STAT C-202 ALGEBRA

Algebra (202)

1. Solve the equation 3𝑥4 − 40𝑥3 + 130𝑥2 − 120𝑥 + 27 = 0 given that the product of two of its roots is
equal to the product of the other two.
2. Solve the equation
3𝑥4 − 8𝑥3 + 21 𝑥2 − 20𝑥 + 5 = 0
given that the sum of two of its roots is equal to the sum of the other two.
3. (a)Solve the equation x3 – 5x2 – 16x + 80 = 0, the sum of two of its roots being zero.
(b)Solve the equation 2x3  x2  22x  24  0 two of the roots being in the ratio of 3 :4.

4. Solve the equation

x4-12x3+49x2-78x+40 = 0 by removing its second term.

5. If α, β, γ are the roots of the equation x3 -6x2+11x-6 = 0 form an equation

whose roots are β2+ γ2, γ2+α2, α2+β2 .
6. (a) If α, β, γ be the roots ( all non zeros) of the equation x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 find the value
of (i) ( β + γ )( γ + α )( α + β ), (ii) ∑( α / β )
(b) Form a cubic whose roots are the values of , ,  given by the relations
∑ 𝛼 = 3, ∑ 𝛼2 = 5, ∑ 𝛼3 = 11. Hence find the value of ∑ 𝛼4.

7.. If ,,  are the roots of the cubic 𝑥3 + 𝑝𝑥2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 form the equation
whose roots are
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
, , .
𝛽+𝛾−𝛼 𝛾+𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽−𝛾

8. Solve the equation 𝑥3 + 6𝑥2 + 12𝑥 − 19 = 0 by removing its second term.

9. (i) Find the sum of the fifth powers of 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 – the roots of the equation
𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0.
(ii) Find the sum of the reciprocals of the fifth powers of 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 – the roots of the
equations𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 + 1 = 0.
10. Show that a skew-symmetric determinant of order 4 is the square of the polynomial
function of its elements.

11. Express
2𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑏2
| 𝑐2 2𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2 𝑎2 |
𝑏 2 𝑎 2 2𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐2
as the square of a determinant and hence find its value. If the value of the given determinant is zero, then
prove that 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐.
12. Express
(1 + 𝑎𝑥)2 (1 + 𝑎𝑦)2 (1 + 𝑎𝑧)2
|(1 + 𝑏𝑥)2 (1 + 𝑏𝑦)2 (1 + 𝑏𝑧)2|.
(1 + 𝑐𝑥)2 (1 + 𝑐𝑦)2 (1 + 𝑐𝑧)2
as product of two determinants and hence evaluate it.

13. When is a rectangular matrix said to be in reduced echelon form? Transform the
following matrices into reduced echelon form and circle the pivot positions in the final matrix:
 1 2 3 4 2 1 0 5
A=[4 5 6 7]. 𝐵 = |3 2 7 9|
6 7 8 9 1 4 9 3

14. When is a matrix said to be in

(i) Echelon form,
(ii) Reduced echelon form?

15.(a) Show that the system of simultaneous equations

x-y+2z = 4
3x+y+4z = 6
x +y+z = 1 are consistent and hence solve them.
(b) For what values of 𝜆 the equations
x+y+z=1
x+2y+4z=λ
x+4y+10z=λ2, have a solution and solve the equations

16. Investigate for which values of 𝜃 and the system of equations

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5,
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1,
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝜃𝑧 = 𝜇
will have
(i) No solution,
(ii) A unique solution,
(iii) An infinite number of solutions.

17. Solve with the help of Cramer’s rule

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑘,
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏2𝑦 + 𝑐2𝑧 = 𝑘2,
2

𝑎3𝑥 + 𝑏3𝑦 + 𝑐3𝑦 = 𝑘3.

18. Define a circulant determinant. Show that

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
|𝑑 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 |
𝑐 𝑑 𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑎
has 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐2 + 𝑑3as a factor were  is a root of 𝑥4 = 1. Hence show that the
determinant is equal to (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)(𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑑){(𝑎 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑑)2}.
19. Solve

x-2 2x- 3 3x- 4

∆= x-4 2x- 9 3x-16 =0
x-8 2x-27 3x-64
20.(a) Prove that a skew-symmetric determinant of odd order vanishes.

