allows users to create interactive
dashboards and gain insights from their data effortlessly. Its simplicity and flexibility
make it an attractive option for data enthusiasts.
Key Features:
 SQL Mode: Users can write SQL queries to create custom visualizations.
 Drag-and-Drop Interface: Simplifies the process of building dashboards.
 Data Integration: Connects to multiple databases and services.
16. Google Charts
Google Charts is a free tool that enables you to create simple yet effective
visualizations for your website or reports. It’s ideal for those who need quick,
straightforward charts without complicated setups.
Key Features:
 Wide Range of Charts: Supports various chart types, from line to pie charts.
 Customizable: Allows customization for colors and styles.
 Easy Integration: Simple to embed in web applications.
17. Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is a beloved spreadsheet application that offers a range of data
visualization options, making it a staple for businesses and individuals alike.
Key Features:
 Charting Tools: Offers various types of charts and graphs.
 PivotTables: Enables advanced data analysis and visualization.
 Data Import: Allows importing from various sources.
18. R and ggplot2
R is a programming language designed for statistical computing, while ggplot2 is a
powerful visualization package within R.
Key Features:
 Layered Approach: Build complex visualizations layer by layer.
 Customizable Visuals: Highly customizable options for plots and graphs.
 Statistical Analysis: Integrates seamlessly with statistical analysis tools.
19. Matplotlib
Python is a versatile programming language, while Matplotlib and Seaborn are
libraries that empower users to create a wide range of visualizations.
Key Features:
 Custom Visualizations: Highly customizable plots.
 Integration with Data Science Libraries: Works seamlessly with Pandas and
NumPy.
 Variety of Plot Types: Supports a wide range of chart types.
20. TIBCO Spotfire
TIBCO Spotfire is an analytics platform that combines data visualization with
advanced analytics capabilities to drive business intelligence. It’s designed to
empower organizations to make data-driven decisions with confidence.
Key Features:
 Data Discovery: Enables users to discover insights through visual analytics.
 Predictive Analytics: Built-in tools for forecasting and trend analysis.
 Collaboration Features: Supports team collaboration on data insights.
21. Grafana
Grafana is an open-source analytics and monitoring platform that allows users to
create visually stunning dashboards for time-series data. It’s particularly favored by
developers and data engineers for its flexibility and integration capabilities.
Key Features:
 Wide Data Source Support: Connects to a variety of databases and services.
 Custom Dashboards: Highly customizable dashboard creation.
 Alerting System: Built-in alerting for real-time monitoring.
22. Datawrapper
Datawrapper is an online tool designed for creating charts and maps quickly and
easily, ideal for journalists and communicators. Its intuitive interface ensures that
anyone can create beautiful visualizations without extensive training.
Key Features:
 User-Friendly Interface: Simple design process for quick visualizations.
 Embeddable Visuals: Easy to embed charts and maps on websites.
 Accessibility Features: Designed with accessibility in mind.
23. Visme
Visme is an online design tool that combines data visualization and infographic
capabilities, helping users create eye-catching presentations effortlessly.
Key Features:
 Templates and Assets: A library of templates and assets for easy design.
 Interactive Content: Create interactive infographics and presentations.
 Data Import: Easily import data from spreadsheets for visualization.
24. ChartBlocks
ChartBlocks is an online tool for creating custom charts and visualizations quickly,
perfect for anyone who needs to present data clearly. It’s designed to help users make
data-driven decisions with minimal effort.
Key Features:
 Chart Builder: Intuitive chart builder for quick design.
 Embeddable Charts: Easy to embed charts on websites.
 Data Import: Import data from CSV files or other sources.
25. Power BI Report Server
Power BI Report Server is an on-premises solution that allows organizations to host
and share Power BI reports securely. It combines the powerful visualization
capabilities of Power BI with the control and flexibility of an on-premises
environment.
Key Features:
 Customizable Reports: Create tailored reports that meet specific business
needs.
 Data Integration: Seamlessly integrates with various data sources for
comprehensive analysis.
 Scheduled Data Refresh: Keep reports up-to-date with automatic data
refreshes.
Comparison between Best Data Visualization Tools
Data
Ease Sources
of Deploym Supporte
Tool Pricing Use ent d Best For

Spreadshe Business
Starts at
Mediu Cloud, On- ets, Intelligence,
Tableau $70/user/mon
m premises Databases, Data
th
Cloud Analysis

BigQuery, Deep Data

Custom
Mediu Redshift, Analysis,
Looker Studio pricing based Cloud
m SQL Google
on use
Dialects Cloud

Quick
A$34.1/mont Spreadshe Reports,
Cloud, On-
Zoho Analytics h (billed Easy ets, Cloud, Data
premises
yearly) Databases Blending,
Business

Embedded
Multiple Analytics,
Custom Mediu Cloud, On-
Sisense databases Complex
pricing m premises
and APIs Data
Analysis

AI-driven
Enterprise
IBM Watson Custom Mediu BI,
Cloud Databases,
Analytics pricing m Predictive
Cloud
Analytics

Associative
Cloud,
Starts at Data
Mediu Cloud, On- On-
Qlik Sense $30/user/mon Models,
m premises premises
th Self-Service
Databases
BI
 Data
Ease Sources
of Deploym Supporte
Tool Pricing Use ent d Best For

Spreadshe Real-Time
Custom ets, Data,
Domo Easy Cloud
pricing Databases, Interactive
Cloud Dashboards

Embedded
Free (limited)
Multiple Analytics,
Microsoft / Cloud, On-
Easy databases Complex
Power BI $10/user/mon premises
and APIs Data
th
Analysis

Spreadshe Real-Time
Starts at ets, Dashboards,
Klipfolio Easy Cloud
$49/month Databases, Marketing
APIs Data

Enterprise
Enterprise
SAP Analytics Custom Mediu BI,
Cloud Databases,
Cloud pricing m Predictive
Cloud
Analytics

Automated
Enterprise
Custom Mediu Cloud, On- Insights,
Yellowfin Databases,
pricing m premises Data
Cloud
Storytelling

Marketing Marketing
Starts at Mediu APIs, Reports,
Whatagraph Cloud
$199/month m Spreadshe Client
ets Reporting

Animated
Enterprise
Custom Cloud, On- Dashboards,
Dundas BI Easy Databases,
pricing premises Comprehens
Cloud
ive

Free (limited) Mediu Spreadshe Quick

Infogram Cloud
/ $19/month m ets, Cloud Infographics
 Data
Ease Sources
of Deploym Supporte
Tool Pricing Use ent d Best For

, Non-
technical
Users

Spreadshe SQL-based
Custom ets, Analysis,
Chartio Easy Cloud
pricing Databases, Quick
APIs Dashboards

Simple
Spreadshe Charting for
Google Charts Free Easy Cloud
ets, APIs Websites,
Reports

Starts at Spreadshe Business

Microsoft Mediu
$8.25/user/m Cloud ets, APIs, Reports,
Excel m
onth Databases Pivot Charts

Local Statistical
Mediu files, Analysis,
R + ggplot2 Free Desktop
m Dataframe Custom
s Data Visuals

Advanced
Local Data
Matplotlib/Sea Free (limited) Mediu
Desktop files, Visualizatio
born / Paid plans m
Databases n, Data
Science

Data
Enterprise
TIBCO Custom Mediu Cloud, On- Discovery,
Databases,
Spotfire pricing m premises Predictive
Cloud
Analytics

Time-Series
Free (open- Spreadshe
Mediu Data, Real-
Grafana source) / Paid Cloud ets, Local
m Time
plans files
Dashboards
 Data
Ease Sources
of Deploym Supporte
Tool Pricing Use ent d Best For

Quick
Spreadshe
Free (limited) Very Visuals,
Datawrapper Cloud ets, Local
/ Paid plans Easy Media, Data
files
Journalism

Interactive
Spreadshe
Free (limited) Very Content,
Visme Cloud ets, Local
/ Paid plans Easy Presentation
files
s

Quick
CSV files, Charts,
Free (limited) Very
ChartBlocks Cloud Spreadshe Non-
/ Paid plans Easy
ets technical
Users

Custom
Microsoft,
Power BI Free with Mediu On- Reports,
Cloud,
Report Server Power BI Pro m premises Secure
APIs
Hosting

Conclusion
Hence, these were some of the Top Data Visualization tools which will help you
to work efficiently without any time wastage. Also, if you want to try any of them,
the trial versions are available which you can use according to your need and without
any hassle.
 What is a Metaphor: Definition, Meaning &
Examples