(b) Find the area of the parallelogram whose vertices are

(−2, −2), (0, 3), (4, −1), (6, 4)
 0 1 
21.(a) If A    prove that (aI  bA)  a I  na bA where I is the 2 rowed unit matrix, n is
n n n1

 0 0 
 a positive integer and a , b are arbitrary scalars.

(b) Show that the possible square roots of the two rowed unit matrix I are
 
±I and ( ) where, 1 − 𝛼2 = 𝛽𝛾.
 −
22. (a) If B, C are n x n matrices and if A = B + C then prove that

AP+1 = BP [ B + (P+1)C] provided B and C commute,

C2 = 0 and P is a positive integer.

(b) If A is a symmetric and B is a skew-symmetric matrix, both of order n such that

(A+B) is non singular and C = ( A + B ) -1 . ( A – B ), then prove that
(a) C'( A + B ) C = A + B
(b) C'( A – B ) C = A – B
(c) C'AC = A
1 1
23. Define Orthogonal and Unitary matrices. If A is a square matrix and A  I A  I
2 2
are orthogonal (I is an identity matrix of order same as A), prove that A is a skew
3
symmetric and A2= - I. Deduce that A is of even order.
4
24.(a) If A and B are n-square matrices, then prove that adj(AB) =adj B.adj A
(b) Find the value of adj(P -1 ) in terms of P where P is a non singular matrix & hence
show that adj (Q-1B P-1)=PAQ given that adj B=A & |P|=|Q|=1

25. Let e be the column vector with elements (1,1,….,1) & e/ its transposed row vector. Let
A be n- square matrix & I the unit matrix .Let M(x) be given by M(x)= I + xAee / ,x is a
scalar .Prove that M(x)M(y)=M(x+y+kxy) where K is the scalar e/ A e .Verify that
reciprocal of M(x) is M(-x/(1+kx)).

26. Prove that every Hermitian matrix H can be uniquely expressed as 𝑃 + 𝑖𝑄 where 𝑃
and 𝑄 are real symmetric and real skew symmetric matrices respectively. Further, show that 𝐻𝜃𝐻 is
real iff 𝑃𝑄 = −𝑄𝑃.
cos - sin  0
 
27. If F (α)=  sin  cos 0;
 
 0 0 1 
 cos  0 sin  
 
G (β)=  0 1 0  Show that the
 - sin  0 cos  
 
inverse of the matrix F (α) G (β) is G (-β) F ( G (-β) F (-α).

28. For every real number x such that -1<x<1, let A(x) be the matrix defined as
1 −𝑥
𝐴(𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥2)−1/2 ( )
−𝑥 1
Show that
𝑥+𝑦
𝐴(𝑥)𝐴(𝑦) = 𝐴(𝑧), where 𝑧 =
1+𝑥𝑦
Deduce that [𝐴(𝑥)]−1 = 𝐴(−𝑥).
29. (a) Define elementary matrices. Show that elementary matrices are non-singular.
Obtain their inverses.
 2 −1 3
(b) Express A=[1 1 1]as a product ofelementary matrices.
1 −1 1

30. Define the rank of a given matrix. Prove that the rank of the product of two matrices
can not exceed the rank of either matrix.
31 Obtain the rank of the following matrix
12 22 32 42 
 2 2 2 2 
 2 3 4 5 
32 42 52 62 
42 52 62 72
 

32. If no two of a,b,c are equal and no two of p, q, r are equal, show that the matrix
1 𝑎 𝑝 𝑎𝑝
𝐴 = (1 𝑏 𝑞 𝑏𝑞)
1 𝑐 𝑟 𝑐𝑟
is of rank 3.
33. If a, b and c are all unequal, find using only row operations, the rank of the matrix
0 𝑏−𝑎 𝑐−𝑎 𝑏+𝑐
𝑎−𝑏 0 𝑐−𝑏 𝑐+𝑎
Type equation here.
𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑐 0 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 0
34. Let A be an nxn nonsingular matrix. Compute the inverse of A by method of
 I Q
partitioning and hence obtain the inverse of  where R-1 exists and is known. I is
R 
O 
the identity sub matrix.

35. Compute the inverse of partitioned matrix

𝐴 𝐴12
A = ( 11 ) of order n × n,
𝐴21 𝐴22
assuming 𝐴22 is a nonsingular sub matrix of
order s×s .

36. Compute the inverse of Partitioned matrix

𝐵 0
A =[ ] where B is n x n , D is 1 x n ,
𝐷 1
0 is n x 1, 1 s 1 x 1

37. Given the existence of all necessary inverses, show that inverse of
𝐼 𝑃 (𝐼 − 𝑃𝑄)−1 −(𝐼 − 𝑃𝑄)−1𝑃
[ ]= [ ]
𝑄 𝐼 −𝑄(𝐼 − 𝑃𝑄)−1 𝐼 + 𝑄(𝐼 − 𝑃𝑄)−1𝑃

38. Find 𝑋𝐺𝑋′, where G is a generalized inverse of 𝑋′𝑋

1 −1 −2
(a) Let 𝑋 = (1 −1 −2)
1 −1 −2
1 2 3
(b) Let 𝑋 = (1 2 3) .
1 2 3
 39. Discuss the algorithm for finding a generalized inverse of a given matrix. How will you
find a symmetric generalized inverse for a symmetric matrix of order n.
40. Prove, when G is generalized inverse of 𝑋′𝑋, that
(i) 𝐺′is also generalized inverse of 𝑋′𝑋,
(ii)𝑋𝐺𝑋′𝑋 = 𝑋,
(iii) 𝑋𝐺𝑋’ is invariant of G.,
(iv) 𝑋𝐺𝑋’ is symmetric whether G is or not.
41.(a) If the characteristic roots of A are1, 2, … , 𝑛, then show that characteristic roots
of 𝐴2 are 2, 2, … , 2 . Further, if A is an idempotent matrix, show that its roots are
1 2 𝑛
zero or unity.
(b) Prove that the modulus of each characteristic root of a unitary matrix is unity.
42. If the characteristic equation of 3x3 matrix A be  3 – p  2 +q  + r = 0 prove that the
characteristic equation of adj A is  3 – q  2 -rp  - r2 = 0
43 Prove that the characteristic roots of a square matrix A of order 3 are same as that of
any of its transformed matrix, PAP -1 where P is any non-singular matrix of order 3. Also if
0 1 1 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
P=(1 0 1); A=21 (𝑐 − 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑏)
1 1 0 𝑏−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎+𝑏
Determine the characteristic roots of the matrix A.
44. Prove that any two characteristic vectors corresponding to two distinct characteristic
roots of a Hermitian matrix are orthogonal
45.(a) Find the characteristic roots of the matrix
6 −2 2
A = (−2 −3 −1)
2 −1 3
and show that the characteristic vectors associated with its distinct characteristic
roots are mutually orthogonal.
0 1 1
(b) Find the characteristic roots of the matrix A=[1 0 1] and show that the
1 1 0
characteristic vectors associated with its distinct characteristic roots are mutually
orthogonal.
2 −1
46. State Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Given𝐴 = ( ), express 𝐴4 − 4𝐴3 − 𝐴2 + 2𝐴 − 5𝐼 as a llinear
1 3
polynomial in A and hence evaluate it.
47. The characteristic roots of a square matrix of order 3 are 1,-1 ,2. Express A6 as the
quadratic polynomial in A.
48. Compute 2A8-3A5+A4+A2-4I, where A is the matrix
 1 0 2 
 
A =  0  1 1 
 
0 1 0 
49. Reduce the real quadratic form 3𝑥2 − 3𝑦2 − 5𝑧2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦𝑧 − 6𝑧𝑥 to its
canonical form and find its rank, signature and index.

50. Identify the nature of the quadratic forms

(a) 21x2 11x2  2x2  30x x  8x x 12x x
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
(b) x 2+6x 2+18x 2+4x x +8x x -4x x
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
2 2 2
(c) 4x2 + 9y 2+ 2z +28yz + 6zx + 6xy
(d) 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 18𝑥 + 4𝑥1𝑥2 + 8𝑥1𝑥3 + 4𝑥2𝑥3
1 2 3
(e) 6x12+ 3x 22+14x 2+4x
3 2x3+18x3 x1+4x1x2
and hence find the rank, index and signature of the form.
 STAT C- 201
PROBABILITY AND
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
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