What is a Metaphor: We all use metaphors in our daily life. Popular ones like 'Time
is money', 'It's raining cats and dogs', 'A piece of cake', etc. are frequently used by
people around us. But do you know what makes metaphors so special? What purpose
do they serve? Even this question I just asked has a metaphor; 'What is your North
Star?'
In layman's language, a metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase
is applied to an object or action to which it is not applicable. Metaphors are used
to make language more vivid, expressive, and imaginative. Metaphors allow us to
convey complex ideas by relating them to more familiar or tangible concepts. Today,
we will be discussing what a metaphor is, how it can be used, how is it different from
a smile, and some examples. Stay tuned!
Table of Content
 What is a Metaphor?
 How to Use a Metaphor in a Sentence?
 What Makes a Metaphor Different from a Simile? Metaphor Vs Smile
 20+ Metaphors With Examples
What is a Metaphor?
A metaphor is a figure of speech, used to make a comparison. This comparison is
done between two unrelated things, suggesting that they share common
characteristics or qualities. Unlike a simile, which uses 'like' or 'as' to make
comparisons, a metaphor asserts that the two things are identical or interchangeable.
For example, when someone says 'The world is a stage', it means that life is like a
theatrical or stage performance, with individuals playing different roles.
Definition of a Metaphor
As per the Cambridge Dictionary, a metaphor is characterised as "an expression that
is commonly used in literature to describe a person or object by referring to
something that is thought to have similar characteristics to that person or object."
The Oxford Learner's Dictionary defines a metaphor as "a word or phrase used to
describe somebody/something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, to
demonstrate the similarities between the two objects and to enhance the power of
the description." The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a metaphor as “a figure
of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is
used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them.” The Collins
Dictionary defines a metaphor as “an imaginative way of describing something by
referring to something else which is the same in a particular way.”
How to Use a Metaphor in a Sentence?
The goal of every figure of speech is to make your audience with a lasting
impression. You should be fully aware of how you can use each and every figure of
speech if you want to achieve the intended reaction from your audience. To learn
how to effectively employ metaphors in your sentences, now review the following
points.
 Make sure the metaphor you are using is truly giving your intended audience the
impression you want them to get when you use one.
 You may occasionally need to draw comparisons between two like or unlike
attributes or objects. Don't purposefully employ a metaphor in these situations.
If you believe that using a simile instead of a metaphor will have the desired
impact on your audience, then go with that option.
 To ensure you are making the best decision, read it two or three times.
What Makes a Metaphor Different from a Simile? Metaphor Vs Smile
As listed above, a metaphor is a figure of speech that shows a comparison between
two different things in such a way that they look similar. On the other hand, a smile
is used to compare two different things using the words 'like' or 'as.' It highlights
similarities between the two things while maintaining that they are distinct entities.
To understand their differences clearly, we have listed some metaphors and smiles
in the table below.
Metaphor Smile

The world is a stage. He ran as fast as a Cheetah.

The classroom was a

Her smile was like sunshine.
zoo.

His words were a

Her voice was as gentle as a summer breeze.
dagger in her heart.

Time is a river. Time flows like a river.

HThis was all about what a metaphor is, its uses and examples.
We hope the above-listed information will help you with your
English grammar learning. For more information on such
Her laughter was informative articles, kindly visit GeeksforGeeks.er daughter
music to his ears. was like a melody.

The city is a living,

breathing organism
The city pulses like a living organism.
with a heartbeat of
its own.

His words were a

His words floated in the air like a feather.
feather in the wind.
20+ Metaphors With Examples
In this section, we will discuss 20+ metaphors with their examples. These metaphors
will provide you with an overall understanding of how to use them in appropriate
conditions.
Metaphor Example

Her love is a beacon in During my toughest times, her love serves as a guiding
my life beacon, leading me forward.

Hope is a light in the Even in the darkest times, hope acts as a guiding light that
darkness keeps us moving forward.

As I reminisce, I realize how time, like a thief in the night,

Time is a thief has stolen moments I can never reclaim.

Embracing new challenges and experiences is essential

Life is a journey because life is an unpredictable journey.

Their relationship faced numerous challenges and

Love is a battlefield conflicts; indeed, love proved to be a battlefield.

In the grand theatre of life, each person plays a unique role

The world is a stage on the ever-changing stage.

Be careful with your words; they have the power to hurt

Words are weapons or heal as if they were sharp weapons.

With students talking and moving about, the classroom

The classroom was a zoo felt like a chaotic zoo.

Her laughter was music Every time she laughed, it felt as if a beautiful melody was
to my ears playing in my ears.

The flow of time is unstoppable, much like a relentless

Time is a river river that carves its path.

His words were a dagger The harsh criticism felt like a sharp dagger piercing her
in her heart sensitive heart.
Metaphor Example

This city is a living, With its constant movement and vibrant energy, the city
breathing organism felt like a living, breathing organism.

Her smile was a ray of Whenever she smiled, it illuminated the room like a warm
sunshine and comforting ray of sunshine.

The path of life is a Each decision we make contributes to the intricate mosaic
mosaic of choices of our life's journey.

Amid grief, she felt a storm of emotions raging within her

The storm of emotions heart.

His argument was a Without solid evidence, his argument collapsed like a
house of cards fragile house of cards.

With its bustling streets and vibrant nightlife, this city

This city never sleeps truly lives up to the metaphor—it never sleeps.

With people talking over each other and chaotic

The meeting was a circus discussions, the meeting resembled a circus.

The idea planted a seed The innovative concept planted a seed in her mind,
in her mind growing into a flourishing field of possibilities.

Her love is a beacon in In moments of darkness and confusion, her love serves as
my life a guiding beacon, leading me forward.

Though the wounds were deep, time worked its magic,

Time is a healer gradually healing the pain and scars.